Global trends in their technology, manufacture and market drivers such as legislation. IDTechEx has added forecasts and other material. The analysis is balanced, with negative factors exposed such as several Chinese cities banning or severely restricting LEVs. The LEV industry is growing fast, with greatest strength in China today, but also clearly emerging fast in the rest of the world. Up until the last couple of years, ebike sales were concentrated in China, Japan, and the EU. In the last few years, nearly every nation has bought ebikes from China, and in some cases, the volumes are now significant. Sales will reach 130 million yearly before 2025, make it one of the world's largest industries. The report encompasses over 70 brands gives forecasts of sales numbers, unit prices and total market value for 2013-2023. Market drivers are balanced against many negative factors that are discussed in the report, and detail on standards and legislation is given.

1. Light Electric Vehicles, Mobility Vehicles, E-Motorcycles and Micro-EVs (Quadricycles) 2013-2023
Written by the world's leading expert on LEVs, with the longest track record, this LEV report looks closely at
global trends in their technology, manufacture and market drivers such as legislation. IDTechEx has added
forecasts and other material. The analysis is balanced, with negative factors exposed such as several Chinese
cities banning or severely restricting LEVs. The LEV industry is growing fast, with greatest strength in China
today, but also clearly emerging fast in the rest of the world. Up until the last couple of years, ebike sales were
concentrated in China, Japan, and the EU. In the last few years, nearly every nation has bought ebikes from
China, and in some cases, the volumes are now significant. Sales will reach 130 million yearly before 2025,
make it one of the world's largest industries. The report encompasses over 70 brands gives forecasts of sales
numbers, unit prices and total market value for 2013-2023. Market drivers are balanced against many negative
factors that are discussed in the report, and detail on standards and legislation is given. LEVs are one of the
largest and fastest growing electric vehicle markets. A Light Electric Vehicle (LEV) is a land vehicle
propelled by an electric motor that uses an energy storage device such as a battery or fuel cell, has two or three
wheels, and typically weighs less than 100kg. Most LEVs are and will remain ebikes. These are Power on
Demand bikes controlled with a throttle. A significant percentage of ebikes sold are scooters in that they have
the driver's feet rest on a platform - they are not straddled by the driver. Today, the LEV industry is
dominated by large bicycle companies, due to their access to distribution. We explain why, in the future, these
companies will face major competition from, and may be pushed aside by car, motorcycle, and car parts
companies. Supply chains for motors, batteries, chassis parts, and nearly every LEV component exist in Asia,
primarily in China, Taiwan, Japan, and newly emerging South Korea. We reveal where the highest profits will
be obtained in future and the opportunities in components as these change with lithium-ion batteries of several
generations and supercapacitors being increasingly employed, for example. The more demanding future
technical requirements of users and standards are investigated. Other vehicles closely allied to LEVS but not
technically LEVs include more than electric motorcycles and mobility vehicles for the disabled covered in this
report every year. This year we also include the newly successful car-like vehicles called Micro EVs that are
variously classified as motorcycles, quad bikes and, in Europe, the special category quadricycles. This year
Micro EV become a separate category in IDTechEx forecasts because they are now a substantial rapidly
growing business. For example, the Philippines has ordered 100,000 e-trike taxis in 2013. Adjoining sectors
are also discussed such as heavy electric motorcycles and the bigger sector of mobility vehicles for the
disabled, where ten year forecasts are presented. New crossover vehicles between LEVs and these sectors are
presented.
table Of Contents
1. Executive Summary And Conclusions
1.1. Forecast For Numbers Of Levs Sold Globally To 2025
1.2. Pricing
1.3. Market Value Forecast
1.4. Reasons For Growth
Light Electric Vehicles, Mobility Vehicles, E-Motorcycles and Micro-EVs (Quadricycles) 2013-2023

2. 1.4.1. Competition And Profitability
1.4.2. Opportunities
1.4.3. Typical Requirement
2. Introduction To Light Electric Vehicles
2.1. Definition Of A Light Electric Vehicle
2.1.1. Rocket Drag Bike Usa
2.1.2. Moveo Foldable Scooter Hungary
2.2. The Industry Of Levs
2.2.1. Taiwan And China
2.2.2. Outside Taiwan And China
2.2.3. Too Much Cost Cutting
2.3. Tricycles To Reduce Accidents And Help Policing
3. Requirements For Levs
3.1. How Good Does It Have To Be?
3.2. What Retail Price?
4. Types Of Lev And Regulations
4.1. What Is An Electric Bicycle?
4.1.1. Pedelec
4.1.2. Power On Demand Bikes And Other Categories
4.1.3. Electric Vehicles For Disabled And Others
4.1.4. Power Restriction
4.1.5. Notable Regulations
4.2. Universal Technical Terms For Ebikes
5. Mobility For The Disabled - The Sector With The Most Compelling And Enduring Need
5.1. The Demographic Time-bomb
5.1.1. Ageing Population And The Dependent Elderly
5.1.2. Laws Make Mobility Easier
5.2. Types Of Mobility Vehicle
5.2.1. Growth By New Market Segments
5.2.2. Interchina Industry Group China
5.3. Market Drivers
5.3.1. Geographical Distribution
5.3.2. Needs Creating New Segments
5.3.3. What Is Driving Regional Differences?
5.3.4. Zhejiang R&p Industry China
Light Electric Vehicles, Mobility Vehicles, E-Motorcycles and Micro-EVs (Quadricycles) 2013-2023

3. 5.3.5. Pride Mobility, Usa
5.4. Listing Of Manufacturers
5.5. Market Forecasts 2012-2022
5.5.1. Growth By Creating New Markets
6. Lev Technologies
6.1. Battery Technology - As Currently Used In Levs, On A Pack Level
6.1.1. Svrla Strengths And Weaknesses
6.1.2. Battery Packagers
6.1.3. Battery Packs From China
6.1.4. Power Management And User Interface
6.1.5. Electric Motor Controller
6.1.6. Motor Controls:
6.1.7. Accessory Features:
6.1.8. Chinese Coin Charger
6.1.9. Energy Harvesting
6.1.10. User Interface
6.1.11. Real Time Data Logging And Reporting
6.1.12. Infrastructure Challenges And Government Incentives
6.2. Examples Of Battery Suppliers To This Sector
6.2.1. Advanced Battery Technologies (abat) China
6.2.2. Leyden Energy Usa
6.2.3. Powergenix Usa
6.2.4. Revolt Technologies Ltd Switzerland
6.2.5. Toshiba Japan
7. Lev Standards And Component Industrial Trends
7.1. Standards Efforts
7.2. Component Industry Trends
7.3. Lev Electric Motor Industry
7.4. Controller Industry
7.5. Wiring Harness And Connectors
8. Lev Markets, Market Drivers And Forecasts
8.1. Markets By Territory
8.1.1. China
8.1.2. Japan
8.1.3. India
8.1.4. Europe
8.1.5. Usa
Light Electric Vehicles, Mobility Vehicles, E-Motorcycles and Micro-EVs (Quadricycles) 2013-2023

4. 8.1.6. Worldwide
8.2. Markets By Providers
8.3. Bicycle Brands With Ebikes Or Expected To Have Ebikes Soon:
8.3.1. Usa
8.3.2. European Bike Brands
8.3.3. Netherlands Brands:
8.4. Channels Of Distribution
8.5. Market Forecasts And Drivers
8.6. Drivers Of Market
8.6.1. Fuel Price
8.6.2. Fuel Availability
8.6.3. Efficiency
8.6.4. Cost Of Government Subsidy
8.6.5. Traffic Congestion
8.6.6. Parking Congestion
8.6.7. Urbanization
8.6.8. Air Pollution
8.6.9. Government Regulation
8.6.10. Personal Responsibility
8.6.11. Total Cost Of Ownership
8.6.12. Aging Populations
8.6.13. Living In Apartments
8.6.14. Negative Factors
8.6.15. Bans In Malaysia And Elsewhere?
9. Car-like Vehicles Not Homologated As Cars: Microev, Quadricycle, E Trike, Nev, Golf Car
9.1. Many Names, Common Factors
9.2. Car-like Vehicles That Evade Restrictions, Taxes And Other Costs
9.3. Philippines: Big New Commitments To E Trikes
9.4. Listing Of Manufacturers Beyond Golf Cars
9.5. Golf Cars
9.5.1. What Is Included
9.5.2. Market Drivers
9.5.3. Listing Of Manufacturers
9.5.4. Market Forecasts 2012-2023
appendix 1: Idtechex Ev Publications And Consultancy
appendix 2: Listings Of Lev Brands, Oems, Component Makers
Light Electric Vehicles, Mobility Vehicles, E-Motorcycles and Micro-EVs (Quadricycles) 2013-2023

5. appendix 3: Additional Regulatory Support
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Light Electric Vehicles, Mobility Vehicles, E-Motorcycles and Micro-EVs (Quadricycles) 2013-2023