The paper was presented at a symposium in AAAS annual meeting entitled as DESGIN THINKING TO MOBILIZE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION FOR SOCIAL CHALLENGES Organized by JST-RISTEX (Japan) Sunday, February 20, 2011 Time: 8:30 AM to 11:30 AM Walter E. Washington Convention Center, 159AB AGENDA The aim of this symposium is to highlight the innovative approaches towards address social challenges. There has been growing interest in promoting “social innovation” to imbed innovation in the wider economy by fostering opportunities for new actors, such as non-profit foundations, to steer research and collaborate with firms and entrepreneurs and to tackle social challenges. User and consumers are also relevant as they play an important role in demanding innovation for social goals but also as actors and suppliers of solutions. Although the innovation process is now much more open and receptive to social influences, progress on social innovation will call for the greater involvement of stakeholders who can mobilize science, technology and innovation to address social challenges. Thus, the session requires to be approached from holistic and multidisciplinary mind and needs to cover the issue from different aspects by seven international speakers. 8:30-8:35 Welcome and Opening Dr. Yuko Harayama, Deputy Director of the OECD’s Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI) (moderator) 8:35-9:20 Session 1: Putting ‘design thinking’ into practice Dr. Karabi Acharya, ScD Change Leader, Ashoka, USA　 Systemic Change to Achieve Environmental Impact and Sustainability Mr. Tateo Arimoto, Director-General, JST-RISTEX (Co-organiser and Host). Japan Design thinking to induce new paradigm for issue-driven approach Discussant Dr. Hans-Liudger Dienel, Director, The Centre for Technology and Society; CEO, Nexus Institute for Cooperation Management and Interdisciplinary Research, Germany. Discussion 9:20-10:20 Session 2: How to assess and measure social value of S&T? Dr. Julia Lane Program Director National Science Foundation , USA and Dr. Stefano Bertuzzi Office of Science Policy Analysis, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health Science of Science Assessment Mr. Robby Berloznik, Director, Institute Society and Technology, Flemish Parliament, Belgium Governance in Science and Technology: citizen participation and social innovation Discussant Dr. Hans-Liudger Dienel Discussion 10:20-11:05 Session 3: Community-led innovation to address social challenges Ms. Laura Bunt, Policy Advisory, The National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts.(NESTA), UK Mass Localism: a way to help small communities solve big social challenges Prof. Masayuki Horio, Prof Em, Tokyo U of Agric & Technol, Prof, Policy Sci, Ryukoku U Socio-technical Routes Needed to Save Society from Energy and Environmental crises Discussion

1. Socio-technical Routes Necessary
for Saving the Society
from Energy/Environment Crises
Masayuki Horio
JST-RISTEX R&D Area Director
Professor, Ryukoku University
Professor, Em., Tokyo Univ. A & T

2. To Make the World GHG Emission 50% from 1990 value
w/ equal rights and w/ Japanese technical standard
Developed Countries ought to reduce by ~80%
If CO2 emissions is half of
Energy Consumption CO2 Emissions Y1990 and the standard of
consumption and emission is
Oil Equivalent Energy Carbon Equivalent based on Japanese per Capita
Consumption [MtOe] Emissions [Mt(C)] Equivalent for Y2000
Japanese Oil
Japanese
per Capita Equivalen CO2 Reducti
Achievement Achievement per Capita
Equivalent t Energy Emissi on for
Year Year Equivalent
„Oil Consump ons Y2000
Countries „Carbon
Equivalent tion
Equivalent
Energry
Emissions‟,
1990 2000 Consumption 1990 2000 Y2000
[MtOe] [Mt(C)] [%]
‟, Y2000
Japan 437 524 524 290 325 325 97 60 82
USA 1928 2304 1166 1339 1577 723 215 134 92
Canada 209 251 127 117 143 79 23 15 90
UK 212 231 242 161 155 150 45 28 82
Germany 356 343 339 266 231 210 63 39 83
France 227 257 243 103 102 151 45 28 73
Italy 153 172 238 111 120 148 44 27 77
OECD Total 4517 5316 4661 3073 3463 2891 861 534 85
China 670 928 5179 666 881 3212 957 594 33
India 199 339 4448 155 268 2546 835 478 -78
Indonesia 56 102 951 41 73 544 179 102 -40
Brazil 145 216 778 59 92 445 146 84 10
Russia & NISs 1537 1028 1278 1024 632 732 240 137 78
Kenya 3 4 135 2 2 77 25 15 -522
Africa total 239 303 3544 194 238 2028 665 381 -60
World Total 7797 9042 24896 5707 6407 15441 4601 2853 55

3. GHG Minus 80% is not Impossible
【Transportation】
Japan’s case Changing All to EV
【Electricity】
Introducing
Renewables
(preferentially
【Livelihood】 replacing coal
Promoting first)
Energy saving
woody building 3

4. Climate Skepticism & Denial in US
Risk Communication &
Enlightenment Insufficient?
Belief/Nostalgia as
the Hydrocarbon Frontier
Huge Changes & potential
Losses in Businesses

5. Slow & Inefficient Actions in Japan
has to change.
Ministry of Internal Affairs and
Communications (MIC) just recently
published a Report with Admonition to
Biomass Projects over the last 8 yrs.
For 112 Projects having some
quantitative data;
GHGs balance: 440kt/y increase!
(reduction 260, emission 700kt/y)

6. Design Approaches for
Social Innovation
Engineers & Scientists: Designing Institutional Systems
in Technical Innovation
Academia, Consultants, Local Government & NPO:
From Analytical & Enlightenment Approach to
Collaborative Design Approach
Local Government: Design Thinking needed Green
Reconstruction of the Local Techno-social system
Project Planners: Design Thinking needed to
Integrate Issues for Comprehensive Solution
Distributor & Consumer Activists: Design Thinking
needed to Make Supply Chain Green

7. Design Thinking also needed for
Socio-technical System Renovation
Lavish oil consumption based Socio-technical systems
Socio-technical systems against global warming
Social system inspection,
Lavish oil consumption based
reform & detour
Institutional systems
development
Lavish oil consumption based Technical systems with
Technical systems sustainable energy sources
Technical innovation Technical Innovation
premised on lavish oil for appropriate & sustainable
consumption technology
Society Causing Society overcoming
Global warming Global warming

8. Previous Approaches:
Analysis, Top-down Planning &
Enlightenment – my misunderstanding
Sectional, Unchallenging, Haughty
Academic Research Local Development NPO Activity
Admini- Academia
Academia stration Advisory Panels NPOs
Research
Paper
Investigation Plans Consultants Enlightenment
Explaining to Residents Entering
Regional
Regional People: Regional People: People: NPO‟s
Object of Study Object of Persuation Supporter Territory
Regional Field of Regional Field of Regional Field of
Work & Life Work & Life Work & Life 8

9. For 80% Reduction Design Thinking
from the very Field of Regional Work
& Life is needed
Collaborating, Challenging, Sharing
Future Image and Survival Strategies
of Regional People
Policies for the future
Academia Government
Regional Field of NPO 9
Work & Life

10. Fossil-based Modernization:
Local People remained in
Passive Attitude
Layer of norm
Layer of
techno-social
system
Layer of local
community

11. Green Reconstruction of the Modern:
Active Design Thinking needed
Layer of norm
Layer of
techno-social
system
Layer of
Integrated
Governin
Community

12. Energy/Environment Crises
Need Measures
able to Bind up Multiple Issues

13. How to Quantify & Design Social
Issues relevant of GHG Reduction
Scenario
Mass-Energy Scenario Technical scenario
development not
for GHG reduction accommodating the
○○t/yr present social system
× Social and temporal
Social coefficient (0~1) scenario
Social system reform plan, human •System inspection
resource raising, acceleration of •Policy development
realization rate •Consensus development
•Human resource and
＝ governance development
Real reduction
potential △△ t/yr

14. Conducting Social Experiments
New Approach is also needed
Social Experiment of the 1st Kind:
Social Experiments conducted by a Definite
Steering and Observing Group to Examine
Collective Effect of Introducing New Technical
Parts or Institutional Rules
Social Experiment of the 2nd Kind:
Social Experiments conducted by Community
based Steering and Observing Group for Their
own Empowerment;
Conductor=Object=Observer

15. Additional Contents
1. What are we developing at
JST-RISTEX?
2. Why Socio-technical and
Inter-sectoral Collaboration
Scenario Development is
needed?

16. 1. What are we developing at
JST-RISTEX

17. Outline of Our R&D Program
Period: 2008-2013
Categories:
I: Fundamental R&D <<¥10M/y
II: w/ Social Experiments <¥30M/y
Applicants are requested to
1) organize collaborations among social/humanity
and natural/engineering sciences,
2) organize collaborations among academia,
local government, citizens and other stakeholders
3) submit a unique proposal with sociotechnical
scenario,
4) submit a quantitative estimation of GHG
reduction effect of the proposal

18. The program tackles the issues of:,,,
1. Trans-sectoral cooperation-both in
government and academia
2. Equal partnership among local people,
government, industry and academia
3. Appropriate technical challenges
harmonized with social actions
4. Practical and profitable approaches
Rather than qualitative, ethical and
enlightening approaches
5. Trans-sectoral & regional target settings

19. Projects distributed nationwide
Development of Techniques and Theories Development of the Method of Evidence-
3 based Analysis for Regional Sustain-
for the Integrated Restoration and 2
Revitalization of Local Commons ability in Economy and Environment
Unified Commercialization Policy for Utilizing Construction of the Town of Kiryu for
10 Local Renewables and Local Finances through the Future with Anti-Global-Warming
6
Inter-Regional Cooperation through the Regional Power
To establish Regional Community System Forest and City Lincage for Sustainable
5 that Exits from Inducing Global Warming 11 utilization of Wood and Biomass
through Introducing Micro Hydro power
Feasibility Study of the Eco-service
１ Business Model using Eco-point system
Proposing a Scenario and Road Map
４
to realize a Nature Friendly Society De-‟global warming‟ through inducing
8 Model for the Sustainable Shiga 17 voluntary actions in Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
“Sato-model” in Mountainous Region Sustainable Intermediate/Mountainous
to tackle with Global Warming 12 Region Development via Eco-Mobility
13 Creating a Low-Carbon Production, Retail
Greening Model
7 & Shopping System for Nagoya
Development for Existing
Urban Area Education and Utilization of Local Public Human
16 Resources for Local Renewable Energy System
Local full participation System Development
14
Development for Promoting I/U-Turn
Settlements and Local Business Creation B Stule: Local Resource based
15 Sustainable Settlement Development
＝Coworkers
location 19
＝From 2008 ＝From 2009 ＝From 2010

20. Developing Methodologies to make
GHG Reduction Scenario affordable
Technical scenario
Mass-Energy Scenario development not
accommodating the
for GHG reduction present social system
○○t/yr
× Social and temporal
Social coefficient (0~1) scenario
Social system reform plan, human •System inspection
resource raising, acceleration of •Policy development
realization rate •Consensus development
•Human resource and
＝ governance development
Real reduction
potential △△ t/yr

21. New role of Engineering Faculty in
Local City, Kiryu
Public
Ｃｉｔｙ Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ School of Engineering
Transportation
Gunma Univ.
Framework Companies
City of Kiryu Agreement Graduate JR東日本㈱
School
東武鉄道㈱
Gunma Pref. Forest Res. of Engineering
上毛電鉄㈱
わたらせ渓谷鐵道㈱
まちの中に大学が School of Social Informatics
あり，大学の中にま Next Gen. Eco-Energy Soc. JSTproject
ちがある協議会
Eng. Sci. Next Gen. EV Northern Kanto Industry-
Local Media Club Research Soc. Academia cooperation So
News Paper, FM Stn. 桐生の清流と森林を守る会 Assoc.
Eco Life Design
Education Borad NPOs
きりゅう市民活動推進ネットワーク
三洋電機㈱ 2015年の公共交通をつくる会
富士重工㈱ Local Elementary and わたらせ渓谷鉄道市民協議会
太陽誘電㈱ Jr High Schools
桐生商工会議所 ファッションタウン桐生推進協議会
Private Companies
桐生ガス㈱ (160000 Pupils)
商店連盟協同組合 チームエコ
生活協同組合 桐生再演桐生再生
㈱ミツバ
桐生青年会議所 グリーンクリーンきりゅう
㈱小倉クラッチ Commerce & Ind. 桐生手づくり緑化フェア
山田製作所㈱ 造園業組合
Assoc. 本町１・２丁目の会

22. Their Original EV Development is
now leading JST’s Low Speed EV
Community Bus Development
Their original in-
wheel motor will be
used for 8 wheel
community bus

23. Cultural Biomass Utilization

24. City Exploration by Citizens &
Students

25. Making Supply Chain Green by
Drawing Consumers’ Active Role
Distributor
Consumer Manufacturer
・Topos for Mutual ・New Relationship for
Learning
・changing Lyfestyle Consumers and
・Emerging Management
・Changing Purchasing Distributors
・Communication
Behavior ・New Commodity
Connecting Manufacturer Development
& Consumer 25

26. Social Experiments
Low Carbon Commodity Development through
Consumer-Distributor-Manufacturer Mutual
Learning
New Floor Management for Super Markets
developing with Customers
New Life Recipe Development to Evolve into
Consumers having New Value System
26

27. Shopping Revolution!
Back yard tour for Researchers’ Club
＜eco!on商品の紹介＞
＜eco!on商品の紹介＞ ＜エコ野菜の紹介＞

28. Shopping Revolution!
Workshop in Nagoya
＜ワークショップ風景＞ ＜発表風景＞

29. Forest-to-Town Project
Forest Logs Lumber waiting Law temperature
Forest dryer（45℃）
management at lumbermill for drying
Young/skilled Forest-to-Town Academic
proof!
worker Direct-linkage creation PJ
Academic
proof! for direct cash flow back to
Training mountainside
Woody “Eco”-houses
Builder
production
Lumbering
Precutting
Furniture,
Painting
& panel
Wooden
fittings,
Academic
etc.
Carrying-in to proof!
building sites
Scientific proof and certification system 29
design for financial and institutional supports

30. Welcome to the Country Project
Yasaka Village in Hamada-city, 1600 to 5000 Project
Organizing Support from Local Authorities
Settlement Promotion, Passing on
Traditions and Reconciliation
Organization of Community Charter
Community Business Formulation
Invigoration of Development of
Community Community
Activity Delights
Promotion of Independent Thinking
Cooperative Study on the Community
& Resources

31. 2. Why Socio-technical and
Inter-sectoral Collaboration
Scenario Development is
needed?

32. Points of focus should be
large city areas
Tokyo
Osaka
Kanagawa
Aichi
Electricity demand by prefecture
Kyoto

33. Demand vs. Supply Mismatch
Electricity Demand and Wind Power Potential
Hokkaido Tohoku Tokyo Hokuriku Chubu Kansai Chugoku Shikoku Kyushu Okinawa

34. Adding Back to the Country Pj
to Green Electricity Purchase
Energy
Saving
Pop
red
Back to ucti
Countryside City
the
foreign payment
on
Pre-
Rich in Renewables and
Country Giga-demand bac sent
Green Electricity k
再エネ
Ho
Back Home Wind
me
Regional Cooperation
μ-Hydro
PV
2050 for Renewables
Money 2050
Future
Renewables PV
Solar Heat Own
Saving
Forest bio. Wood waste Resource Ren
Demand Supply Waste OilSupply Demand
Present foreign payment

35. Issues associated with
Green Electricity Purchase by
Mega-cities
Transmission Line Capacity Limit
National Land Planning and Utilization
of Local Potential necessary
Overcrowded Urban Lifestyle should be
improved.

36. Urban-countryside population
exchange should also be formulated
in terms of its GHG reduction effect
Urban-
Real reduction Countryside
countryside
＝ population ×
t-CO2/yr increase
difference in per
capita GHG
emission
Effect of population transfer
＋ On site reduction effort
CO2 adsorption activity
＋ including forest
management and
nature restoration

37. How effective is the ‘Back to the
Country’ in Japan?
37

38. Depopulation serious in Countryside
% % Primary Sectors Tertiary Sectors
60.0 (Service Industry)
i.e. Countryside
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
Secondary Sectors
10.0 (Manufacturing Industry)
0.0
40
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
u
Primary Industry Secondary
Japan 1940-90
Tertiary

39. ‘Back to the Country’
Background in Japan
Much Improvements in Transportation
& Communication Systems
Cities and Villages are rather close
Departure from previous policies:
1. defensive counteraction against de-population
2. ‘New Industrial City’ program, a simple
industrialization model
39

40. Japan’s high micro-hydro potential comes from
its high precipitation and steep and short rivers.

41. Well developed Farm Irrigation & the
steep Mountain-to-Coast Water Flow
sea horizon
Sado・Iwakubi district 2010

42. Simple Evaluation:
‘Back to the Country’
by Horio & Hidaka (2011)
Population Renewable Energy Recharge
Holding Storage Evaluation
Capacity of =
Countryside Per Capita Energy Demand after
Greening
2050
GHG Effect of Urban Full
Reduction Population Red- Renewables‟
Potential of
„Back to the
=
uction: Reduction of
fossil fuel fired  Utilization at
Countryside
power generation (also by
Country‟ (0.083kg-CO2/MJ) newcomers) 42
堀尾正靱

43. Population and Renewable’s
Potential by Horio & Hidaka (2011)
Households and population in different regions (2005)
Households
Households
number population
Urban region 80.5％ 39,495,337 100,603,432
Flat Farming region 8.6％ 4,219,378 10,747,696
Intermediate Farming region 7.9％ 3,875,940 9,872,883
Mountainous farming region 3.0％ 1,471,876 3,749,196
Total 100.0％ 49,062,530 124,973,207
Recharge Storage of Renewables
Undeveloped Heat Electricity
Renewables （ＧＪ/yr） （kWh/yr） （ＧＪ/yr）
Wood biomass 121,317,806 6,037,715,712 21,735,777
Hydro － 44,779,636,000 161,206,690
Geotherm － 19,030,000,000 68,508,000
43
Wind (on shore) － 12,264,000,000 44,150,400 堀尾正靱

44. GHG Reduction Potential
by Horio & Hidaka (2011)
Total（t-CO2/yr）
Present GHG emission
Intermediate &
Urban Region Flat Farming Region Mountainous Farming 239,661,815
Region (‘Country’)
192,927,760 20,610,916 26,123,139
CO2 Emission Reduction by Countryside Greening and Back to
the 'Country' Action
Urban CO2 Reduction by 101,403,139
Present ‘Country’ Greening
back to the ‘Country’
26,123,139 75,280,000
％ CO2 Emission Reduction 42（％）

45. Busy Countryside Contributes
GHG Reduction by Horio & Hidaka (2011)
Population [Million]
Case Intermediate &
Urban ＆ Flat
Mountainous Farming
Farming Regions
Region (Country)
Present 12 108
BAU 2050 9 81
Case Back to the
24 66
`Country’2050
45
堀尾正靱

46. Thank you very much for your attention!
Comments are appreciated.
Please forward them to
myhorio06@ca.wakwak.com