Presentation given at TTIX 2010. This session includes a discussion of moral issues surrounding teaching with technology, especially with social media. Here are some of the issues that we’ll discuss: 1. What are the moral goals of education, and are they attainable when using technology? 2. What are the moral challenges of teaching and learning with technology? 3. What are (or should be) the moral obligations of teachers and learners when teaching or learning with technology?

1. Moral Implications of Education in a Digital World TTIX 2010 Salt Lake City, UT June 10, 2010 Michael C. Johnson

2. Back channel on Twitter #moraledtech & use conference hashtag #ttix10

3. Are there moral implications/considerations when teaching and learning with technology??

4. What makes teaching a moral endeavor is that it is, quite centrally, human action undertaken in regard to other human beings. Thus, matters of what is fair, right, just, and virtuous are always present. (Fenstermacher, 1990, p. 133 as cited in Osguthorpe, R. T. et al., 2003)

5. Using technology in education actually increases or enhances those “human actions taken in regard to other humans” Wonderlane. “Student and Teacher.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/wonderlane/37531816/. Edenpictures. “Eden Through the Looking Glass.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/edenpictures/3460562429/. Frerieke. “Day 58_a reveiling day.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/frerieke/3313869283/. Vancouver Film School. “Foundation Visual Art & Design – Life Drawing class.” Flckr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/vancouverfilmschool/4423008460/. USACE Europe District. “Yes we can: USACE employees help students manage can construction project.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/europedistrict/4419592724/. Frerieke. “funny things on my laptop?” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/frerieke/3354048198/.

6. Technology Changes Roles Student becomes a teacher Teachers become students Mott & Wiley, 2009 As our roles changes, our responsibilities towards each other change… Doesn’t this imply some moral issues?

7. Some are tempted to think of life in cyberspace as insignificant, as escape or meaningless diversion. It is not. Our experiences there are serious play. We belittle them at our risk. We must understand the dynamics of virtual experience both to foresee who might be in danger and to put these experiences to best use. Without a deep understanding of the many selves that we express in the virtual we cannot use our experiences to enrich the real. If we cultivate our awareness of what stands behind our screen personae, we are more likely to succeed in using virtual experience for personal transformation. Turkle, 1995, p. 268 as cited in James, et al., 2008

8. What are some of the moral challenges or concerns for students?

9. Jarvey, Dean (dmjarvey). “I Swear, He Is Texting Everywhere He Goes (2).” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/28009451@N03/4512714161/.

10. J_O_I_D. “cyb-bullying-hd.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/winning-information/2314384136/.

11. Shainsky, Jack (ifyr). “Working at home.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ifyr/70594643/.

12. X X X

13. De Los Reyes, Paul (Noize Photography). “Texting! =O.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/noizephotography/3223125310/.

14. English 106. “facebook.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/english106/4357227835/.

15. Hicks, Michael (Mulad). “img_1256.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/mulad/4419275082/.

16. Kontokanis, Andreas (karpidis). “Facebook GAP.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/karpidis/2454706500/.

17. Gonzalo BaezaHernández. No title. http://www.flickr.com/photos/gonzalobaeza/4096838046/in/photostream/ Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS. “A close up of a young woman snorting cocaine during the 1920s.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/foxtongue/3128716789/.

18. Farrant, Tiffany (GDS Digital). “Riskiest US online cities.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/gdsdigital/4514262654/.

19. “‘We can’t make the awareness of Web issues solely person- and relationship-centered,’ said Joseph Turow, a professor at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania. ‘Children should learn things like what a cookie or a Web virus is, and how corporations profit from tracking consumers online,’ he said” (NY Times).

20. Ozvold, Jeff (ozvoldjj). “University of Oregon.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/jeffozvold/2253108077/.

21. Seyfang, Mike (MikeBlogs). “Copyright Symbols.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/mikeblogs/3020966268/.

22. Zanarini, Pietro (zipckr). “Web 2.0 icons.” Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/zipckr/3925513417/. Michael C. Johnson. “Teaching with Technology Google Search Results”

23. PascalePirateChickan. “89/365 aaAAAaaaaAhhHhHhHh!!” flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/piratechickan/2965571299/.

24. What are other moral considerations and implications should we be concerned about ?

25. Learning in a Networked World Will there be appropriate amounts of help/feedback available to students? For us learners (in professional development)? Will we and our students be willing to reciprocate and offer appropriate levels of help/feedback to others Are we sensitive to other’s needs and feeling, or simply seeing our own self interest?

28. How to evaluate resources that will be most helpful?

29. Do we help them learn strategies to learn new knowledge?

30. Do we help them learn how to apply knowledge?

32. Moral Reasons to Use Technology Failure to use technology that would benefit the student Technology that would help them learn Technology that is part of their field/content area Use of technology that is not in the best interest of our students

33. YuyaTamai. “injection”. Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/tamaiyuya/180619143/ Educational Malpractice?

35. We need educated men and women who not only pursue their own personal interests but are also prepared to fulfill their social and civic obligations. (Boyer, 1998 p. 7)

36. Peterson and Seligman’s (2004) Character Strengths and Virtues Wisdom and knowledge Courage Humanity Justice Temperance Transcendence

38. Perseverance

39. A strong work ethic

40. A positive attitude

41. Ingenuity

43. Justice

44. Caring

45. Respect

50. I am not sure… but here are a few ideas that might be applicable!

51. TPACK Source: http://tpack.org

52. Howard Gardner’s Ethical Fault Lines identity (how do you present yourself online?); privacy (the world can see everything you write); ownership (plagiarism, reproducing creative work); credibility (legitimate sources of information); and community (interacting with others). James, et al., 2008

53. Courtesy Policy “Generally, courtesy means we interact with one another in positive, respectful ways” (Frey & Fisher, 2008)

54. Berkowitz & Fekula (1999)Five Elements of Postsecondary Character Education 1. Teaching about character (morality, ethics, and so forth) Ethics across the curriculum, Espoused values, Guest speakers, symposia, and so forth, Publications 2. Displaying character Role-modeling, Institutional policies and behavior 3. Demanding character Academic standards, Behavior standards, Enforcement policies and behavior 4. Apprenticeship, or practicing character Democratic governance, Community service, Experiential learning 5. Reflecting on character Service learning, Mentors, Journals

55. Additional Perspectives Teaching in Moral Ways: Pure intent, sincere effort, willingness to change on part of teacher and learner (Osguthorpe, R.T. & Osguthorpe, R. D.,2000) Consciousness of Craft, of Membership, of Sacrifice, of Memory, of Imagination (Green, 1999)

56. Additional Perspectives Moral Reasoning – Kohlberg Level 1. Preconventional Morality (Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation, Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange), Level II. Conventional Morality (Stage 3. Good Interpersonal Relationships, Stage 4. Maintaining the Social Order) Level III. Postconventional Morality (Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights, Stage 6: Universal Principles) Post-Kohlbergian Moral Development (Bebeau, Rest, and Narvaez, 1999) moral sensitivity, moral judgment, and moral motivation, and moral character

57. Additional Perspectives Golden Rule/Silver Rule Levinas Hypostasis: “putting the other first” and “being-for-the-other,” (Inouye, Merrill, & Swan, 2005)

58. Additional Perspectives Possible Applications of (Johnson, et al., 2010) Don’t ignore moral/character issues in content (or related to the tools you use) Engage students in meaningful conversation Establish a positive relationship with students Invite students to apply what they are learning and to use their agency to make good choices.

59. “We must become the change we wish to see” Gandhi

60. Questions?Comments?SuggestionsConcerns?Complaints? Twitter: @michaelcjohnson email:michaelcjohnson@yahoo.com diigo:http://www.diigo.com/user/michaelcjohnson/%22moral+considerations%22

61. References Balmert, M.E., & Ezzell, M.H. (2002). Leading learning by assuring distance instructional technology is an ethical enterprise. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Adult Higher Education Alliance, Pittsburgh, PA. Berkowitz, M.W. (2002). The science of character education. In W. Damon (Ed.), Bringing in a new era in character education (pp. 43–63). Stanford, CA: Hoover Press. Berkowitz, M.W., & Fekula, M.J. (1999). Educating for character. About Campus, 4(5), 17–22. Bebeau, M. J., Rest, J. R., & Narvaez, D. (1999). Beyond the promise: A perspective on research in moral education. Educational Researcher, 28(4), 18-26. Boyer, E. L. (1987). College: The undergraduate experience in America. New York: HarperCollins (Harper & Row). Bugeja, Michael J. (2009). Reduce the Technology, Rescue Your Job. Chronicle of Higher Education, 56(12), A36-A38

62. References Clifford, . (April 8, 2010). Teaching about web includes troublesome parts. New York Times. Retrieved April, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/09/education/09cyberkids.html?partner=rss&emc=rss Davidson, M., Lickona, T., & Khmelkov, V. (2008). Smart & good schools: A new paradigm for high school character education. In L.P. Nucci (Ed.), Handbook of moral and character education. New York: Routledge. Frey, N. & Fisher D. (2008). Doing the right thing with technology. English Journal, 97(6), 38-42. Gismondi, A. (2006). The downside of the Internet: Cheating and technology in higher education. Journal of College and Character 7(5). Retrieved March 10, 2010 from http://journals.naspa.org/jcc/vol7/iss5/5/ Green, T. F. (1999). Voices: The educational formation of conscience. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame Press. Inouye, D. K., Merrill, P. F., & Swan, R. H. (2005). Help: Toward a new ethics-centered paradigm for instructional design and technology. IDT Record. Retrieved September 25, 2006 from http://www.indiana.edu/~idt/articles/documents/Inouye_print_version.pdf

63. References James, C., Davis, K., Flores, A., Francis, J. M. , Pettingill, L., Rundle, M., & Gardner, H. (February, 2008). Young People, Ethics, and the New Digital Media: A Synthesis from the Good Play Project . GoodWork® Project Report Series, Number 54, Harvard Graduate School of Education. Retrieved June 8, 2010 from http://pzweb.harvard.edu/ebookstore/pdfs/goodwork54.pdf Johnson, M. J., Osguthorpe, R. D., & Williams, D. D. (2010). Pedagogical considerations that may encourage character development in a distance education course. Journal of College and Character 11(2). Retrieved April 30, 2010 from http://journals.naspa.org/jcc/vol11/iss2/11/ Lewis, C.S. (1965). The abolition of man or reflections on education with special reference to the teaching of English in the upper forms of schools. New York: MacMillan Publishing. Lewis, C.S. (1996). The screwtape letters (Revised ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. Lickona, T., & Davidson, M. (2005). Smart & good high schools: Integrating excellence and ethics for success in school, work, and beyond. Cortland, NY: Center for the 4th and 5th Rs (Respect & Responsibility), Washington, D.C.: Character Education Partnership.

64. References Osguthorpe, R.D. (2009). On the possible forms a relationship might take between the moral character of a teacher and the moral development of a student. Teachers College Record, 111(1). Retrieved April 4, 2008, from http://www.tcrecord.org. Osguthorpe, R. T., (2009). Power of Teaching Seminar, October 15, 2009. Video available at http://education.byu.edu/media/watch/345 Osguthorpe, R. T., Osguthorpe, R. D. Jacob, W. J., Davies, R. (2003). Moral dimensions of instructional design. Educational Technology, 43(2), 19-23. Osguthorpe, R. T., Osguthorpe, R. D. (2000). Learning to be Good while Becoming Good at Learning. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA, April, 2000. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the screen: Identity in the age of the internet. New York: Simon And Schuster.

65. Image Works Cited Image Bibliography (in order of appearance) Most Images used under Creative Commons Attribute License, attribution is on each image, except: Society Super CalaFragalistic. “Digital World.” Students of the World. http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/sites/society/img/27319_ist2_1804351_digital_world_globe.jpg. Slide 14: Distracted Driving cartoon by Jeff Parker, Florida Today at http://CagleCartoons.com