2. Deterioramento fetale
(Goodman J, Godewen J, Chance G eds. Fetal acid‑base physiology and fetal asphyxia.
In Perinatal Medicine, Baltimore,Williams and Wilkins, 1977, p. 201)
Cessazione di GC fetale adeguata (p.es FHR<
90,prolasso del cordone)
ogni min
pH 0.03-0.04 u.
pCO2 3-4 mmHg
BE interst
0.80.
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
3. Il significato di emergenza
Diverso fra:
anestesista
ostetrico
nurse
paziente
pediatra
avvocato……o magistrato………….
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
4. Sequenza temporale
I 2-5 min spesi dall’anestesista non
corrisponderebbero forse…
alla modificazione della situazione ostetrica
determinata da una più precoce decisione di
operare….
Al miglioramento della condizione materno-fetale:
» dec lat
» ossigenazione
» espansione volemia
» tocolisi Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
Servizio di
5. Conclusioni dai dati di
mortalità-morbilità
Non sarà che la mortalità -morbilità
materna(e fetale) è più legata
all’emergenza-urgenza che all’elezione?
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
6. Indicazioni per C/S urgente
Materne:
» peggioramento acuto
di malattia
preesistente
» emorragia massiva
» trauma
» arresto cardiaco(TC
perimortem)
Fetali:
» parte fetale prolassata:
– cordone,
– estremità(fallita estraz podalica,fallita estraz di
testa con distocia di spalla…)
» compromissione della
circolazione centrale:
– deceleraz tardive non riflesse,senza
variabilità,
– bradicardia prolungata
– acidemia fetale..
» Danno fetale
– da trauma uterino,chiuso o penetrante
– emorragia indotta dalla cordocentesi
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
7. intubazione tracheale difficile (da Rocke DA, Murray
WB, Rout CC, Gouwns E: Relative risk analysis of factors associated with difficult
intubation in Obstetric anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1992; 77:67‑73.)
Caratteristica
anatomica
» Mallampati 4
» mandibola recedente
» protrusione incisivi
mascellari
» Mallampati 3
» Collo corto
» Mallampati 2
» Mallampati 1
Rischio relativo
» 11.30
» 9.71
» 8.00
» 7.58
» 5.01
» 3.23
» 1.00
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
8. Opinion on Anesthesia for
emergency deliveries
The entire obstetric care team should be
alert to the parturient at increase risk
from complications from emergency
general or regional anesthesia. When
risk factors are identified, an
anesthesiologist should be consulted in
the antepartum period to allow for joint
development of a plan of
management.
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
10. Definito il rischio:
Raduna aiuto
prepara carrello intubazione difficile
procedi alla analgesia in travaglio(pd
cont)
segui il parto
visita regolare dell’area travaglio e del
reparto di ostetricia; (Morgan BM, Magni V,
Goroszeniuk T: Anaesthesia for emergency caesarean section.
Br J Obstet Gynecol 1990;97:420 & Morgan M: Anaesthetic
contribution to maternal mortality. Br J Anaesth 1987;59:842.)
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
11. Instaurazione precoce della
analgesia(P.d.) in travaglio
In generale, eviterà la GA.
Permette la precoce scoperta di un
catetere pd “sospetto”,che non sarà in
grado di offrire analgesia chirurgica al
bisogno……..
non tutte le anest reg sono in grado di
portare a termine il parto operativo;
» distress non anticipato
intraop(dolore,emorragia massiva intraop
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
12. Criteri di scelta dell’anestesia
Regionale
»
Generale
» laringoscopia
precarico RV
– risposta pressoria
CO(shock?)
– tempo di
» riflesso FC(mal
apnea..ipossiemia
cardiache)
– broncospasmo
» risposta ai
» agenti anestetici:
vasopressori….
– Depress CV all’induz
» Puntura
– Succi ;K+
durale;PDPH
– miorilass e mal .NM
» brusca
ICP(mal
SNC)
» vent spont nelle mal
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
13. Listato dei punti di interesse
Profilassi ab ingestis
Posizionamento
Vena di calibro adeguato
Monitoraggio
Preossigenazione
Induzione
Manovra di Sellick
IOT
Mantenim :preparto
Mantenim post parto
estubaz
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
14. Topics
Indications
Contraindications
Side effects
Transplacentar passage:
» effects on the fetus and neonate
potentiating GA:reasons for:catecholamine reduction……
Crawford??
Obstetrical manoeuvers…
Emergency CS
Awareness avoidance—closed claims….
How:nearly all halogenated are equal…MAC properties
Side effects
Hypotension…but avoidance of aortocaval compression…
Nausea & vomiting
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
15. Indicazioni per GA in OBS
Personale di anest con scarsa esperienza in reg
Rifiuto della reg da parte della paz
Paz non cooperante
Tutti i casi di contrindicaz alla reg:
» Infezlocalizzata(dorso) vs generalizzata (sepsis)….
» Coagulopatia:
emergenza: distress fetale,placenta praevia, emorragia materna,
manovre ostetriche urgenti …….
ipovolemia….
Certe cardiopatie che non possono tollerare ipotens:CO fisso,per
es,stenosi aortica severa,Eisenmenger
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
16. Parekh N,Husaini SWU,Russell IFCaesarean section for
placenta praevia:a retrospective study of anesthetic
management.Br.J.Anaesth. 2000;84:723-30.
All anesth from 1 genn 1984 to 31/12/1998.
350 cases of plac previa:
» 60% Reg / 40% AG
» plc accreta;7 cases; 4 REG , 3 AG:but 2 reg convert.to
AG…5 hysterect.
» PA control during haemorrhage not a problem
» Ra assoc.with less blood loss
» “This retropectuve study do not support the often quoted
motto that plac.praevia calls for AG….”.
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
17. Disadvantages of GA
Asleep & unaware(late maternal bonding…)
husband less likely to be allowed in OR
drug depression of fetus
stress response to intubation
increased postoperative morbidity
cardiovascular changes of intubation
danger of aspiration(intubation & extubation)
difficult intubation
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
19. Ga:technique:II
IOT
check lung expansion,bilat.
N20 50% + halog 0.6 Mac
after delivery:repeat hypnotic + analgesic;stop volatile
Oxytocin 10-20 UI/lt,drip…
extubate awake and cooperative,having ascertained
the full return of nm function…
plan for failed intubation
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
20. Indications for halogenated
anesthetics
potentiating GA:reasons
for:catecholamine reduction……
Crawford??
Reduction or avoidance of
maternal awareness,patient asleep
and unaware
optimum operating conditions
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
22. Halogenated
agents:advantages..
allow use of increased O2
concentrations
may increase uterine blood flow by
decreasing maternal catecholamine
mediated uterine artery constriction
prevents awareness…but a few minutes
are needed before the attainment of a
reasonable MAC…(sevorane or desflurane
more rapid equilibration!
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
24. Modifications that affect inhalation
anesthesia in pregnancy
pain and discomfort thresholds
MAC requirements 25%‑40%.
FRC
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
26. Mac and pregnancy
Mac for inhalational agents decresed by
pregnancy(Datta et al,Chronically
administered progesterone decreases
halothane requirements in
rabbits.Anesth.Analg. 1989;68:46-50)
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
27. Chan et al.
Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Halothane and
Enflurane Are Decreased in Early Pregnancy Anesthesiology
85:782-6, 1996
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
28. MAC reduction in pregnancy
Gin T, Chan MTV: Decreased minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in pregnant humans.
ANESTHESIOLOGY 81:829-32, 1994 ;& Chan et al.
Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Halothane and Enflurane Are Decreased in Early Pregnancy
Anesthesiology 85:782-6, 1996
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1
0,8
isoflurane
halothane
enflurane
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
non pregnant
pregnant
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
30. King H, Ashley S, Brathwaite D, Decayette J,
Wooten D: Adequacy of general anesthesia for
cesarean section. Anesth Analg 77:84-8, 1993
68-130 sec
3min
2min
inc
1 min
ind
skin inc
Lifescan
finger flexion
hand squeeze
lacrimation
lryngoscopy,IOT
120
100
80
% of
60
patients
40
20
0
Isolated arm technique
delivery
220-367 sec.
Tps/scc/iot/N2O 50/haloth 0.5%
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
32. Rise in alveolar(Fa) anesthetic concentration toward
the inspired(Fi) concentration
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
33. Navarro EM.Desflurane general anesthesia for cesarean
section compared with isoflurane and epidural
anesthesia.Anesthesiol.Intensivmed.Notfallmed.Schmerzther
2000;35;232-6.
Desflurane 2.5% vs isofl 0.5% vs epid 15 ml ropi
0.75% + fent 100 microgr
N2O 50%
intraop haemodynamics
blood loss
maternal awareness
Apgar scores 1-5 min
NACS 2-24 h
Ega UV/MV
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
34. Navarro II
No diff among the 3 groups except a
more rapid emergence following des.
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
35. Olthoff D,Rohrbach A. Sevoflurane in obstetric
anesthesia.Anesthesist 1998;47,suppl 1,s 63-9
Sevo > isofl and no outcome diff with
epid,
sevo> isof in pEEG monitoring……...
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
38. Shnider et al: Uterine blood flow and plasma norepinephrine
changes during maternal stress in the pregnant ewe.
ANESTHESIOLOGY 50:524-7, 1979
Electrically induced stress 30-60 sec,
loud noises,sudden movement of personnel...
60
40
20
% change
from
basal
0
-20
1
2
3
4
5
-40
-60
-80
min
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
MAP
Norepi
uter.Blood flow
39. Uterine blood flow changes during
anesth.in the pregnant ewe(from
Shnider,Levinson,etc..)
20
15
10
5
% change from
0
control
-5
-10
-15
-20
N2O 50%
N2O 50% +haloth 0.5%
N2O 50% + enfl 1%
anest without stim
anest with
stimulation
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
40. Maternal awareness of surgery and birth
after barbiturate-relaxant induction &...
20
18
16
14
12
% 10
8
6
4
2
0
N2O 50%
N2O 67-75%
N2O 25-40%+halo
0.4%
N2O 50%+haloth
0.3%
N2O 50%+enfl 0,75
N2O 33%+metx 0.1%
maternal awareness
N2O 50+ isof 0,75%
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
41. Lyons G, Macdonald R: Awareness during caesarean section.
Anaesthesia 46:62-4, 1991
1982-1989
> 3000 patients
questioned about recall and dreaming after general
anaesthesia for Caesarean section
28 (0.9%) patients were able to recall something of
their operation
189 (6.1%) reported dreams. Recollections of surgery
were confined to manipulations, noises and voices.
None of our patients complained of pain at the time of
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
42. Incidence of awareness(from various
sources)
16
14
12
10
C/S
card.surg
non card. Surg
major trauma
% 8
6
4
2
0
0.4
incidence
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
43. Domino K, Posner KL, Caplan, R,Cheney F. Awareness
during Anesthesia : A Closed Claims Analysis.Anesthesiology
90:1053-61, 1999.
Liability risk
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
44. Closed claim database for
intraoperative awareness
79 over 4183 claims;1.9% :
» 18 claims for awake paralysis(inadvertent paralysis of
an awake patient
» 61 claims for recall during GA :recall of events while
receiving general anesthesia
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
45. Awareness claims
1.9% of all claims
awareness, defined as being paralyzed
while awake or awake while receiving a
general anesthetic, were reviewed. These
claims were further divided into two
categories: awake paralysis, i.e., the
inadvertent paralysis of an awake
patient, and recall during general
anesthesia, i.e., patient recalled events
while receiving general anesthesia.
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
46. Closed claim database for
intraoperative awareness
The majority of awareness claims involved :
»
»
»
»
women (77%)(OR 3.21)
younger than 60 yr of age (89%)
ASA I—II (68%)
who underwent elective surgery (87%),obs/gynecol.
Claims for recall during general anesthesia were more likely to
involve :
» women (odds ratio [OR] = 3.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.58, 6.06)
anesthetic techniques using intraoperative opioids (OR = 2.12, 95%
CI = 1.20, 3.74)
intraoperative muscle relaxants (OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.22, 4.25)
and no volatile anesthetic (OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 1.88, 5.46).
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
47. Dwyer R, Bennett HL, Eger EI II, Peterson N: Isoflurane
anesthesia prevents unconscious learning. Anesth Analg
75:107-12, 1992
Several authors report prevention of conscious recall
of events by relatively small concentrations of volatile
anesthetics. Isoflurane in concentrations of 0.6 MAC
prevented conscious recall and
unconscious learning of factual information
and behavioral suggestions.
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
48. Ranta S, Laurila R,Saario J,Ali-Melkkilä T, Hynynen M.
Awareness with Recall During General Anesthesia: Incidence
and Risk Factors Anesth Analg 1998; 86:1084
4818 operations under GA: 2612 (54%) patients were
interviewed
10 (0.4% of those interviewed) patients were found to
have undisputed awareness
9 (0.3%) patients with possible awareness.
The doses of isoflurane (P < 0.01) and propofol (P <
0.05) were smaller in patients with awareness.
5 patients with awareness underwent a psychiatric
evaluation;possible associtation with depression.
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
49. Moir, D. D .ANAESTHESIA FOR CAESAREAN SECTION An
Evaluation of a Method using Low Concentrations of Halothane
and 50 per cent of Oxygen Br. J. Anaesth. 1998; 80:690-696
The addition of 0.5 per cent of halothane vapour to a
basic thiopentone, nitrous oxide, muscle relaxant
anaesthetic technique does not increase blood loss at
Caesarean section, does not affect the incidence of
hypotension, and is likely to ensure unconsciousness.
By permitting the administration of 50 per cent of
oxygen with nitrous oxide, the condition of the
newborn infant is likely to be improved. The use of 0.8
per cent of halothane vapour does not increase blood
loss but is associated with a high incidence of
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
50. Elective C/S:Duration of GA or Epidural antepartum and % of
Apgar scores between 7-10
100
90
80
70
60
% 7-10
50
Apgar scores
40
30
20
10
0
(da dati di Robin,Shnider,Levinson---)
Min:
<5
6;10
11;20
21;30
31;60
GA
epid
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
51. I-D & UI-D
But more importantly than overall
duration between induction and delivery
(I-D) is the
uterine incision-delivery interval(UI-
D),that has been shown to correlate
with fetal hypoxia and acidosis
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
52. GA and neonatal depression
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
spinal
epidural
GA
Apgar 1'
Apgar 5'
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
53. Fetal-neonatal effects of
halogenated vapours
ONG BY,Cohen MM,Palahniuk
RJ:Anesthesia for cesarean section:
effects on neonates.Anesth.Analg
1989;68:270-275.
Greater requirements for neonatal
intubation and resuscitation versus
regional block in urgent C/S
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
54. Ong BY,Cohen MM,Palahniuk RJ.Anesthesia for cesarean
section:effects on neonates.AA 1989;68:270-5.
3940 C/S;12.5% of neonates Apgar < 4
1.5% 5 min Apgar score < 4
list of factors associated with low 1 min Apgar scores:
primiparity
grand multiparity
antepartum disease(preeclampsia,diabetes mellitus,maternal heart disease RH
isoimmunization, early amtepartum haemorrhage)
presence of fetal distress
low gestational age
use of narcotics during labor
breech presentation
nonelective C/S
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
55. Ong et al.Anesthesia for cesarean
section:effects on neonates.AA 1989;68:270-5.
Multivariate analysis that controlled for
many variables gave:
Higher risk of low apgar at 1 min GA 3
>reg(2.5-3.88)
Higher risk of low Apgar at 5 min; GA 3>
reg(1.81-7)
need for resuscitation: GA 2> reg(1.322.90)
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
56. Neonatal outcome after C/S by anesthetic technique:infants
with 1 min Apgar score < 4 (%)
Ong BY,Cohen MM,Palahniuk
RJ.Anesthesia for cesarean section:effects on neonates.AA 1989;68:270-5.
0.01
45
40
35
30
elective
0.001
25
fetal distress
failure to progress
20
15
10
0.05
5
0
reg
GA
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
57. Infants with 5 min Apgar score 0-4(%)
Ong BY,Cohen MM,Palahniuk
RJ.Anesthesia for cesarean section:effects on neonates.AA 1989;68:270-5.
0.01
9
8
7
6
5
0.01
4
3
2
elective
fetal distress
failure to progress
1
0
reg
GA
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
58. Neonates requiring oxygen by mask(%)
Ong BY,Cohen MM,Palahniuk
RJ.Anesthesia for cesarean section:effects on neonates.AA 1989;68:270-5.
0.001
25
20
0.01
15
elective
fetal distress
failure to progress
10
5
0
reg
GA
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
59. Neonates requiring iot and IPPV(%)
Ong BY,Cohen MM,Palahniuk
RJ.Anesthesia for cesarean section:effects on neonates.AA 1989;68:270-5.
0.001
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
elective
fetal distress
failure to progress
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
reg
GA
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
60. Gregory FA, Wagde JG, Biehl DR, Ong BY, Sitar DS. Foetal anaesthetic
requirements (MAC) for halothane. Anesth Analg 1983;62:9 ‑ 14.
Bachman CR, Biehl DR, Sitar DS, Cumming M, Pucci W. Isoflurane potency and
cardiovascular effects during short exposures in the foetal lamb. Can Anaesth Soc
J 1986;33:41‑ 7.
MAC is significantly lower in fetal lambs
than in lambs more than 24 hours of age.
These findings suggest that neonates
immediately after birth may be quite
sensitive to inhalation anesthetics so that
those exposed to general anesthetic agents
may be less vigorous at birth. After assisted
respirations and expiration of the anesthetic
agents, these infants appear to resemble
other infants,
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
61. Neonatal deaths
Ong BY,Cohen MM,Palahniuk RJ.Anesthesia for cesarean
section:effects on neonates.AA 1989;68:270-5.
7
6
5
4
elective
fetal distress
failure to progress
3
2
1
0
reg
GA
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
62. Postpartum blood loss:Piggott SE,Bogod DG,Rosen M,Rees
GAD,Harmer M.Isoflurane with either 100% oxygen or 50%
nitrous oxide in oxygen for caesarean section.BJA 1990;65:32529.
0,0
-5,0
HB decrease,
%
-10,0
-15,0
elective
emergent
0% +
1,2%
0% +
ur 1,7
00%+
loth
,75
-25,0
2O
aloth
.5
-20,0
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
63. Influence of anesthesia on blood loss at C/S(Moir DD.Anesthesia for
cesarean section:an evaluation of a method using low concentrations of halothane and 50% of
oxygen.BJA 1970;42:136-142.
800
700
600
500
N2O 70
N2O50+ aloth 0,5
N2O 50+ haloth 0,8
epid analg
ml 400
300
200
100
0
blood loss
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
64. HCT values before and after C/S:(from Thirion et al.Maternal blood loss
associated with low dose alothane administration for caesarean section.Anesthesiology
1988;69:a693)
40
35
30
25
%
Hct preop
HCTday 1
Hct day 2
20
15
10
5
0
haloth
predelivery
aloth pre& post
epidural
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
65. Conclusions for halog agents
and blood loss
Dose related decrease in uterine
contractility and tone
but no increase in blood loss if used in
low-moderate concentrations:
haloth 0.1-0.8
enflurane 0,5-1,5
isoflurane 0,75
sevoflurane…..
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
66. In every case,after delivery of
the neonate…...
Stop the volatile anesthetic
continue N2O(increase to 60-65%)
administer a IInd dose of hypnotic(TPS
100-150 mg;propofol 60-100 mg +
a potent analgesic:fentanyl 100-150
microgr..…
nmb if needed
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
67. Wojtczak, Jacek A., MD, PhD
The Hemodynamic Effects of Halothane and Isoflurane in
Chick Embryo Anesth Analg 2000; 90:1331
The cardiovascular effects of volatile anesthetics in
prenatal hearts are not well investigated. The purpose
of this study was to determine whether the embryonic
cardiovascular system is sensitive to an exposure to
clinically relevant, equipotent concentrations of
halothane and isoflurane. Stage 24 (4-day-old) chick
embryos were exposed to 0.09 and 0.16 mM of
halothane and 0.17 and 0.29 mM of isoflurane. Dorsal
aortic blood velocity was measured with a pulsedDoppler velocity meter. Halothane,
but not
isoflurane, caused a significant
decrease in cardiac stroke volume and
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
68. Effect of halothane on stroke volume and
acceleration of aortic blood in chick embryos
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
69. Effect of isoflurane on stroke volume and
acceleration of aortic blood in chick embryos
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
70. Biehl DR, Tweed A, Cote J, et al. Effect of halothane on
cardiac output and regional flow in the fetal lamb in utero.
Anesth Analg 1983; 62:489-92
We studied the effect of halothane on
the fetal cardiovascular system of six
lambs in utero by measuring fetal heart
rate and femoral arterial blood pressure
and by injecting labeled microspheres
during a control period and again after
60 and 90 min of halothane anesthesia
administered to six pregnant ewes at an
inspired concentration of 1.5%. There
were no significant effects on maternal
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
71. Biehl et al. Effect of halothane on cardiac
output and regional flow in the fetal lamb in
utero. Anesth Analg 1983; 62:489-92
Halothane 1.5%
30
20
10
% change from 0
control
-10
MAP
HR
heart BF
brain BF
-20
-30
-40
*
*
8
*
16
*
32
*
60
96
min
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
72. Bachman CR, Biehl DR, Sitar D, et al. Isoflurane potency and
cardiovascular effects during short exposure in foetal lamb.
Can Anesth Soc J 1986; 33:41-7
Isoflurane is a relatively new volatile
anaesthetic in clinical practice and
increasing use for obstetrical patients
might be expected. A previous study
demonstrated that a 60-90 minute
exposure of the foetus to isoflurane
resulted in a significant fall in foetal
cardiac output with development of
foetal acidosis. To determine the
cardiovascular effects Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazioneof a shorter
73. Baum VC, Palmisano BW. The immature heart and anesthesia.
Anesthesiology 1997; 87:1529-48
volatile anesthetics inhibit myocardial
function by depressing systems in
addition to ICa,L even in neonatal
myocardium. Baum and Wetzel showed
that halothane, in clinically relevant
concentrations, reversibly inhibits Na+—
Ca2+ exchange in neonatal ventricular
myocytes. This provides an additional
mechanism that may be responsible for
the more pronounced depression by
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
74. Baum VC, Palmisano BW. The immature heart and anesthesia.
Anesthesiology 1997; 87:1529-48
Halothane and isoflurane prolong AV
conduction time directly.
Anesthesia and O2 Consumption and
Metabolism
In vitro, halothane and isoflurane
increase coronary flow in a dose-related
manner in infant rabbit and fetal lamb
hearts. In the isolated heart preparation
in which coronary perfusion pressure is
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
75. Baum VC, Palmisano BW. The immature heart
and anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:152948
In the neonatal lamb undergoing
hypoxic stress, neither halothane nor
isoflurane alter redistribution of blood to
vital organs, including the heart. In
addition, myocardial blood flow in the
neonatal lamb decreases significantly at
1 MAC isoflurane (from 250 to 88
ml×100 g-1×min-1), but in exact
proportion to Rianimazione Ospedale myocardial
the decrease in di Faenza(RA)
Servizio di Anestesia e
76. Baum VC, Palmisano BW. The immature heart
and anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:152948
In neonatal rabbit hearts studied in vitro
with 1.5% halothane, McAuliffe and
Hickey found no change in steady-state
levels of high- energy phosphates or
intracellular pH, despite a 50%
decrement in mechanical performance.
Significant uncoupling of oxidative
phosphorylation cannot account for
halothane's depressant effect on
systolic function in the Ospedale di
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione neonate.Faenza(RA)
77. Baum VC, Palmisano BW. The immature heart
and anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:152948
Anesthesia and Systolic Function
The effects of the inhalational
anesthetics in intact immature hearts
have been evaluated in several studies.
Although one study suggested that the
apparent increase in hemodynamic
depression in the young heart in human
studies may be a result of differences in
anesthetic uptake and distribution, other
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
78. Baum VC, Palmisano BW. The immature heart
and anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:152948
Summary
Immature hearts are more profoundly
affected by many anesthetics than are
adult hearts. Maturational changes in a
variety of cellular and subcellular
systems and influences of the
autonomic nervous system may be
responsible, but as yet, specific
mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
79. Brett CM, Teitel DF, Heymann MA, Rudolph AM: The young
lamb can increase cardiovascular performance during
isoflurane anesthesia. ANESTHESIOLOGY 71:751-6, 1989
Cardiac output and myocardial blood
flow decrease dramatically in a dosedependent pattern in the young lamb
during isoflurane anesthesia. This raises
important questions about the ability of
the young lamb to increase myocardial
performance if oxygen delivery were
compromised by a decrease in oxygen
content during anesthesia and surgery.
To investigate the ability of the young
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
80. Coagulation and anesthesia
The Effect of Anesthetic Techniques on
Blood Coagulability in Parturients as
Measured by Thromboelastography
Sharma, Shiv K., MD, FRCA; Philip,
John, MD
: Anesthetic techniques may affect
blood coagulability and the subsequent
incidence of thromboembolic events.
The purpose of this study was to
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
81. Interactions of volatile agents
with:
nifedipine;enhancement of
haemodynamic side effects with
aloth,enfl,iso(but non pregnant
animals…)..(and Rosone et
al..Hemodynamic responses to
nifedipine in dogs anesthetized with
halothane. Anesth.Analg 1983;62:903908.)
nicardipine enhancement of uterine
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
82. “Progesterone Decreases the MAC of
Desflurane in the Non Pregnant Ewe,”
was presented by Thompson and
collaborators, Ochsner Clinic, New
Orleans. They noted that the minimum
alveolar concentration for pregnant
ewes and that for nonpregnant ewes
treated with progesterone were similar.
The minimum alveolar concentration of
desflurane in untreated nonpregnant
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
83. Inhalational anesthetics with a rapid
equilibration between inspiratory and
end tidal concentraions,i.e less
soluble,should provide the correct
answer…..
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
84. the maternal and neonatal effects of
hsalothane,enflurane and isoflurane for cesarean
delivery.Anesth.Analg 1983;62:516-520.
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
85. Datta et al.Maternal and fetal catecholamines and uterine
incision-delivery interval during elective cesarean
section.Obstet.Gynecol 1990;75:600-603.
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
86. Neurobehavioral examination
Results more depressed(albeit subtle) in
neonates born from GA than reg….
(Shnider 238 pagg…)
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
87. Wallace DH et al.Randomized comparison of regional and
general anesthesia for cesarean delivery in pregnancies
complicated by severe preeclampsia.Obstet Gynecol
1995;86,193-
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
88. Gin T, Chan MTV: Decreased minimum alveolar
concentration of isoflurane in pregnant humans.
ANESTHESIOLOGY 81:829-32, 1994
<AB - BACKGROUND: Minimum
alveolar concentration (MAC) is
decreased in pregnant animals, but this
change has not been demonstrated in
humans, probably because of ethical
considerations. It is less problematic to
determine MAC in pregnant women
undergoing termination of pregnancy,
however, and therefore we compared
the MAC of e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
Servizio di Anestesia isoflurane in these women
89. Chan M,Mainland P, Gin T
Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Halothane and
Enflurane Are Decreased in Early Pregnancy Anesthesiology
85:782-6, 1996
The MAC of halothane and enflurane
were compared in pregnant women
undergoing elective termination of
pregnancy and in nonpregnant women.
Methods: We studied 16 pregnant
women scheduled for termination of
pregnancy at 8 to 13 weeks gestation
and 16 nonpregnant patients
undergoing laparoscopic sterilization.
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
90. Induzione AG
Tps < 7 mg/kg
metohexital 1 mg/kg
ketamina 1-1.5 mg/kg
etomidate 0.25-0.30 mg/kg
midazolam 0.2-0.3 mg/kg
propofol 2.5 mg/kg
non hanno significativi effetti sul
destino neonatale
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
91. Protezione emodinamica dallo
stress dell’IOT
Oppioidi a breve azione:
» alfentanil 10 g/kg
» remifentanil ???
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
92. Mantenimento anestetico fino
al parto
Ag.anestetici inalatori
MAC?
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
93. Dopo il parto
Anestesia/analgesia indifferente?
A patto che non deprima la contrattilità
uterina……..
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
95. Monitoraggio
Appropriato per ogni sala op.( di
chirurgia addominale)
disponibilità di infusori rapidi di liquidi
caldi
possibilità monitoraggio PA continua
cruenta e PVC
possibilità di CO continuo….
Continuazione del monitoraggio fetale
durante induzione dell’anestesia e la
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
96. Posizione della paziente
Prevenire la compressione aorto-cavale
seduta:+ facile per le obese
laterale;meglio per le presentazioni
podaliche con membrane rotte
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
97. Ossigenazione(e awareness)
FiO2 1:UV pO2> FiO2 0.50(Bogod et
al.Br.J.Anaesth 1988;61:255-62 per AG .e Ramanathan Anesth
Analg 1982;61:576-81. per analg p.d.
se N2O 50% ,MAC 0.5 -0.7
se FiO2 1,MAC 1.2:quindi:
» haloth 1.1 *5 min,poi 0.75
» enflur 2.5 * 5 min,poi 1.7
» isofl 1.8 * 5 min,poi 1.2
» sevor 2.2 * 5 min,poi 1.5
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
98. occur before return to an unparalyzed state
following 1 mg/kg intravenous
succinylcholine.Anesthesiology 1997;87:979.
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
100. Benumof JL Critical hemoglobin saturation will occur before
return to an unparalyzed state following 1 mg/kg intravenous
succinylcholine.Anesthesiology 1997;87:979.
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
104. Senza danno per il neonato:
Moir,DD.Anesthesia for caesarean
section:an evaluation of a method using
low concentration of halothane and
50% oxygen.Br.J.Anaesth.1970;43:13642.
Halothane 0.5%
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
105. “Fetal distress”
The term fetal distress is imprecise,non specific and
has little positive predictive value(ACOG Committee
Opinion: Anesthesia for emergency deliveries. Number 104. March
1992)
definizione:
» progressive fetal asphyxia that, if not corrected or circumvented
will result in decompensation of the physiologic responses
(primarily redistribution ofblood flow to preserve oxygenation of
vital organs) and cause permanent and central nervous system
damage and other damage or death.”(Parer JT, Livingston EG: What is
fetal distress? Am J Obstet Gynecol 162:1421, 1990)
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
106. parto cesareo di urgenzaemergenza
– In the obstetric and anesthetic management
of emergent abdominal deliveries, "the
maternal as well as fetal status must be
considered .. The risk of general anesthesia
must be weighed against the benerit for
those patients who have a greater potential
for complications... Cesarean deliveries
which are performed for non‑ reassuring FHR
patterns do not necessarily preclude the use
of regional anesthesia.”(ACOG Committee Opinion:
Anesthesia for emergency deliveries. Number 104. March 1992)
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
107. Domande:
Potete ottenere una spinale nel + breve
tempo possibile?
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
108. Siete sempre in grado di
garantire una spinale rapida?
S p in a le r a p id a
Si
B u p i s e m p lic e
ok
NO
AG
non ok
p r o b le m i d i io t
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
109. AG per il distress fetale
Ket> TPS nel modello sperimentale
Levinson G, Shnider SM, Gildea E, deLorimier M: Maternal and
foetal cardiovascular changes and during ketamine
anesthesia in pregnant ewes. Br J Anaesth
45:1111,1973:Pickering BG, Palahniuk RJ, Cote J, et al:
Cerebral vascular responses to ketamine and thiopentone during
foetal acidosis. Can.Anaesth Soc J 29:463, 1982
ma…..evidenza clinica=,senza contare le CI alla
ket(preeclampsia,cocaine abuse….)
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
110. FiO2
– Piggott SE, Bogod DG, Rosen M, Rees GAD:
Isoflurane with either 100% oxygen or 50%
nitrous oxide in oxygen Mocesarean
– section. Br J Anaesth 61:255, 1990
– 34 Bogod DG, Rosen M, Rees GAD: Maximum
Fi02 during cesarean section. Bir J Anaesth
61:255,1988
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
111. Inhalation anestesia for caesarean
section :why?
How?
C.Melloni
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione
Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
112. Changes in obstetric anesthesia(C/S) in USA(Hawkins et
al,Obstetric anesthesia workforce survey-1992 versus
1981.Anesthesiology 1994;81:A1128)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Epid
Spi
GA
1981
1992
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
113. Changes in obstetric anesthesia(C/S) in UK(Brown et al.Int
J.Obstet.Anesth.1995;4:214)
100%
80%
Epid
Spi
GA
60%
40%
20%
0%
1982
1987
1992
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
114. Number of deaths during cesarean section
Number of deaths during cesarean section
USA 1979-1990(Hawkins et al.Anesthesiology 86;280:1997)
1979-1984
1985-1990
GA
33
32
REG
19
9
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
115. Fatality rates during cesarean
Fatality rates during cesarean
section
section
per million of Ga or REG
1979-1984
1985-1990
G.A.
20
32.3
REG
8.6
1.9
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
116. Report on Confidential enquiries into maternal
deaths in England and Wales 1970-1996
Frequenza per milione di gravid.stimate
30
emb.polm
ipertens
25
anest
20
15
10
5
0
19 73- 76- 79- 82- 85- 88- 91- 9470- 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96
emb.fluido amnio
aborto
gravid.ectopica
emorragia
sepsi
rottura utero
altre cause dirett
Entrata Faenza(RA)
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di in vigore della nuova classificazione
117. Tsen LC, Camann W (2000) Training in obstetric general
anaesthesia: a vanishing art?Anaesthesia. 55:179-83
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
118. cardiovascular and metabolic effects of halothane in normoxic
and hypoxic newborn lambs. ANESTHESIOLOGY 62:732-7,
1985
Oxygen consumption, cardiac output,
and tissue oxygen delivery were
measured in normoxic and hypoxic 1-3day-old lambs during the following six
conditions: 1) (control) paralysis with
pancuronium and controlled ventilation
with room air; 2) paralysis, controlled
ventilation and hypoxia (PaO2 = 30 +/- 3
mmHg, [SD]); 3) paralysis, controlled
ventilation with room air and 0.5 MAC
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
119. Effects of halothane anesthesia 0.5 & 1
Mac in normoxic and hypoxic lambs
(Cameron
et al. The cardiovascular and metabolic effects of halothane in normoxic and hypoxic newborn lambs.
normoxia
1 mac
normoxia
0.5mac
hypoxia
1 mac
hypoxia
0.5mac
300
250
200
150
mean %
100
change
from control 50
0
-50
-100
hypoxia
ANESTHESIOLOGY 62:732-7, 1985)
Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione Ospedale di Faenza(RA)
O2 cons
CO
HR
MPAP
PVR
lactic acid
Norepi
Epi
SVR