Sex and Gender by Irene Santiago
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Feminism: Defining equal rights and opportunities for young women By: Ms. Irene M. Santiago, Chair Emerita and CEO, Mindanao Commission on Women
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Sex and Gender by Irene Santiago
- 5. What is gender ? What is sex? Gender is very much related to sex and many people are often confused about the distinction between sex and gender
- 7. DETERMINANTS OF SEX FEMALE MALE GENITALIA vagina, clitoris penis, scrotum INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS uterus, ovaries testes CHROMOSOMES XX XY HORMONES estrogen, progesterone testosterone
- 8. SEX GENDER What makes one male or female What is masculine or feminine Biologically- determined Socially-determined; culturally-defined Refers to physical characteristics Refers to learned behavior
- 9. SEX GENDER Constant across time Changes over time Constant/same across different societies and cultures May vary in different societies and cultures Gender differences are created, produced, reproduced & maintained by social institutions Gender is multi-dimensional, influencing economic, political & social interactions and needs
- 10. INSTITUTIONS THAT PERPETUATE GENDER POWER RELATIONS FAMILY SCHOOL CHURCH / RELIGION MEDIA BUSINESS MARKET STATE
- 11. Because of uneven and unjust GENDER POWER RELATIONS women and men are boxed into situations – which constrain their Capacity to do and to be
- 12. GENDER BIASES AGAINST MEN Inherently aggressive and violent Don’t feel pain/incapable of experiencing human relations Inherently expressive in their sexuality Don’t need closeness, reassurance and attention etc.
- 13. Gender issues & biases affect women more
- 14. VIOLENCE MARGINALIZAT ION SUBORDINATION MULTIPLE BURDEN GENDER STEREOTYPING Manifestations of gender biases NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON PERSONHOOD
Notas del editor
- Marginalization (economic sphere) Not equal pay for work of equal value Women last hired, first fired No/little opportunities for career advancement (training available or accessible to men only) Work at home not given any economic value, not considered as work Work outside the home that are considered extension of their home roles are valued less Subordination (political sphere) Few women in decision-making (incl. At home) Glass ceiling for women – promotions slow, some leadership positions not for women - 10% women in most legislatures Politics too dirty for women – di masikmura ng women Gender Stereotyping “ kinakahon” – men’s place, role, work, dress, color, etc. not women’s place, role, dress, color, etc. From womb to tomb – malikot sa tiyan/baby boy, maganda ang nanay/baby girl – boy’s games & toys/girl’s games & toys Prevents women from full enjoyment of rights and expression of her talents Like the air we breath – oftentimes subtle so we are socialized into it without realizing it – defined by our songs, textbooks, church sermons, advertisements Multiple burden 8 hr. work outside the home – 8 hrs. housework required by defined gender roles – little time for rest & recreation Men not expected to do housework (some do housework, but only when they want to.e.g. pasikat sa friends na marunong magluto ng pasta) Violence against women Whole range of violent acts – green jokes, sexual innuendos, sexual harassment, acts of lasciviousness, rape Women treated as sex objects Men socialized into thinking than women are virgins (they expect of their girlfriend, wives, daughters) or vamps (the women who provide them sexual favors) Some places (parks, bars,etc. or work (night work, work that requires travel) not for women - No woman is safe until all women are safe. Negative effect on personhood Women develop low self-esteem, no self-confidence No control over their bodies Women set low expectations of themselves, will not want to achieve more, will not want to outshine her man Will feel that without a man, she is nothing (pressures for women to get married, when married – must keep her man at all costs)