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Sarason11 ch01
1.
Chapter 1. Definitions of “Abnormal”
2.
Definitions of “abnormal”
Difficulty in coping as perceived by the individual. Difficulty in coping as perceived by others. Theoretical model. Statistical deviation. Cultural & social norms. What is included in a diagnostic system (e.g. DSM-IV) Deviancy depends upon the context or situation. Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
3.
Markers of abnormality Behavior Feelings
or affect Thought or cognitive process Physiological responses External situation Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
4.
A Working Definition
of “Abnormal Behavior” Abnormal behavior is maladaptive behavior--any behavior that does not facilitate the ultimate well-being of the individual and/or the group. A behavior is abnormal if it keeps the individual from coping with the normal stresses of life. (Note that this definition begs the question of what the "normal” stresses of life are). Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
5.
The Vulnerability Model Vulnerability (biological,
psychological, and social) Stressor Processes (Biological, psychological, and social) Outcome Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
6.
Epidemiological Perspectives Prevalence--the rate
of both new & existing cases Point prevalence - the proportion of people who have a disorder at a specific time Lifetime prevalence -the proportion of people in the general population who have ever had a particular disorder Incidence--the rate of new cases during a defined period of time Risk factor--a specific characteristic or condition whose presence is associated with an increased likelihood that a specific disorder is present, or will develop at a later date. Resiliency factor- a specific characteristic or condition whose presence is associated with an decreased likelihood that a specific disorder is present, or will develop at a later date. Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
7.
Psychologist Psychiatrist
Social worker Psychiatric nurse (also R.N., Clinical Nurse Specialist) Occupational therapist Family Therapist Mental Health Professions Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
8.
A Brief History
of Abnormal Psychology Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
9.
Demonological Medical/ biological model Environmental/
social model Psychogenic model Vulnerability model--biopsychosocial model To some degree, all of these models still prevail today. Models in Psychopathology Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
10.
Historical Highlights Stone Age;
trephination, religious accounts of abnormal behavior Early Chinese, Hebrews, Greeks Hippocrates (470- 370 BC) - "humours" or bodily fluids: excess or too little of each led to problems, as follows. 1. Blood changeability 2. Black bile melancholic 3. Yellow bile anxiety 4. Phlegm sluggish Recognized disorders: 1) mania; 2) melancholia; 3) phrenitis or swelling of the brain. Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
11.
Historical Highlights- continued Dark
Ages (200 A.D. to the Renaissance). European Middle Ages Throughout this period, there was increased conflict between the church & witchcraft— Dancing Manias "Malleus Maleficarum” (The Witch Hammer) Salem Witch Trials Exorcism was a common treatment ↔ Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
12.
Saint Catherine Exorcising
a Possessed Woman (by Girolamo Di Benvenuto) Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
13.
Historical Highlights- continued •Establishment
of Mental Hospitals or Asylums •E.g. St. Mary’s of Bethlehem- 1547 •Reform– P. Pinel (1745- 1815) • Benjamin Rush (1745- 1813)-- moral treatment. ↔ Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
14.
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by
Sarason & Sarason © 2005
15.
Historical Highlights- continued •Middle
to late 1800s: Emergence of psychiatry (primarily medical model) •Early diagnosis: E. Kraepelin (1856-1926) •Psychological Theories & Causes (Freud, Jung, Adler) •Behavioral models (1920s) •The “Third Force”- humanistic models •Biological models (especially since 1950s and 60s) •Deinstitutionalization ↔ •Cognitive revolution in psychology (1970s and continuing) Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
16.
Research Methods Abnormal Psychology,
11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
17.
Steps in Research 1.
Specify the topic as clearly & precisely as possible. 2. Review the relevant literature. 3. Define the variables: - Independent variables are conditions or factors that are being studied or manipulated - Dependent variables are what your observe as outcomes 4. Develop a specific hypothesis or hypotheses. 5. Select a research strategy--how will the hypothesis be tested? 6. Conduct the study. 7. Analysing the result, using descriptive and/or inferential statistics. The former describe the sample (e.g. means, s.d.) & the latter provide probabilistic judgments. 8. Report the findings. Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
18.
Types of Research-
I Case studies--Usually detailed clinical description of a single subject--can provide important ideas or hypotheses regarding a specific disorder, theory, etc. May be useful for rare disorders. Correlational studies--look at the relationships between variables or sets of variables--again, has limited utility, but can provide useful preliminary information. ↔ Assessment studies--use of objective, standardized assessment data on small or large groups of people. Essentially correlational in nature. Epidemiological studies of population disorders fall in this category. Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
19.
Correlational Patterns Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by
Sarason & Sarason © 2005
20.
Types of Research-
II Epidemiological designs ↔ Cross-sectional studies– done at a specific point in time, with specific individuals. Longitudinal studies--assessment studies done over time, with the same group of individuals. Follow-up studies--follow-up of smaller, more specific group of individuals, usually shorter time period than longitudinal. Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
21.
Types of Research-
III Experimental studies--usually use inferential statistics. Two major types: 1. Hypothesis-testing experiment 2. Behavior-change experiment or N =1 designs(do the treatment methods impact the expected behavior change?). Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
22.
Hypothesis testing Abnormal Psychology,
11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
23.
The results of
a (hypothetical) true experiment 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Pre- treatment Post- treatment 6- month follow-up No treatment Drug therapy Behaviour Therapy The treatment of Panic Disorder; using self-reported anxiety as the outcome Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
24.
A hypothetical N
= 1 design 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Self-reported anxiety Observed avoidance behaviour Pre-intervention Post-intervention The treatment of social anxiety using behavioral assignments Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
25.
Research Design, Statistical
Analysis & Inference Internal validity--are the results of the study attributable to the manipulation of the I.V.? A well controlled study usually has good internal validity. External validity--do these results reflect any external reality? Is the manipulation in the lab related to "real life"? Descriptive & inferential statistics Confounding of results--an uncontrolled (& unknown) variable may affect the d.v. & mistakenly be attributed to the i.v. Reactivity--changes in behavior as a result of being studied or observed. E.g. the "Novelty" effect of being in an experiment. Demand characteristics--clues giving out to subjects as to how they are "supposed" to behave. Expectancy effects--similar to above, but has to do with experimenters, assessors' expectations of how the subjects should be responding. Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
26.
Who your participants
are matters! Population Sampling: - Random sampling - Stratified sampling Representative sample Experimental group Control group Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
27.
Ethics of Research There
are strict standards for human and animal research have been set by professional groups (e.g. American Psychological Association) All research at universities must be approved prior to it being conducted & must follow the guidelines set by the federal granting agencies. Most institutions have research guidelines or requirements for research conducted in them (e.g. hospitals, community programs). All of the above have complaints procedures, and legal liabilities for failure to follow required standards. Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
28.
Ethics of Research Key
issues include: 1. Informed consent 2. Competence to provide consent 3. Lack of coercion/ voluntary consent 4. Identification of risks 5. Protection of vulnerable populations (e.g. children, mentally disordered) 6. Risk management and offset Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
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