2.  Refers to the various means by which
living organisms give rise to offsprings . In
both plant and animal , two main types
of reproduction are observed : asexual
and sexual.

3.  Commonly found in the lower animals. A
group of cells develops into a new
individual. Only a single organism is
involved. There are different processes
involved in asexual reproduction. These
are fission or binary fission , budding and
regeneration.

4.  It is the simplest form of asexual
reproduction. This is a process is
observed in single-celled animals such as
the amoeba or paramecium. The cell is
divided in half , forming two new
individuals .

5.  It is growing of new individual from a
bud. Sponges, hydra and the other
lower animals reproduce by budding. In
this process , the new individual animal
an outgrowth of cells of the parent
organism. The bud enlarges, takes the
form of the parent and then breaks off
as a new individual.

6.  In this process, an animal divides into one or
more fragments. Each fragment
regenerates and becomes a complete
new individual. Examples are flatworm and
marine worms. In some animals, a broken
part is replaced by regenerating the missing
part. Say, a starfish losses one of its arms, a
new arm regenerate to replace the lost
arm. Another animal that has the ability to
regenerate is the earthworm.

7.  This is characterized by the joining
together of two different kinds of sex
cells. This is are the egg cell from the
female and sperm cell from the male
animal. The union of the egg and sperm
is called fertilization. When the egg
becomes fertilized, a new individual
called zygote develops. Sexual
reproduction is a characteristic of a
higher animals.

8.  Fertilization can be external and internal.
 1.External fertilization(outside the body)
› The sperm cell and egg cell unite without
physical contact with the mate. The union of
the egg cell and sperm cell occurs outside
the body of the animal.
› Example fish and frog

9.  2.Internal Fertilization ( inside the body)
› This occur in female reproductive tract. The
sperm cells enters the female body to meet the
egg cell to produce living organisms . Examples
are shark, reptile and birds. Three groups of
animals vary in producing new living individuals
and caring for their young. These are the
monotremes , marsupials and placentals.
› a . Monotremes -animals that lay eggs.
Examples: anteaters and duck-billed platypus
› b. Marsupials-animals which carry their young in
a pouch. Examples kangaroo, koala bear and
Tazmanian devil.
› c. Placentals -mammals that gives nourishment
to the unborn young for a longer period of time
before birth. The young animal needs nutrients
and other substances in order for them to
develop inside a female body. Examples:
whales, cows