1. LITERARY CRITICISM
AND
ANALYSIS OF POEM
Richard's Principles of literary Criticism
2. Literary criticism
Criticism, as its etymology indicates, is
the act of judging. Literary criticism endeavors to
form a correct
estimate of literary productions. Its endeavor is to
see a piece of
writing as it is. It brings literary productions into
comparison with
recognized principles and ideal standards; it
investigates them in their
matter, form, and spirit; and, as a result of this
process, it
determines their merits and their defects.
3. Literary Criticism
Carroll a critic said that serious critics see the task
of criticism as primarily interpretive, not
evaluative. The literary critic gives a work context,
illustrates its main themes and motifs, comments
on its use of language, and perhaps situates it in
a tradition. But a literary critic should be reluctant
to praise or condemn, or otherwise judge the
worth, of the literary works she discusses. Much
of the , is not focused on the question of what
makes particular works good or bad, but on what
such works can show us about the societies in
which they are created and consumed.
4. Poetry
We may approximately define poetry as the metrical
expression of lofty or beautiful thought, feeling, or action,
in maginative and artistic form.It is the metrical
expression of an exaltation of
soul, which sometimes suffuses the objects of nature and
the scenes of
human life with a beauty and glory of its own,--
"The light that never was on sea or land,
The consecration and the poet's dream."
5. Analysis Of Poem
Poem can be analyzed generally by the terms Of:
Content / Context
●Form / style
●Imagery / Voice
●Tone / Mood
●Structure
●Figures of speech
●Rhythm and rhyme
●And other stylistics features (Deviation,
parallelism)
6. Literary analysis of poem
What is the genre, or form, of the poem?
Who is speaking in the poem?
What is the structure of the poem?
ow does the poem use imagery?
How does the sound of the poetry contribute to its
meaning?
Examine the use of language.
What qualities does the poem evoke in the
reader?
8. Rhythm
Rhythm is the ordered application of stress from one
syllable to the next. Rhythm can help to convey specific
meanings. For example, the speed of the rhythm can
help the reader understand the poem. If the rhythm is
fast, the poem indicates action or excitement. If the
rhythm is slow, the poem indicates peacefulness, or
harmony.
A NIGHT or TWO aGO,
And NOW she TURNS her PERfect FACE
UPON the WORLD beLOW.
9. Rhyme
Many poems have a repeated sound. This sound
helps to connect the poem together and gives
pleasure to the listener. The first sound pattern
that is most common is rhyme. It is the use of
repetition of sound
Not a single sound is stirring,
All is silent, all is still
10. Form /visual sensations
These are individual shapes of the letters, their
size
and spacing and the form in which poetry is
written one line, couplet or triplet. All graphological
features are included in it. Form can be lyrical, or
free verse.
"Those Evening Bells,"
And so 'twill be when I am gone;
That tuneful peal will still ring on,
While other bards shall walk these dells,
And sing your praise, sweet evening bells
(quatrian four lines, lyrical)
11. Imagery
Imagery is very closely related with sensations. It
may be auditory, visual olfactory (anything which
appeals to our five senses) for example William
Wordsworth's poem
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
12. Imagery
Tied Images:visual sensations of words do not
commonly occur by themselves. They have
certain regular companions so closely tied to
them as to be only with difficulty disconnected.
The chief of these are the auditory image the
sound of the words in the mind’s ear and the
image of articulation the feel
in the lips, mouth, and throat, of what the words
would be like to speak. Auditory images of words
are among the most obvious of mental
happenings. Any line of verse or prose slowly
read, will, for most people, sound mutely in the
imagination somewhat as it would if read aloud.
13. Imagery
"Imagery" refers to any sort of image, and there
are two basic kinds. One is the images of the
physical setting, described above. The other kind
is images as figures of speech, such as
metaphors. These figures of speech extend the
imaginative range, the complexity and
comprehensibility of the subject. They can be very
brief, a word or two, a glistening fragment of
insight, a chance connection sparked into a blaze
(warming or destroying) of understanding; or they
can be extended analogies, such as Donne's
'conceits'or Milton's epic similes.
14. Reflective (Mood, Tone)
’
There glowing ghosts of flowers
’. Who’s in the next room?―who?
I seemed to see
Draw down, draw nigh;
Somebody in the dawning passing through
And wings of swift spent hours
Unknown to me.’ Take flight and fly;
‘Nay: you saw nought. He passed invisibly’. She sees by formless gleams
She hears across cold streams
Dead mouths of many dreams that
sing and sigh.
15. Structure of Poem
There are two basic kinds of structure, formal and
thematic.
Formal structure is the way the poem goes together in
terms of its component parts:stanza's, paragraphs or
relation between the parts.
Thematic structure, known in respect to fiction as 'plot', is
the way the argument or presentation of the material of
the poem is developed. For instance a poem might state
a problem in eight lines, an answer to the problem in the
next six; of the eight lines stating the problem, four might
provide a concrete example, four a reflection on what the
example implies.
16. Emotions and Attitudes
It refers to anything in the way things described in
the poem. Emotions are the signs of attitudes. It
deals with the poets feelings, experience with
things and behaviour.
A Question - a poem by Robert Frost
A voice said, Look me in the stars
And tell me truly, men of earth,
If all the soul-and-body scars
Were not too much to pay for birth.
17. Conclusion
Literary criticism is the study, evaluation and
interpretation of data. Poetry is also a genre of
Literature. So L.C opens a new way to interpret
poetry which we seen through analysis of poem.
…........THANKS.........
