Vertical refers to relationships within a supply chain, such as a supplier and customer within the same industry. Horizontal refers to relationships across industries. When scaling a technology infrastructure, vertical scaling means adding resources like CPUs or RAM to a single machine, while horizontal scaling means adding more machines. A vertical market targets a specific industry, while a horizontal market appeals to a broader range of industries.

2. What are they? I think Vertical refers to a Chain of customer/Suppliers.

10. Empirical analysis of vertical & horizontal Intra Industry Trade.

11. Horizontal & vertical milling Machines manufacture