1. the cell

2. comparing cells
nerve cells can be 1m long
human egg cell is no bigger than the dot on this i
(but in 12 pt font)
human red blood cells is 1/10 the size of a human
egg cell
bacterium are even smaller
- 8000 can fit inside a human egg cell

4. common cell rraits
Cell membrane
•outer covering of cell
•made of one or more layers of
linked molecules
Cytoplasm
•inside every cell
•gelatin-like
•contains hereditary material that
controls the life of the cell

5. cell wall
found in plants, algae, fungi, most bacteria
tough, rigid outer coverings
that protect the cell and give it
shape
What makes the cell walls rigid? Pectin and lignin!
Plant cell walls are mainly made of cellulose....which is?
.... a polymer of glucose chains

7. cell membrane
protective layer around all cells
what does it do? regulate
interactions between the cell
and the environment
water can move
into and out of cell
through the cell
membrane
if a cell has a cell
wall, then the cell
membrane is
inside of it
food particles and some
molecules enter and waste
products leave through the
cell membrane

10. cytoplasm
gelatin-like substance
that fills cells which is
constantly moving
cytoskeleton
helps some
cells move
contains a
framework called
the cytoskeleton this helps
maintain or
change the shape
of the cell
cytoskeleton is made up of thin, hollow tubes
of protein and thin, solid protein fibers

11. flagella
long and taillike
whip back and forth to
move the cell

12. cilia
move a cell or move
short, hairlike structures
molecules away from a cell

13. cell types
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
no membrane bound
structures
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
membrane-bound
structures

16. nucleus
largest organelle
contains instructions for
everything in the cell,
which are found on DNA
contains a nucleolus
which makes ribosomes
DNA is in structures
called chromosomes
The number of
chromosomes in a
nucleus is different for
different species of
organisms.
Two membranes form the nuclear envelope that
surrounds the nucleus. It also has many holes that
allow molecules to pass through

18. nucleus

19. ribosomes
considered an
organelle, but they do
not have a membrane
made in the nucleus
produce proteins, which
take part in nearly every
cell activity, are part of cell
membrane and needed for
chemical reactions
receive directions from
DNA on how, when,
and in what order to
make specific proteins
some float freely in
cytoplasm, some
attach to the
endoplasmic reticulum

21. endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) extends
from the nucleus to the cell membrane
materials can be processed and
moved around inside of the cell
Rough ER make proteins
that are moved out of the
cell or used within the cell.
Rough ER has ribosomes
attached to its surface.
a series of folded
membranes
rough vs.
smooth
Smooth ER make lipids that
store energy and also
remove harmful substances
from the cell

23. mitochondria
The mitochondrion are organelles where energy is released
from the breakdown of food into CO2 and H2O.
Most eukaryotic cells
contain 100’s of
mitochondria. Some cells
in a human heart can
contain 1,000
mitochondria.
A mitochondrion is
surrounded by two
membranes.
Chemical reactions within
mitochondria release energy.
This energy is stored in highenergy molecules called ATP—
adenosine triphosphate.
The energy in ATP molecules is used
by the cell for growth, cell division,
and transporting materials.

24. mitochondria

25. chloroplasts
food is made in green
organelles called chloroplasts
contain green
pigment chlorophyll
chlorophyll captures light energy that is used to make
glucose

26. golgi bodies
Golgi bodies sort proteins and
other cellular substances and
package them into membranebound structures called vesicles.
Cells have membrane-bound
spaces called vacuoles for
temporary storage of materials
(water, waste products, food, and
other cellular materials).
Proteins are made
and sent to the
Golgi bodies. They
travel in ...
vesicles. Vesicles
deliver cellular
substances to
areas inside the
cell.

28. recycling organelles
active cells break down
and recycle substances
lysosome membrane
keeps the chemicals
from leaking into the
cell
lysosomes contain
digestive chemicals
that help break down
food molecules, cell
wastes, and worn-out
parts
when a cell dies a lysosome’s membrane
disintegrates, releasing digestive chemicals
that quickly breakdown the cell’s contents