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Kingodom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca: Molluscs
By Natalia Ruggiero and Jacque O'Connell
Structure
● soft bodied animals
   ○ name from Latin word "mollus" meaning soft
● most are protected by a hard shell made of
  Calcium Carbonate
● have a reduced internal cell or have lost the
  shell completely during evolution.
● possession of a coelom
   ○ coelom- a fluid-filled cavity that develops within the
     mesoderm
Structure Cont.
● 3 distinct body zones:
  ○ Foot- contains sensory and motor organs
  ○ Visceral Mass- contains internal organs used for
    digestion, excretion, and reproduction
  ○ Mantle- a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral
    mass and secretes a shell if there is one present
    ■ mantle cavity- water-filled chamber that houses
       the gills, anus, and excretory pores.
● radula- straplike rasping organ used to
  scrape up food with curved teeth
  ○ it allows the molluscs to scrape algae and other food
    off of rocks and drill through the shell of prey or
    catch fish
Phylum Mollusca
Digestion and Excretion
● The digestive tract is complete and ciliated
  with a mouth, anus, and complete stomach.
● Food is taken up by cells in the lining of the
  stomach and passed into the blood
   ○ undigested materials are compressed and packaged
     and discharged through the anus to the mantle
     cavity and carried into the water currents.
● Excretory functions are carried out by a pair
  of nephridia
   ○ nephridia- tubular structures that collect fluids from
     coelom and exchange salts with body tissues as fluids
     pass along the tublues.
Nervous System
● relatively complex
  ○ most complex- Octopus
● 2 pairs of main nerve cords
  ○ visceral- serve the internal organs
  ○ pedal-control the foot
● brain encircles the esophagus
● sensory ability
  ○ variety of organ systems
  ○ large, complex eyes
     ■ larges eyes- large squid(eyes the size of dinner
        plates)
Phylum Mollusca
Respiration and Circulation
● open circulatory system
   ○ the blood does not circulate entirely within vessels
     but is collected by the gills, pumped into the heart,
     and released in spaces in the tissue (hemocoel)and
     returns to the gills, then the heart.
     ■ hemocoel- "blood cavity"
● Respiration pigment- hemocyanin
● Respiration is through gills, ctenidia, located
  in the mantle cavity
Phylum Mollusca
Reproduction
● sexual
● can by simple or very complex
  ○ varies in different classes
● fertilized egg develops into a swimming form
  called a trochophore larva
● this then elongates to become a veliger larva
Locomotion
● varies, but is dictated by the structure of the
  foot
● Herbivorous forms are gliders, moving on
  waves of muscular contraction.
● Cephalopods swim actively by jet propulsion
  in which water is rapidly expelled from the
  mantle cavity.
● Cuttlefish and Sea Hares rely on lateral fins
  for locomotion.
Phylum Mollusca
Types
The three most common types
of mollusks are:
● gastropods
● bivalves
● cephalopods
Gastropoda
● Gastropods make up 80% of Molluscs
   which consist of about 37,500
   living species.
● Most gastropods have an external shell.
● They can either be herbivores, scavengers, and
   carnivores.
● They usually live in oceans, on rocks and land, and in
   freshwater.
● They use their muscular foot to
creep along a carpet of mucus that they
ooze out in order to crawl.
● The most common gastropods are:
  ○ Snails - land and aquatic
  ○ Slugs
  ○ Nudibranchs
  ○ Pteropods - Thecosomata - sea butterflies
Phylum Mollusca
Bivalvia
● Also known as Pelycopoda or Lam ellibranchia
● Bivalves always have two shells held together by hinges
  and strong muscles.
● Some are omnivores (an animal or person that eats food
  of both plant and animal origin) and also eat bacteria
  and protists.
● They filter feed in which food sticks to the mucus on
  their gill, then cilia move to their mouth.
● They may live in any watery environment because they
  are able to swim and float around.
● They are the only type of molluscs that does not
   have a radula.
● Bivalves lack defined heads.
● Eyes may be present somewhere else on the body.
● They have an open circulatory system.
● They also have sensory cells.
● There are approximately 7,500 living species of bivalves.
● The name bivalves derives from their two valves, their
  two shells in which it is divided.
● Most common bivalves include:
  ● Mussels
  ● Clams
  ● Oysters
  ● Scallops
Phylum Mollusca
Cephalopoda
●   Cephalopods either have internal shells,
    external shells, or no shell at all.
●   They are carnivores.
●   They capture prey with their muscular tentacles,
    crush it with their beak, and scrape the flesh off
    with their radula.
●   There are about 600 living species.
●   They all live in the ocean.
●   They are able to move through jet propulsion
    (squeezing a current of water out of their mantle
    cavity and through a tube).
●   Their closed circulatory system makes them the
    fastest, smartest, and biggest of all molluscs.
●   Some common cephalopods include:
     ○ Octopus
     ○ Squid
     ○ Cuttlefish
     ○ Nautilus
Importance of Molluscs
● Molluscs serve as food for humans as well as
  for other animals.
● They are used for pearls and Native
  American currencies.
● Some are used as environmental indicators
  because their bodies are filled with water.
● There are about 85,000 species of molluscs.
● It is the largest marine phylum.
● There is a risk of food poisoning from toxins
  that accumulate in moluscs.
● Their bites and stings are fatal and some are
  venomous.

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Phylum Mollusca

  • 1. Kingodom Animalia Phylum Mollusca: Molluscs By Natalia Ruggiero and Jacque O'Connell
  • 2. Structure ● soft bodied animals ○ name from Latin word "mollus" meaning soft ● most are protected by a hard shell made of Calcium Carbonate ● have a reduced internal cell or have lost the shell completely during evolution. ● possession of a coelom ○ coelom- a fluid-filled cavity that develops within the mesoderm
  • 3. Structure Cont. ● 3 distinct body zones: ○ Foot- contains sensory and motor organs ○ Visceral Mass- contains internal organs used for digestion, excretion, and reproduction ○ Mantle- a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell if there is one present ■ mantle cavity- water-filled chamber that houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores. ● radula- straplike rasping organ used to scrape up food with curved teeth ○ it allows the molluscs to scrape algae and other food off of rocks and drill through the shell of prey or catch fish
  • 5. Digestion and Excretion ● The digestive tract is complete and ciliated with a mouth, anus, and complete stomach. ● Food is taken up by cells in the lining of the stomach and passed into the blood ○ undigested materials are compressed and packaged and discharged through the anus to the mantle cavity and carried into the water currents. ● Excretory functions are carried out by a pair of nephridia ○ nephridia- tubular structures that collect fluids from coelom and exchange salts with body tissues as fluids pass along the tublues.
  • 6. Nervous System ● relatively complex ○ most complex- Octopus ● 2 pairs of main nerve cords ○ visceral- serve the internal organs ○ pedal-control the foot ● brain encircles the esophagus ● sensory ability ○ variety of organ systems ○ large, complex eyes ■ larges eyes- large squid(eyes the size of dinner plates)
  • 8. Respiration and Circulation ● open circulatory system ○ the blood does not circulate entirely within vessels but is collected by the gills, pumped into the heart, and released in spaces in the tissue (hemocoel)and returns to the gills, then the heart. ■ hemocoel- "blood cavity" ● Respiration pigment- hemocyanin ● Respiration is through gills, ctenidia, located in the mantle cavity
  • 10. Reproduction ● sexual ● can by simple or very complex ○ varies in different classes ● fertilized egg develops into a swimming form called a trochophore larva ● this then elongates to become a veliger larva
  • 11. Locomotion ● varies, but is dictated by the structure of the foot ● Herbivorous forms are gliders, moving on waves of muscular contraction. ● Cephalopods swim actively by jet propulsion in which water is rapidly expelled from the mantle cavity. ● Cuttlefish and Sea Hares rely on lateral fins for locomotion.
  • 13. Types The three most common types of mollusks are: ● gastropods ● bivalves ● cephalopods
  • 14. Gastropoda ● Gastropods make up 80% of Molluscs which consist of about 37,500 living species. ● Most gastropods have an external shell. ● They can either be herbivores, scavengers, and carnivores. ● They usually live in oceans, on rocks and land, and in freshwater. ● They use their muscular foot to creep along a carpet of mucus that they ooze out in order to crawl.
  • 15. ● The most common gastropods are: ○ Snails - land and aquatic ○ Slugs ○ Nudibranchs ○ Pteropods - Thecosomata - sea butterflies
  • 17. Bivalvia ● Also known as Pelycopoda or Lam ellibranchia ● Bivalves always have two shells held together by hinges and strong muscles. ● Some are omnivores (an animal or person that eats food of both plant and animal origin) and also eat bacteria and protists. ● They filter feed in which food sticks to the mucus on their gill, then cilia move to their mouth. ● They may live in any watery environment because they are able to swim and float around. ● They are the only type of molluscs that does not have a radula.
  • 18. ● Bivalves lack defined heads. ● Eyes may be present somewhere else on the body. ● They have an open circulatory system. ● They also have sensory cells. ● There are approximately 7,500 living species of bivalves. ● The name bivalves derives from their two valves, their two shells in which it is divided. ● Most common bivalves include: ● Mussels ● Clams ● Oysters ● Scallops
  • 20. Cephalopoda ● Cephalopods either have internal shells, external shells, or no shell at all. ● They are carnivores. ● They capture prey with their muscular tentacles, crush it with their beak, and scrape the flesh off with their radula. ● There are about 600 living species.
  • 21. They all live in the ocean. ● They are able to move through jet propulsion (squeezing a current of water out of their mantle cavity and through a tube). ● Their closed circulatory system makes them the fastest, smartest, and biggest of all molluscs. ● Some common cephalopods include: ○ Octopus ○ Squid ○ Cuttlefish ○ Nautilus
  • 22. Importance of Molluscs ● Molluscs serve as food for humans as well as for other animals. ● They are used for pearls and Native American currencies. ● Some are used as environmental indicators because their bodies are filled with water. ● There are about 85,000 species of molluscs. ● It is the largest marine phylum. ● There is a risk of food poisoning from toxins that accumulate in moluscs. ● Their bites and stings are fatal and some are venomous.