2. Research methodology
Presented to: Ma’am kiran shahzad
Presented by: Mahnoor khalid
Roll no: 24

3. Introduction
“A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search
for new facts in any branch of knowledge.”
 Conversion of unknown into known.
 Limitation.
 systematic way.

4. Objectives Of Research
 The purpose of research is to solve the problems, or answers the
questions through a scientific or systemized process.
 The main point of research is to find the story behind some event or
some hidden truth or the root of a problem.

5. Motivation In Research
What makes people to undertake research ?
 Gaining the degree.
 Facing the challenges
 Sick of philosophies.

6. Types Of Research
The types of researches are as follow:
 Descriptive research
 Analytical research
 Applied research
 Fundamental research
 Qualitative research
 Quantitative research
 Conceptual research
 Empirical research

7. Significance Of Research
“All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than
overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention”.
 Increased amount of research
makes progress possible.
 Research provides basis for nearly
all government policies in our
economic system.
 Through research we can find the
needs of anything and try to fullfill
them.

8. Research methods
The term methodology refers to the overall approaches & perspectives
to the research process as a whole and is concerned with the following
main issues:
 Why you collected certain data
 What data you collected
 Where you collected it
 How you collected it
 How you analysed it

9. Research process

10. Good research
The criteria of good research is:
 Clearly defined.
 Procedure used should be described in
sufficient detail.
 Carefully planned procedural design.
 Appropriate analysis of data.
 Confined conclusions.
 Confidence in research.
Good research is systematic that means that research is made in
sequence with specific steps and the accurate one also.

11. Research problems
A research problem is refers to some difficulty which a researcher
experiences in either a theoretical or practical situation.
The several factors which makes the problems complicated are:
• Change in environment factors
• Confused state of mind

12. Solution of a problem
Problem clearly stated is a problem half solved. Therefore it’s a need to
define problem well.
Solution is easy if it goes in systematic way:
 Evaluate the problem
 Gather the information
 Break the problem in parts
 Identify solutions
 Select the best solution
 Take action
 Examine results
 Tests and review

13. Research design
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and
analysis of data in a manner.
The research design is the conceptual structure within which research
is conducted.
Research features:
 Economical
 Flexible
 Appropriate
 Effieicent
 Maximum reliability.

14. Methods of data collection
There are two main types of data:
 Primary data collection
 Secondary data collection.
Primary data collection
 We collect data through experiments.
 We collect this data through surveys.
The important methods are (i) observation method, (ii) interview
method, (iii) through questionnaires,(iv) through schedules .

15. Secondary data collection
The secondary data is already available data. i.e., they refer to the data
which have already been collected and analysed by someone else.
Before using secondary data the researcher must see these things.
 Reliability of data
 Suitability of data
 Adequacy of data

16. Processing and Analysis
The data after collection has to be processed and analyzed according
to the outline of the research plan.
Processing operations help in completion of research and consists of
following steps:
 Editing
 Coding
 Classification
 Tabulation

17. Hypothesis testing
A hypothesis is a proposition or a set of proposition.
Chracteristics :
 Precise and clear
 Testable
 Limited and specific
 Simple
 consistent

18. Multivariate analysis technique
All statistical techniques which simultaneously analyze more than two
variables on a sample of observations can be categorized as
multivariate techniques.
Objective:
 Represent data in simplified form.
It ensures complete analyzing of the data.

19. Interpretation
This step is the crucial one it has to be done with great care.
Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inferences from the
collected facts after an analytical and/or experimental study

20. Report writing
It’s the major component of research task. As research task is
incomplete till the report has been presented or written.
 Logical analysis of subject matter
 Preparation of final outline
 Preparation of rough draft
 Rewriting and polishing of rough draft
 Preparation of the bibliography.