Evolution of android operating system

Evolution of Android operating system Page No. 1
Android is a mobile operating system (OS) based on the Linux kernel and currently developed by Google. With
a user interface based on direct manipulation, Android is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablet computers, with specialized user interfaces for televisions (Android TV), cars (Android
Auto), and wrist watches (Android Wear). The OS uses touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions,
like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, and a virtual keyboard.
Despite being primarily designed for touchscreen input, it also has been used in game consoles, digital cameras,
regular PCs (e.g. the HP Slate 21) and other electronics.
Android is the most widely used mobile OS and, as of 2013, the highest selling OS overall. Android devices sell
more than Windows, bios, and Mac OS X devices combined, with sales in 2012, 2013 and 2014close to the
installed base of all PCs. As of July 2013 the Google Play store has had over 1 million Android apps published, and
over 50 billion apps downloaded. A developer survey conducted in April–May 2013 found that 71% of mobile
developers develop for Android. At Google I/O 2014, the company revealed that there were over 1 billion active
monthly Android users, up from 538 million in June 2013.
Android's source code is released by Google under open source licenses, although most Android devices ultimately
ship with a combination of open source and proprietary software. Initially developed by Android, Inc., which Google
backed financially and later bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007 along with the founding of the Open
Handset Alliance—a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to
advancing open standards for
Mobile devices.
Android is popular with
technology companies which
require a ready-made, low-
cost and customizable
operating system for high-
tech devices. Android's open
nature has encouraged a
large community of
developers and enthusiasts
to use the open-source code
as a foundation for
community-driven projects,
which add new features for
advanced users or bring

Android to devices which were officially, released running other operating systems. The operating system's success
has made it a target for patent litigation as part of the so-called "smartphone wars" between technology companies.
Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger), Rich
Miner(co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile), and Chris White (headed
design and interface development at WebTV) to develop, in Rubin's words, "smarter mobile devices that are more
aware of its owner's location and preferences". The early intentions of the company were to develop an advanced
operating system for digital cameras, when it was realized that the market for the devices was not large enough, and
diverted their efforts to producing a smartphone operating system to rival those of Symbian and Windows Mobile.
Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing
only that it was working on software for mobile phones. That same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a
close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the company.
Google acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005; key employees of Android Inc., including Rubin, Miner, and
White, stayed at the company after the acquisition. Not much was known about Android Inc. at the time, but many
assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market with this move. At Google, the team led by
Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset
makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of
hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of
cooperation on their part.
Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through
December 2006.An earlier prototype codenamed "Sooner" had a closer resemblance to a BlackBerry phone, with no
touchscreen, and a physical, QWERTY keyboard, but was later re-engineered to support a touchscreen, to compete
Eric Schmidt, Andy Rubin, and Hugo Barra at a press conference for the
Google's Nexus 7 tablet

with other announced devices such as the 2006 LG Prada and 2007 Apple iPhone. In September
2007, InformationWeek covered an E value serve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications
in the area of mobile telephony.
Eric Schmidt, Andy Rubin, and Hugo Barra at a press conference for the Google's Nexus 7 tablet
On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of technology companies including Google, device
manufacturers such as HTC, Sony and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile, and chipset
makers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop open standards for mobile
devices. That day, Android was unveiled as its first product, a mobile device platform built on the Linux
kernel version 2.6.25.The first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, released
on October 22, 2008.
In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices – a line of smartphones and tablets running the Android
operating system, and built by manufacturing partners. HTC collaborated with Google to release the first Nexus
smartphone, the Nexus One. Google has since updated the series with newer devices, such as the Nexus 5 phone
(made by LG) and the Nexus 7 tablet (made by Asus). Google releases the Nexus phones and tablets to act as
their flagship Android devices, demonstrating Android's latest software and hardware features. On March 13,
2013 Larry Page announced in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on new
projects at Google. He was replaced by Sundar Pichai , who also continues his role as the head of Google's
Chrome division, which develops Chrome OS.
Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have incrementally improved the operating system, adding
new features and fixing bugs in previous releases. Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert
or sugary treat; for example, version 1.5 Cupcake was followed by 1.6 Donut. Version 4.4.4 KitKat appeared as a
security-only update; it was released on June 19, 2014, shortly after 4.4.3 was released. As of November 2014, the
newest version of the Android operating system, Android 5.0 "Lollipop", is available for selected devices.
From 2010 to 2013, Hugo Barra served as product spokesperson for the Android team, representing Android at both
press conferences and Google I/O, Google’s annual developer-focused conference. Barra’s product involvement
included the entire Android ecosystem of software and hardware, including Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich, Jelly
Bean and KitKat operating system launches, the Nexus 4 and Nexus 5 smartphones, the Nexus 7 and Nexus
10 tablets, and other related products such as Google Now and Google Voice Search, Google’s speech recognition
product comparable to Apple’s Siri.In 2013 Barra left the Android team for Chinese smartphone maker Xiaomi.
Android Inc. was founded by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears and Chris White
in Palo Alto, California in October 2003. It’s a Linux based open source mobile
Operating System. At first, it was designed for smart phones but later Google Inc. bought
Android at 2005. Then, Google Inc. unveiled Android Operating System in 2007.
Google releases all versions and codes of Android OS under Apace License. As it is open
source anybody can modify the codes of Android Operating System.

Android Operating System codes are written in a Java programming language customized
version.
Google Android versions are generally named after sugary products and those names are
kept in Alphabetical order. Let’s go through those in short:
Android OS 1.0, 1.1
Android version 1.0 release date was September 2008 and it was the first version which is
launched with the device ‘HTC Hero’. It had remarkable feedback from the users. In
February of 2009, the version 1.1 was released.
Android OS 1.5 - Cupcake
Android version 1.5 release date was April 2009. For the first time an Android is given a
name which is Cupcake. Cupcake version brought the features of:
 Text prediction
 Video uploading
 Wireless Music streaming
Android OS 1.1

Android OS 1.6 - Donut
Android version 1.6 release date was September 2009. Donut version brought the
features of:
 Integrated Google Maps
 Solved OS reboot errors
 Enhanced photo and video capabilities
Android OS 2.0 - Eclair
Android version 2.0 release date was December 2009 and Android version 2.1 release
date was January 2010. Android version 1.6 release date was September 2009.
Android OS 1.5 - Cupcake
Android OS 1.6 - Donut

Eclair version brought the features of:
 Bluetooth
 Live Wallpapers
 Multi Touch Support
Android OS 2.2 – Froyo
Android version 2.2 release date was May 2010. Froyo version brought the features of:
 OS speeded up more
 HD Screen Resolutions
 Wi-Fi hotspot facility
 Adobe Flash 10.1
Android OS 2.0 - Eclair

Android OS 2.3 – Gingerbread
Android version 2.3 release date was December 2010. Gingerbread version brought the
features of:
 NFC capability
 Multiple Camera
 Facilities for sensors
6
Android OS 3.0 - Honeycomb
Android version 3.0 release date was February 2011. Honeycomb version brought the
features of:
 Facility of Loading Media File from SD memory card.
 More control over User Interface ( UI )
Android OS 2.2 - Froyo
2Android OS 1.5 - Cupcake
Android OS 2.3 - Gingerbread

Android OS 4.0 – Ice Cream Sandwich
Android version 4.0 release date was October 2010. Ice Cream Sandwich version brought
The features of:
 Improved Contact menus, keyboard layout
 Major refinements to the "Holo" interface with new Roboto font family
 Soft buttons from Android 3.x are now available for use on phones
 Easier-to-create folders, with a drag-and-drop style
 Improved copy and paste functionality
 Face Unlock, a feature that allows users to unlock handsets using facial recognition software
Android OS 4.1 – Jelly Bean
Android version 4.1 release date was July 2012. Jelly Bean version brought the features of:
Android OS 3.0 - Honeycomb
Android OS 4.0 - Ice Cream Sandwich

 Smoother user interface:
 User-installable keyboard maps
 USB audio (for external sound DACs)
 Enhanced accessibility
 Shortcuts and widgets can automatically be re-arranged or re-sized to allow new items to fit on home screens
 Bluetooth data transfer for Android Beam
Android OS 4.4 – KitKat
Android Kitkat 4.4 version release date October 31, 2013 .Kitkat version brought the features of:
 Refreshed interface with white elements instead of blue
 Wireless printing capability
 Public API for developing and managing text messaging clients
 Native infrared blaster API
 Sensor batching, step detector and counter APIs
 Browser text wrap is disabled
 Expanded functionality for notification listener services
Android OS 4.1 - Jelly Bean

Android OS 5.0 – Lollipop
Android OS 5.0 – Lollipop (developer preview) version release date was on June 26, 2014. Lollipop version brought
the features of:
 Android Runtime (ART) with ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation and improved garbage collection (GC), replacing
Dalvik that uses just-in-time (JIT) compilation
 Support for 64-bit CPUs
 Multiple user accounts
 Guest accounts
 Third-party apps can finally again Write data anywhere on external storage's, such as SD cards.
 OpenGL ES 3.1 and Android Extension Pack (AEP) on supported GPU configurations
 Better Camera performance
 Refreshed notification system
 Over all added 5,000 new APIs
Android OS 4.4 – Kitkat
Android OS 5.0 – Lollipop

Google had a lot of news to share at its I/O developer’s conference today, but one of the coolest
things we saw was Android TV, a new platform for watching live television and interacting with apps
and other Google Play content on the biggest screen in your house. You won’t be able to try out
Android TV until later this year, but on the plus side that means there’s plenty of time to pore over all
the cool new features it has to offer.
Of course, there are tons of smart TV options out there today. Roku , Apple, Amazon and even
Google already sell small devices to make your HDTV smarter, and company’s including Samsung
and LG sell Smart TVs with their own software pre-installed. Android TV definitely has a lot of
competition, but it also has some killer features that should help distinguish it from the pack.
Built-In Voice Search
Control It From Your Phone
HD and 4K Android TVs Coming Soon
Your Friends Can Stream Too
Mobile Games

Google had a lot of news to share at its I/O developer’s conference today, but one of the coolest
things we saw was Android TV, a new platform for watching live television and interacting with apps
and other Google Play content on the biggest screen in your house. You won’t be able to try out
Android TV until later this year, but on the plus side that means there’s plenty of time to pore over all
the cool new features it has to offer.
Of course, there are tons of smart TV options out there today. Roku , Apple, Amazon and even
Google already sell small devices to make your HDTV smarter, and company’s including Samsung
and LG sell Smart TVs with their own software pre-installed. Android TV definitely has a lot of
competition, but it also has some killer features that should help distinguish it from the pack.
Just say “Ok Google”
 Respond to texts, instant messages and emails by voice. Ask questions like "Will it rain this
weekend?" and get straight answers.
Reach fitness goals
 Keep track of your fitness with daily summaries showing your step count and heart rate.*
Others
Android TV

 Just say "Ok Google, call me a car" to order a Left to your location. See how long your wait is and the
model of the car on your watch and rate the driver with a couple of taps when you arrive.
 Read your messages in a glance on your watch or reply by voice without taking out your phone.
 Say "Ok Google, start a run" to track your run right from your wrist. You'll see your time, distance and
calories burned in a glance on your wrist, and you can pause or stop your activity with a quick tap, all
while your phone is tucked away in a pocket or bag.
For the road ahead
Android Auto was designed with safety in mind. With a simple and intuitive interface, integrated steering wheel
controls, and powerful new voice actions, it's designed to minimize distraction so you can stay focused on
the road.
What you need out on the road
 Android Auto automatically brings you useful information, and organizes it into simple cards that
appear just when they're needed. Let Google Maps lead the way. It’s easy to get where you’re going
with free voice-guided navigation, live traffic information, lane guidance, and more.
Android OS -Ware

 Let Google Maps lead the way. It’s easy to get where you’re going with free voice-guided navigation,
live traffic information, lane guidance, and more.
 Your favorite tunes—to go. Access and stream your favorite music with apps like Google Play Music,
Pandora, and Specify.
 Just say the word—Best-in-class speech technology makes controlling everything with your voice fast
and easy.
Driven by Android
Connect your phone to access all of your music, contacts, and messages while keeping your eyes on the road.
Android Auto coming Soon…
 “ Android device activation numbers reach 1 billion worldwide ". Phandroid.com. September 3, 2013.
Retrieved November 2, 2013.
 " A History of Android Codenames ". Android Police. September 17, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
 “ Dianne Hackborn ”. Google+. September 1, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
Android -Auto

 Google Launches Android, an Open Mobile Platform". Google Operating System. November 5, 2007.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
Last Accessed: December 05, 2014
 https://www.android.com/
Last Accessed: December 2013
 http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/O/operating_system.html
Last Accessed: July 10, 2014

Evolution of android operating system

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