This document provides an overview of topics covered in week 7 of a course on biodiversity conservation. The main topics are sustainable tourism and biodiversity conservation. It also recaps questions and answers on various issues in biodiversity conservation, such as the location and establishment of protected areas, strategies for preserving biodiversity apart from protected areas, and the economic value of biodiversity conservation. References are provided at the end related to research on the relationship between human populations and different aspects of biodiversity.
2. Biodiversity Conservation
main topics – week 7
1. Sustainable tourism
and biodiversity conservation
2. A recap of some questions/answers
in biodiversity conservation
3. Ever heard of biodiversity?
from Lindemann-Matthies & Bose (2008) Human Ecology
4. Age and source of knowledge on biodiversity
from Lindemann-Matthies & Bose (2008) Human Ecology
19. Human impacts on biodiversity
Habitat fragmentation, degradation and loss
Water, air and soil pollution
Species introductions
Climate change
Trade, travel, transportation and tourism
20. 1b. When have protected areas been established?
from: The Atlas of Canada (2007)
22. 1c. Where do protected areas tend to be located?
from: World Database on Protected Areas
23. 1d. Is there a correlation between the species richness of a
region and its human population?
4
log10 vascular plant spp richness (n)
2
n = 2877, r = 0.18, y = 1.75+ 0.22x, p < 0.0001
3
2
1
2 3 4 5 6 7
log10 human population size (n)
Data from the Synthesis of the North American Flora (Ohio and Virginia not included)
24. 1e. What is the key factor behind spp-people correlations?
birds in Florence
from: Chiari et al. (2010) J Animal Ecology
25. 2a. Which strategies to preserve biodiversity
exist apart from protected areas?
• preserve landscape connectivity
• reduce energy consumption
• facilitate biodiversity research/education
• plant and protect trees/shrubs in towns
• organize competitions among gardeners?
• encourage people to eat local food?
• walk/cycle/use public transport?
35. CO2 emissions since 2000: scenarios vs. data
from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy
36. References
Barbosa AM, Fontaneto D, Marini L & Pautasso M (2010) Positive regional species–people correlations: a sampling artefact or a key issue for sustainable
development? Animal Conservation 13: 446-447
Chiari C, Dinetti M, Licciardello C, Licitra G & Pautasso M (2010) Urbanization and the more-individuals hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology 79: 366-371
Golding J, Güsewell S, Kreft H, Kuzevanov VY, Lehvävirta S, Parmentier I & Pautasso M (2010) Species-richness patterns of the living collections of the world's
botanic gardens: a matter of socio-economics? Annals of Botany 105: 689-696
Jeger MJ & Pautasso M (2008) Comparative epidemiology of zoosporic plant pathogens. European Journal of Plant Pathology 122: 111-126
MacLeod A, Pautasso M, Jeger MJ & Haines-Young R (2010) Evolution of the international regulation of plant pests and challenges for future plant health. Food
Security 2: 49-70
Moslonka-Lefebvre M, Pautasso M & Jeger MJ (2009) Disease spread in small-size directed networks: epidemic threshold, correlation between links to and
from nodes, and clustering. Journal of Theoretical Biology 260: 402-411
Pautasso M (2009) Geographical genetics and the conservation of forest trees. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Systematics & Evolution 11: 157-189
Pautasso M & Chiarucci A (2008) A test of the scale-dependence of the species abundance-people correlation for veteran trees in Italy. Annals of Botany 101:
709-715
Pautasso M & Dinetti M (2009) Avian species richness, human population and protected areas across Italy’s regions. Environmental Conservation 36: 22-31
Pautasso M & Fontaneto D (2008) A test of the species-people correlation for stream macro-invertebrates in European countries. Ecological Applications 18:
1842-1849
Pautasso M & Gaston KJ (2006) A test of the mechanisms behind avian generalized individuals-area relationships. Global Ecology & Biogeography 15: 303-317
Pautasso M & Jeger MJ (2008) Epidemic threshold and network structure: the interplay of probability of transmission and of persistence in directed networks.
Ecological Complexity 5: 1-8
Pautasso M & Powell G (2009) Aphid biodiversity is correlated with human population in European countries. Oecologia 160: 839-846
Pautasso M & Weisberg PJ (2008) Density-area relationships: the importance of the zeros. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 203-210
Pautasso M & Zotti M (2009) Macrofungal taxa and human population in Italy's regions. Biodiversity & Conservation 18: 473-485
Pautasso M et al (2010) Plant health and global change – some implications for landscape management. Biological Reviews 85: 729-755
Pautasso M et al (2011) Global macroecology of bird assemblages in urbanized and semi-natural ecosystems. Global Ecology & Biogeography 20: 426-436
Pecher C, Fritz S, Marini L, Fontaneto D & Pautasso M (2010) Scale-dependence of the correlation between human population and the species richness of
stream macroinvertebrates. Basic Applied Ecology 11: 272-280
Schlick-Steiner B, Steiner F & Pautasso M (2008) Ants and people: a test of two mechanisms behind the large-scale human-biodiversity correlation for
Formicidae in Europe. Journal of Biogeography 35: 2195-2206
Steck CE & Pautasso M (2008) Human population, grasshopper and plant species richness in European countries. Acta Oecologica 34: 303-310