Lecture slides for undergraduates medical (MBBS) Students. Source material for this presentation is Essentials of Pharmacology, KD Tripathi, Katzung and Goodman and Gillman. It deals with Local anaesthetics with their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics , adverse effects and therapeutic uses.
4. Local Anaesthesia
• Reversible loss of sensation (Sensory)
• In a local area
• Without loss of consciousness
• Without loss of control of vital functions
• Topical/Injection/Infiltration
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5. Ideal Local Anaesthetic
Non irritant / Negligible Local irritation
Negligible local tissue damage
minimal systemic toxicity
Rapid onset of action
Prolonged action
water soluble
Sterilizable by heat
Without after effects
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6. Local Vs General
Advantages
Disadvantages
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•
•
•
•
•
• Uncooperative patient –
No
• Minor Surgery only
• Some major Surgery
• Also Have Side effects
Consciousness
Localized
No Altered Physiology
Monitoring of Vitals
Safe in poor GC
Response can be
modified
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7. Historical Aspects
• South American natives chewed coca leaves
for stimulant and euphoric action
• Albert Niemann – isolated cocaine in 1860
• Niemann noted that it causes numbing of
tounge
• Sigmund Freud – tried it for psychic energizing
activity unsuccessfully
• Carl Koller – used cocaine for Ocular surgery
in 1884
• Halstead – infiltration anaesthesia
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11. Mechanism Of Action
Prevent generation and conduction of Nerve
impulses by acting at the cell membrane:
Decrease the entry of Na+ ions during action
potential
Increase in LA conc. decreases the maximum
depolarization causing slowing of conduction
Finally depolarization fails to reach threshold
potential
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13. Mechanism Of Action
Degree of blockade is frequency dependent:
Greater blockade at higher frequency of
stimulation
Higher concentration of Ca++ reduces
inactivation of Na+ channel
Blockade is not due to hyperpolarization
RMP is unaltered as K+ channels are not
blocked
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14. Factors Influencing Action of LA
Lipid Solubility
Lipid solubility helps in nerve penetration, faster action
Non ionized form can easily cross nerve membrane
pH
Lower pKa (7.6 – 7.8) – faster acting (lidocaine, mepivacaine)
Higher pKa (8.1 – 8.9) – slower acting (procaine, tetracaine,
bupivacaine)
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15. Factors Influencing Action of LA
Vasoconstrictors (Adrenaline, Phenylephrine)
Tissue Necrosis, Systemic Side effects
CI in areas with terminal arteries (Fingers, Toe, Nose, Penis)
- Hypoxic injury
- Tissue Necrosis and May Produce gangrene
Felypressin (Vasopressin Analogue)
- Used as vasoconstrictor in CV Dz Patients
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16. Factors Influencing Action of LA
Inflammation
Acidic environment
ionized LA, Penetration decreased
Alkalization
Hasten onset of nerve block
Limited increase in unionized form
precipitation of LA
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21. Pharmacodynamics (Systemic)
Smooth Muscle
• ↓ contraction of bowel
• Relaxation of vascular and bronchial smooth muscle
Sympathetic System
• Blockade – Spinal, Epidural anaesthesia, local
infiltration in peritoneal cavity
Neuromuscular Junction
• Block NMJ, Inhibit ganglionic transmission
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22. Pharmacokinetics
• Surface anesthetics from mucus membrane and
abraded areas
• Depends on Blood flow to the area, total dose and
specific drug characteristics
• Widely distributed in the body: (lipophilic)
• Enters brain, heart, liver and kidney
• Followed by muscle and other viscera
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23. Pharmacokinetics
• Ester linked LA – inactivated by hydrolysis by plasma
esterases, cholinesterase
• Spinal anaesthesia – absorbed into systemic
circulation
• Amide linked LA – Degraded in liver by CYP450
• Use restricted in Liver disease
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24. Pharmacokinetics
• Amide linked LA – bind with α1 acid glycoprotein
• α1 acid glycoprotein (↑) – MI, Trauma, Cancer,
Surgery, Smoking
• α1 acid glycoprotein (↓) – Oral Contraceptive Pill,
Infants
• Termination of action depends on rate of absorption
and elimination
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26. Toxicity
CNS
Numbness in circumoral area and tongue
Metallic taste
Drowsiness, Lightheadedness, Restlessness
Visual and auditory disturbances, Nystgmus
Respiratory depression, convulsions
Death due to respiratory failure
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29. Prevention of Toxicity
Proper History, Allergy Testing
4 hour fasting, Premedication
Avoid in Hepatic and cardiac disease
Administration at Proper site
Wait for development of effect
Look for signs of toxicity
Observation post operatively
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30. Cocaine
Natural alkaloid from Erythroxylon coca
Medical use limited to surface or topical
anesthesia
Avoid with adrenaline
A toxic action on heart may induce rapid and
lethal cardiac failure
Marked pyrexia is with cocaine overdose
Not used presently
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31. Procaine
Topically ineffective
Used for infiltration because of low potency and
short duration
Most commonly used for spinal anesthesia
Produces significant vasodilation. Adrenaline used to
prolong effect
Systemic toxicity negligible because rapidly destroyed
in plasma
Procaine penicillin
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32. Lignocaine
Effective by all routes.
Faster onset (3 Vs 15 min), more intense, longer
lasting
Good alternative for those allergic to ester type
Quicker CNS effects than others
Overdose (muscle twitching, cardiac arrhythmia, fall
in BP, coma and respiratory arrest)
Antiarrhythmic
Available as Injections, topical solution, jelly and
ointment etc.
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33. Bupivacaine
No topical effect
Slower onset and one of longer duration agents
Used for infiltration, spinal, nerve block and epidural
Unique analgesia without significant motor blockade
(popular drug for analgesia during labor)
High lipid solubility, high distribution in tissues and
less in blood (benefit to fetus)
More cardio toxic than other LA (prolong QT interval)
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34. Eutectic Lignocaine/Prilocaine
Eutectic Mixture – Lowering of melting point of two
solids when they are mixed
Lignocaine+Prilocaine at 25o C in equal proportion
Oil is emulsified in water to form a cream
Occlusive dressing prior to procedure
IV Canulation, Split Skin graft harvesting, Superficial
Procedure
Up to 5mm
last for 1-2 hour
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35. Benzocaine, Butamben
Low aqueous solubility – Not absorbed from mucosa
or broken skin
Long lasting anaesthesia without systemic toxicity
Lozenges for stomatitis, Sore throat
Dusting powder on wounds/ Ulcerated surfaces
Suppositories for anorectal lesions
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37. Infiltration Anaesthesia
Injection of LA directly into tissues irrespective of the
course of nerve
Superficial or deeper structure
Amides are preferred
Should not be injected into
tissues supplied by end arteries
Adequate anaesthesia without
affecting normal function
Dose required is more
Chances of Systemic Toxicity
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38. Field Block
Injection of LA subcutaneously
Anaesthetize the region distal to the site of injection
Anaesthesia starts 2-3 cm distal to site of injection
All nerves coming to the field are blocked
Dose required is less, Prolonged duration
Forearm, anterior abdominal wall, scalp and lower
extremity
Knowledge of neuroanatomy is required
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39. Nerve Block
LA injected around individual Nerve/ Plexus..Not in
the Nerve
Sensory and motor block distal to site of injection
Block depends on Proximity, Conc. And Volume of LA
Degree of ionization and Time
Trigeminal nerve blocks (face)
Cervical plexus block and cervical paravertebral block
(shoulder and upper neck)
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40. Spinal Anaesthesia
Subarachnoid space
between L2-3 or L3-4
Site of action – nerve root in
the cauda equina
Level of anaesthesia –
vol. & speed of injection;
Baricity of drug soln. with CSF
Posture of patient
Order of anaesthesia – sympathetic > motor
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42. Epidural Anaesthesia
Site- sacral hiatus (caudal) or lumber, thoracic or
cervical region
Catheters are used for continuous infusion
Used like spinal and also painless childbirth.
Side effect similar to Spinal, Less Chances
Lidocaine, bupivacaine, Ropivacaine
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43. Regional anaesthesia (IV)
Injection of LA in a vein of a tourniquet occluded
limb
Mostly limited to upper limb
Orthopedic procedures
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44. Summary
-Caine …
Na+ Channel Blockers
Esters and Amides
Local and Systemic Actions (Toxicity)
Techniques
Available at www.slideshare.net
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