1. APA REFERENCING
Part 1: AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
Part 2: IN-TEXT REFERENCING /
CITATIONS
Part 3: END OF TEXT REFERENCING
CENTRE FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING LIBRARY 3RD FLOOR
09 441-8143 slc-alb@massey.ac.nz

2. 1. AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
WHAT IS PLAGIARISM
• Copying words without telling the reader where those
words came from
• Copying words without putting them inside quotation
marks
• Paraphrasing another source, but only changing a few
words
• Using the facts or ideas from another source without
telling the reader where they came from
From Massey Online Writing and Learning Link (OWLL)
Handouts available from http://tinyurl.com/albanyhandouts

3. EXAMPLE OF
PLAGIARISM
A section from an Art & Design report, in which the student is supposed to discuss the
history of an artefact they have chosen
As can be seen in figure 1 (below), the gold frame contains the
openwork inscription +Aelfred mec heht gewyrcan („Alfred ordered
me to be made‟), which suggests a strong association with King
Alfred the Great (871–99 AD). The seated figure who holds the
flowers is considered to represent the sense of sight. This
corresponds with the use which is preferred nowadays for the
jewel – that of a terminal or handle for an aestel or pointer which
people used to follow the text of a manuscript. King Alfred sent
around precious aestels with copies of his Pope Gregory‟s Pastoral
care, which he had translated. Its original owner, Nathaniel
Palmer, bequeathed it to the Ashmolean Museum, where it still
remains, in 1718 (University of Oxford, Ashmolean Museum,
2005).
Handouts available from http://tinyurl.com/albanyhandouts

4. ORIGINAL SOURCE
This is from the museum website that the student has used for their
research.
“The gold frame bears the openwork inscription +Aelfred mec
heht gewyrcan („Alfred ordered me to be made‟), suggesting
strongly the association with King Alfred the Great (871–99 AD).
The seated figure holding the flowers is thought to represent the
sense of sight, an allusion which corresponds with the function
currently favoured for the jewel – that of a terminal or handle
for an aestel or pointer for following the text of a manuscript.
King Alfred distributed precious aestels with copies of his
translation of Pope Gregory‟s Pastoral care. The jewel was found
in 1693 at Newton Park, four miles south of Athelney, Somerset,
an area associated with Alfred, and bequeathed by Nathaniel
Palmer in 1718” (University of Oxford, Ashmolean Museum,
2005).
Handouts available from http://tinyurl.com/albanyhandouts

5. COMPARISON: SOURCE
AND ASSIGNMENT
ORIGINAL SOURCE STUDENT’S ASSIGNMENT
The gold frame bears ... the gold frame contains ...
suggesting strongly the association which suggests a strong association
The seated figure holding the The seated figure who holds the
flowers is thought to represent flowers is considered to represent
the function currently favoured. the use which is preferred nowadays
King Alfred distributed ... King Alfred sent around ...
His translation of Pope Gregory‟s his Pope Gregory‟s Pastoral
Pastoral care. care, which he had translated.
bequeathed by Nathaniel Palmer Nathaniel Palmer, bequeathed it
PLAYING AROUND WITH TEXT = PLAGIARISM!

6. HOW TO USE IDEAS
FROM YOUR RESEARCH
1. Pick out the main ideas from the original source
2. Make very brief notes
3. Put away the original source
4. Think about your main purpose in the paragraph and
write an introductory sentence
5. Expand each of your notes into one sentence
6. Link the sentences so that they ‘flow’
Handouts available from http://tinyurl.com/albanyhandouts

7. EXAMPLE OF GOOD
NOTE-TAKING
History of the Alfred Jewel
A) Provenance
Newton Pk, Somerset, 1693 – Nathaniel Palmer – bequeathed to Ashmolean
Mus in 1718
B) Connection with King Alfred
1) Alfred made me – inscription
2) Prob. head of an aestel / pointer – they were made for K. Alf’s
translation of Pope Gregory’s Pastoral Care
3) Area has strong links to K. Alf
The Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. (2005). The Alfred jewel. Retrieved March 23,
2012 from: http://www.ashmolean.org/collections/?type=highlights&id=24&department=1

8. EXAMPLE OF WRITING
FROM NOTES
The Alfred Jewel‟s immediate provenance has never been in
doubt. It was found at Newton Park in Somerset in 1693 and
bequeathed to the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford shortly
afterwards (in 1718) by its original owner, Nathaniel Palmer. It
has stayed there ever since. There are strong reasons, too, for
accepting its traditional association with King Alfred. Most
obviously, the inscription which forms the frame reads (in
translation), „Alfred made me‟. There is credible indirect
evidence that this refers to King Alfred. The image is thought to
represent the sense of sight and to indicate that the jewel
originally formed the head of an aestel – or pointer – used
when reading manuscripts. It is known that such artefacts were
made to accompany King Alfred‟s translation of Pope Gregory‟s
Pastoral care. In addition, the area where the jewel was found
had strong links to King Alfred. (University of
Oxford, Ashmolean Museum, 2005).
With the same research and appropriate note-taking and writing a
potential E becomes a possible A.

9. IN-TEXT REFERENCING
/ CITATIONS
Summary in your own words
Strategic planning is a comprehensive approach to
marketing, which aims to align overall corporate
strategy with the more specific goals of strategic
business units and the plans which are intended to
realise these goals (Pride et al., 2006).
Quotation
Strategic planning is “the process of establishing
an organisational mission and formulating
goals, corporate strategy, marketing
objectives, marketing strategy and a marketing
plan” (Pride et al., 2006, p. 31).

10. QUOTATIONS ARE RARE
IN GOOD ESSAYS
Only quote if the original language is special.
• a definition of a key concept
• an especially memorable phrase from an expert
So, a 1500 word essay would typically include 2 - 4 short quotes
Handouts available from http://tinyurl.com/albanyhandouts

11. THE QUOTATION
SANDWICH
Efficient management of human resources, likewise,
requires knowledge and ability to implement Your point
macroeconomic principles. For instance, according to the
Principle of Comparative Advantage, “everyone does best
when each concentrates on the activity for which he or
Supporting
she is relatively most productive” (Frank & Bernanke, quote
2001, p. 23). This suggests that the underlying purpose of
human resources ought to be to ensure that employees
are trained, motivated and managed so that they can
spend most of their time contributing to the company’s Your Comment
mission at the highest skill level they are capable of. In
other words, human resources management needs to be
proactive, rather than reactive.

12. THEORY – PRACTICE
PING-PONG
According to the model presented by theory –
Quester, Macguiggan, Perrault and McCarthy academic
(2004, p. 108), brand preference is a dynamic source
process consisting of five different stages. This
model provides a highly useful basis for evaluation
of marketing strategy. For instance, Benneton, in
the 1990’s, embarked on a highly controversial real-world
global campaign, which certainly raised their level example –
of brand recognition. Their failure to translate this journalistic
recognition into matching sales (Benneton sales source
woe, 1997), may be because the whole campaign
was narrowly targeted at one single level of brand
preference.

13. CITATIONS (IN-TEXT
REFERENCES)
The same basic book journal article website
principle for ALL newspaper article etc
sources
– Surname of author(s) + year of publication
– Direct quotations need quotation marks and page
number(s)
Observational learning can be defined as “the
phenomenon whereby people develop patterns of
behavior by observing the actions of others”
(Mowen & Minor, 1998, p. 147).
Surnames Year of
Page
of authors publication

14. CITATIONS (more than one
author)
For two authors, always include both:
Blah, blah, blah, blah (Chang & Liu, 2009).
For three to five authors– include all surnames first time
Blah, blah, blah, blah (Hubbard, Thomas, & Varnham, 2001).
And then use et al. if you refer to the same source again
Blah, blah, blah, blah (Hubbard et al., 2001).
For six or more authors, use et al. all the time
Blah, blah, blah, blah (Singh et al., 2011).

15. CITATIONS (SECONDARY
SOURCES)
In a recently discovered private diary, Jane Austen describes the
character as “her greatest challenge and most uncertain
achievement” (as cited in Smith, 2012, p. 231).
But wherever possible, give the original reference (you’ll
find it in the book you’ve used)
Handouts available from http://tinyurl.com/albanyhandouts

16. CITATIONS (three ways)
Most of the time, you’ll put the reference in brackets, just after
you’ve finished with the information.
Cognitive behavioural therapy is increasingly preferred to more
traditional medical interventions in such cases (Dunbar &
Holmes, 2003).
But sometimes you can include the author(s) in your sentence and
then just put the year in brackets.
According to Dunbar and Holmes (2003), cognitive behavioural
therapy is increasingly preferred …..
Dunbar and Holmes (2003) claim / argue / suggest / state / provide
evidence that cognitive behavioural therapy is increasingly preferred
…..

17. 3. END OF TEXT
REFERENCES
References
Finkelstein, S., Whitehead, J., & Campbell, A. (2009). Think again: Why good leaders
make bad decisions and how to stop it happening to you. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
Business School Press.
Kahnemann, D. (2003). Maps of bounded rationality: Psychology for behavioural
economics. The American Economic Review 93(5), 1449-1475.
Kahnemann, D., Fredrickson, B. I., Schreiber, C.A., & Redelmeier, D.A. (1993). When
more pain is preferred to less: Adding a better end. Psychological Science
4(6), 401-405.
Krause, T. R. (2008). The role of cognitive bias in safety decisions. Occupational
Hazards 70(6), 28.
Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioural model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of
Economics 69(1), 99-118.
White, E. (2009, February 14). Why good leaders make bad decisions. The Wall Street
Journal. Retrieved March 13, 2012 from:
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123438338010974235.html

18. BOOK REFERENCE
Hamel, G. (2000). Leading the revolution. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press
title city
surname, (year) publisher
initial
For more than one
author, include all
names with initials
(followed by . and ,)
Hubbard, J., Thomas, C., & Varnham, S. (2001). Principles of law for New
Zealand business students (2nd ed). Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson
Education.

19. EDITED BOOK CHAPTER
REFERENCE Title of chapter – not
in italics
Author of chapter Editors’ names – initial
and year of goes before and
publication (Eds.), goes after!
Biggins, G. (2009). Why I became a social worker. In P. Te Ara & T. Rogers
(Eds.), Social work and social workers in New Zealand/Aotearoa (pp.102-120).
Auckland, New Zealand: Insight Press.
Page numbers of chapter – in
Title of book – brackets with pp. before
City & in italics
Publisher

20. CITY OF PUBLICATION
city, country Harmondsworth, England:
UK, NZ etc Penguin
Palmerston North, New
Zealand: Dunmore Press
Upper Saddle River, NJ:
USA, Au, Can city, state
Lawrence Erlbaum
initials Associates
Milton, Qld: McGraw-Hill
Check title of book in library catalogue and/or Google if city of
publication is not clear from the book itself

21. JOURNAL REFERENCE
author’s name
year Title (no italics)
Silverblatt, A. (2004). Media as a social
institution. American Behavioral
Scientist, 48(1), 35-42.
doi:10.1080/09585190802707433 journal name
(italics)
doi number volume & page numbers
(not always needed) issue number

22. WEB PAGE REFERENCE
Year
author’s name (if it’s missing put (n.d.)
(or organisation that owns the web site)
Title of page
(in italics)
Statistics New Zealand. (2009).
Mapping trends in the Auckland
region. Retrieved from:
http://www.stats.govt.nz/Publication
s/PopulationStatistics/mapping-
trends-in-the-auckland-region.aspx.
Retrieved from:
followed by full internet address

23. REFERENCING
SOFTWARE
Microsoft Word 2007 +
Use the references tab in the toolbar
Click ‘insert citation’ + add new source
Take care with names (Hamel, Gary) and type of source
Endnote ($36 from library – and make sure you go to a tutorial)
http://tinyurl.com/endnoteguide
Free Programmes to download (but you’ll need to learn how to
use them, through online tutorials etc)
http://www.zotero.org/
http://www.mendeley.com

24. References
Frank, R., & Bernanke, B. (2001). Principles of macroeconomics. Burr Ridge, Il:
McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Hubbard J., Thomas, C. & Varnham, S. (2001). Principles of law for New Zealand
business students. Auckland, New Zealand: Prentice Hall
Parry J., Black, C., & Bennett, A. (2000). Fundamentals of finance. Auckland, New
Zealand: Pearson Education.
Quester, P., McGuiggan, R., Perreault, W. , & McCarthy, J. (2004). Marketing:
Creating and delivering value. Sydney, NSW: McGraw-Hill Australia
The Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. (2005). The Alfred jewel.
Retrieved August 4, 2009 from:
http://www.ashmolean.org/collections/?type=highlights&id=24&department=1
Handouts available from http://tinyurl.com/albanyhandouts

25. References and arguments are provided for illustration of writing principles
only – not for their content!
This PowerPoint Presentation and the accompanying handouts are copyrighted
by the Centre for Teaching and Learning, Massey University and may not be
used, except for personal study, without written permission from the
copyright owner.
© 2012
Handouts available from http://tinyurl.com/albanyhandouts