1. Chapter
3
Cell Structure and
Function

2. Section 3-1
The History of the Cell Theory and
Microscopes

3. Historical View of the Cell Theory
• As science improves, so do improvements
in scientific instruments, and improved
scientific instruments lead to new
discoveries.

4. 1590 – Zacharias Janssen
• Built first simple microscope (one
set of lenses)

5. 1670’s Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
• Made improvements
• 270x magnification
• Saw bacteria, protozoa,
sperm cells, red blood
cells and yeast cells

6. 1665 – Robert Hooke
• Produced a compound microscope
• Saw hollow boxes and named them
“cells”

7. 1831 – Robert Brown
• Saw central structure in plant cells,
called this structure a nucleus

8. 1838 – Matthias Schleiden
• Concluded that all plants are
made of cells

9. 1838 – Theodor Schwann
• Concluded that all animals are
made of cells

10. 1839 – Johannes Purkinje
• Stated that “the cell is the unit of
function of life”

11. 1858 – Rudolf Virchow
• Concluded that “ cells come only from
previously existing cells”

12. The Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of
cells
2. Cells are the basic units of
structure and function
3. New cells are produced from
existing cells

13. Compound Microscope
• Contains a
combination of two
lenses

14. Eyepiece or ocular lens
• Lens closest to the
eye

15. Objective Lens
• Lens closest to the
specimen or object

16. How to figure out magnification
• Eyepiece X objective = Magnification
• 10x X
• 10x X
• 10x X

17. Nosepiece
• Objectives fastened
to this revolving
structure

18. Stage
• Where you place
your slide

19. Stage clips
• Hold slide in place

20. Body Tube
• Light travels through
here

21. Light Source
• Provides light

22. Diaphragm
• Regulates the light
reaching the
objective lens

23. Base
• Supports the
microscope

24. Arm
• Holds the body
tube, acts as a
handle

25. Coarse focusing knob
• Used to focus under
low power only

26. Fine focusing knob
• Used to focus under
high power only

27. A microscope reverses and inverts the
image of an object seen under it
Before
viewing
under the
microscope e
While
viewing e
under the
microscope

28. Things moving under a microscope are
actually moving in the opposite direction

29. Things moving under a microscope are
actually moving in the opposite direction

30. Stereomicroscope
• Binocular
microscope
• Object is seen in
3-D
• Only used to see
large objects
• Does not reverse or
invert images

31. Transmission Electron Microscope
• Uses a beam of
electrons instead of light
rays
• 200,000x magnification
• tissues have to be sliced
really thin, dry and in a
vacuum chamber
• can’t be used with living
material

34. Scanning Electron Microscope
• provides images with 3-D quality
• can’t be used with living material

39. Micromanipulator
• Used to dissect
cells, can remove
nuclei
• Knowledge of cells
has been increased
by manipulation and
dissection of cells

41. High – Speed Centrifuge
• Spin at high speeds
• Cell components sort out
at different layers
according to density

42. Microscopic Measurements
• Use the unit called the
micrometer
• 1/1000 of a meter

43. How to convert millimeters to
micrometers
• Multiply by one thousand…or
• Move the decimal point 3 places to
the right

44. How to convert micrometers to
millimeters
• Divide by 1,000…or
• Move the decimal point 3 places to
the left
• Ex.) 2,500 micrometers =
• .15 micrometers =

45. How to find the diameter of your
field of view
• Place a transparent plastic
ruler in the field of view like
this
• 1.3 mm
• Convert to micrometers
• 1.3 mm =

46. Section 3-2
Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes

47. Eukaryotes
• Have a nucleus and membrane
covered organelles

48. Prokaryotes
• Don’t have a nucleus and
membrane covered organelles

50. Eukaryotic Cell
Structures

51. Plasma Membrane
• Separates the cell from its
environment
• Controls the transport of materials
in and out
• Allows some materials but not
others to pass through this is
called…
– Selectively permeable

53. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Extensive network of tube-like
structures that forms a
passageway that functions in the
transport of materials throughout
the cells

55. Ribosomes
• Site of protein
synthesis
• Attached to the
walls of the ER
or move freely in
the cytoplasm

56. Golgi Bodies
• Stack of tiny, flattened sac-like
tubes used in secretion
• Package protein molecules in a
membrane and send the package
to the cells surface

58. Mitochondria
• Where cellular respiration takes
place to release energy
• “Mighty Mitochondria”
• Powerhouse of the cell

60. Microtubules
• Tubes that serve as support for
the cell

62. Microfilaments
• Thin threads attached to the cell
membranes, play a role in
movement

64. Lysosomes
• Vesicles that contain enzymes
used in digestion
• Fuses with food vacuoles to
digest food into smaller pieces
• Digest old cell structures to
dispose of them or even entire
cells

67. Nucleus
• Regulates all the cells activities

69. Chromosomes
• Long coiled fibers that carry the
material of heredity
• Made of protein and DNA

71. Nucleolus
• Composed of
RNA
• Involved in the
passage of
RNA into the
cytoplasm

72. Centrioles
• Small cylinders in the cytoplasm
that play a role in cell division

74. Cilia

76. Flagella

78. Chloroplasts
• Organelle found only in plants,
used to make food

80. Vacuoles
• Spherical, bubble-like storage
sacs
• Plant cells have very large
vacuoles compared to animal
cells

81. Cell Wall
• Rigid structure Cell Wall
that surrounds the
cell membrane
• Made of cellulose
• Permits most
things to pass
through

82. Section 3-3
Cellular Processes

83. The Big Idea
• Cells need to regulate the
movement of dissolved molecules
on either side of the membrane

84. Cell membrane
• Regulates what enters and leaves the
cell and also provides protection and
support
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell Protein
(cytoplasm) channel Lipid bilayer

85. Cell membrane
• Made of a double layered sheet called a
lipid bilayer
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell Protein
(cytoplasm) channel Lipid bilayer

86. Cell Wall
• Provide support and protection for
cell
• Found in more than just plants
• Contrary to popular belief, not
selectively permeable

87. Cell Walls

88. Diffusion Through Cell
Boundaries
• One of the more important
functions of the cell membrane is
to regulate the movement of
dissolved molecules from one
side of a membrane to the other

89. Concentration
• The mass of solute in a given
volume of solution
• Mass/volume

90. • What is the concentration of 12 grams
of salt in 3 liters of water?
• What is the concentration of 12 grams
of salt in 6 liters of water?

91. In a solution, particles move constantly

92. Diffusion
• Process by which molecules of a
substance move from areas of high
concentration to areas of low
concentration

93. Diffusion

94. Diffusion

95. Equilibrium
• When the concentration of the
solute is the same throughout a
system

96. • Because diffusion depends on
random particle movements,
substances diffuse across
membranes without energy being
used
• Even during equilibrium, particles
still move, but there is no net
change in concentration

97. Osmosis
• The diffusion of water

98. Osmosis

101. Isotonic
• The concentration of solutes is
the same inside and outside the
cell

102. Hypertonic
• Solution has a higher solute
concentration than the cell

103. Hypotonic
• Solution has a lower solute
concentration than the cell

105. Facilitated Diffusion
• Movement of specific molecules across
cell membranes through protein channels
Glucose
•Only go from high High
molecules
concentrations Concentration
to low Cell
concentrations Membrane
•Does not require
Low
energy Concentration
Protein
channel

106. Types of Active
Transport
• Sometimes cells must move
materials in the opposite direction
– Low concentrations to high
concentrations

107. Active Transport
• Energy requiring process that
moves materials across a cell
membrane against a
concentration gradient

108. Molecule to
be carried
Active Transport
Energy
Molecule
being carried

109. Molecular transport
• Small molecules and ions are
actively transported

110. Carrier proteins
• Proteins that act like pumps

113. Endocytosis
• The process of taking material into the
cell by means of infolding of the
membrane
Food particle engulfing Forms a
vacuole

114. Phagocytosis
• Cell eating
• White blood
cells do this

116. Pinocytosis
• Cell drinking

117. Exocytosis
• Forces contents out of the cell
• Endocytosis in reverse

120. Section 3-4
The Diversity of Cellular life

121. Unicellular Organism
• Single celled
• Do everything a living organism does

122. Multicellular Organism
• Many celled
• Depend on
communication
and cooperation
among
specialized cells

123. Specialization
• When cells develop in different
ways to perform different tasks

124. Red Blood Cells
• Transport
oxygen

125. Pancreatic Cells
• Make
proteins
• Packed with
ribosomes

126. Skeletal Muscle
• Generate force
• Packed with
mitochondria
• Overdeveloped
cytoskeleton

127. Nerve Cell
• Send messages

128. Guard Cells
• Open and close the stomata

129. Levels of Organization
Cells Tissues Organs
Organ Systems

130. Tissues
• Group of similar cells that perform
specific function
• Ex.) smooth muscle

131. Organ
• Group of tissues that work
together to perform a specific
function
• Ex.) stomach

132. Organ System
• Group of organs that work together to
perform a specific function
• Ex.) digestive system
• This organization creates a division of
labor that makes multicellular life
possible

133. Biological organization