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Effect of implant–abutment connection design on reliability of crowns: regular vs. horizontal mismatched platform Freitas jr et al.
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Effect of implant–abutment connection design on reliability of crowns: regular vs. horizontal mismatched platform Freitas jr et al.
1.
´ Amilcar C. Freitas
Junior Effect of implant–abutment connection Estevam A. Bonfante Nelson R. F. A. Silva design on reliability of crowns: regular Leonard Marotta vs. horizontal mismatched platform Paulo G. Coelho Authors’ affiliations: Key words: diameter shifting, fractography, implant–abutment connection, reliability ´ Amilcar C. Freitas Junior, Leonard Marotta, Paulo G. Coelho, Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Abstract Dentistry, New York, NY, USA Objectives: To evaluate the reliability and failure modes of regular and horizontal mismatched Estevam A. Bonfante, Postgraduate Program in platforms for implant–abutment connection varying the implant diameter. Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, UNIGRANRIO University, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Material and methods: Regular (REG, n = 21, 4.0-mm-diameter implant) and horizontal Brazil mismatched (HM, n = 21, 4.6-mm-diameter implant) platform Ti-6Al-4V implants were restored Nelson R. F. A. Silva, Department of with proprietary identical Ti-6Al-4V abutments and metal crowns (cobalt-chrome, Wirobond® 280, Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA BEGO, Bremen, Germany) cemented. Mechanical testing comprised step-stress accelerated-life test- ing, where crowns were distributed in three loading profiles for fatigue in water, producing timely Corresponding author: Estevam A. Bonfante and clinically relevant fractures. The probability of failure vs. cycles (95% two-sided confidence ´ Rua Prof. Jose de Souza Herdy intervals) was calculated and plotted using a powerlaw relationship for damage accumulation, 1.160 - 25 de Agosto Weibull modulus (95% two-sided confidence intervals) and then the reliability for a mission of Duque de Caxias, RJ 25071-202 Brazil 50,000 cycles at 125 N load (95% two-sided confidence interval) were calculated. Fractography Tel.: +55 14 8153 0860 was performed in the scanning electron microscope. Fax: +55 14 3234 2566 Results: The b-value for group REG (b = 1.37) indicated that fatigue was a factor accelerating the e-mail: estevamab@gmail.com failure, whereas load alone dictated the failure for group HM (b = 0.71). The Weibull parameter contour plot showed no significantly different Weibull modulus for REG (10.24) compared to HM (10.20) and characteristic strength of 162.6 and 166.8 N, respectively (P > 0.91). The calculated reliability for a mission of 50,000 cycles at 125 N load was not significantly different (0.71 for REG and 0.73 for HM). Abutment screw failure was the chief failure mode. Conclusions: Reliability was not significantly different between groups and failure modes were similar. Following implant placement, bone remodel- tion, promising results from a randomized ing in the first year commonly leads to a controlled trial have pointed a direct correla- reduction in bone height, shown to vary as a tion between increased implant/abutment function of arch region, bone type, surface mismatch and reduced marginal bone loss treatment, implant design, and other factors (Canullo et al. 2010). However, the mechani- (Manz 2000). An attempt to hinder this cal reliability of these implant–abutment process has resulted in the originally called configurations tested under step-stress accel- platform-switching which is consisted in the erated life-testing (SSALT) has not been horizontal positioning of the outer edge of addressed to date. As complications with the implant–abutment interface toward the implant–abutment connections is a common center of the implant (Lazzara & Porter clinical problem, especially in single-tooth 2006). It has been suggested that the inward replacements (Jung et al. 2008b), this study shift of the implant–abutment interface, tested central incisor crowns fitting abut- which may act as a bacterial reservoir and ments on implants with diameter matching trigger peri-implant tissue inflammation, or horizontally mismatched, subjected to Date: may account for the reduced bone loss (Luon- SSALT in water (Coelho et al. 2009). The Accepted 23 May 2011 go et al. 2008). From a mechanical perspec- postulated null hypothesis was that there is To cite this article: tive, finite element analysis have shown no difference in reliability and failure modes ´ Freitas Junior AC , Bonfante EA, Silva Nelson RFA, Marotta reduced stress distribution on peri-implant of a regular matching implant diameter L, Coelho PG. Effect of implant–abutment connection design on reliability of crowns: regular vs. horizontal mismatched bone in horizontal mismatched platform (REG) compared to a horizontal mismatched platform. implants relative to matched implant–abut- platform (HM) implant–abutment external Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 00, 2011, 1–4 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02257.x ment diameters (Maeda et al. 2007). In addi- hexagon connection. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S 1
2.
´ Freitas Junior et
al Á Reliability of standard vs. horizontal mismatched crowns Material and Methods where (Nelson 2004; Abernethy 2006; Coelho probability Weibull calculation, described as et al. 2009; Bonfante et al. 2010; Silva et al. mean (95% CI range), were 1.37 (0.88–2.14) Forty-two external hexagon Ti-6Al-4V imp- 2010). A servo-all-electric system (TestRe- and 0.71 (0.44–1.12) for REG and HM, respec- lants (Duo & Inttegra system, Signo Vinces sources 800L, Shakopee, MN, USA) was used tively, indicating that load alone or fatigue Ltda, Campo Largo, PR, Brazil) were divided for fatigue testing (contact, load, lift-off) could have been the failure modes for both into two groups according to their width rela- under water (load orientation and indenter as groups (b-confidence intervals go below 1 for tive to the abutment (RP, code 07.105, Signo in SLF test) at 2 Hz. Based upon the step- both groups) (Fig. 2a), rationalizing the con- Vinces Ltda): group REG (regular platform, stress distribution of the failures, Use Level struction of a Weibull parameter contour plot 4.0-mm-diameter implant) and group HM Probability Weibull (probability of failure vs. (Weibull modulus [m] vs. Characteristic (4.6-mm-diameter implant). Implants were cycles) with use stress of 200 N and 95% strength [g]) (Fig. 2b). The calculated reliabil- embedded in orthodontic acrylic resin poured two-sided confidence intervals were calcu- ity expressed as mean (95% CI range) for a in a 25-mm-diameter plastic tube. Both groups lated and plotted (Alta Pro 7; Reliasoft, mission of 50,000 cycles at 125 N load was were restored with standardized central inci- Tucson, AZ, USA) using a powerlaw relation- 0.71 (0.43–0.87) for group REG and 0.73 (0.51– sor metallic crowns cemented (3M ESPE; ship for damage accumulation. If the Use 0.86) for group HM, meaning that cumulative Rely-X Unicem, Saint Paul, MN, USA) on the Level Probability Weibull calculated b were damage from loads reaching 125 N would lead abutments, which presented identical dimen- <1 for any group, then a Probability Weibull to implant-supported crown survival in 71% sions (4.0-mm-diameter abutments) in all Contour plot (Weibull modulus [m] vs. Char- of REG compared to 73% of HM crowns. specimens. acteristic strength [g]) was calculated using These results were not significant (P = 0.65). First, single load-to-failure (SLF) (n = 3) was final load magnitude to failure or survival of The Weibull statistical evaluation showed performed in a universal testing machine groups. The calculated Weibull modulus (m) m = 10.24 for REG and m = 10.20 for HM (INSTRON 5666, Canton, MA, USA). Load and characteristic strength (g) (63.2% of the (Fig. 2b). The characteristic strength was was applied by a flat tungsten carbide inden- specimens would fail up to the calculated g = 162.6 N for REG and g = 166.8 N for HM. ter in the incisal edge at 1 mm/min rate, in a “g”) values were utilized to determine the The confidence bounds calculated through the 30° off-axis loading orientation (Fig. 1). Based confidence bounds through the maximum likelihood ratio method at 95% level of signifi- upon the mean SLF values, three different likelihood ratio method utilizing a cance represented by the contours in Fig. 2b profiles (mild [n = 9], moderate [n = 6], and chi-squared value at 95% level of significance showed that the groups were statistically aggressive [n = 3]) were designed for the and 1 degree of freedom (Nelson 2004; Aberne- homogenous (P > 0.91). All specimens failed SSALT (n = 18) (Coelho et al. 2009). These thy 2006). Thus, each contoured region repre- after SSALT and fracture of the abutment profiles are named based on the step-wise sent possible values given both parameters screw was the chief failure mode (Fig. 3). load increase that the specimen will be fati- combination, and significant difference at gued throughout the cycles until a certain 95% level is detected if contour overlap Discussion level of load, meaning that specimens between groups does not exist (in such case, assigned to a mild profile will be cycled samples will be considered to be from different Our results indicated that implants with longer to reach the same load level of a speci- populations) (Nelson 2004; Abernethy 2006). different diameters restored with the same men assigned to the aggressive profile. The reliability (the probability of an item abutment-screw-crown system showed Details of this method can be found else- functioning for a given amount of time with- homogenous reliability. Fatigue possibly out failure) for a mission of 50,000 cycles at played little or no role for both groups and 125 N load (two-sided 95% confidence inter- hence data were replotted according to fati- vals) was calculated for comparison between gue load at failure (Reliasoft 2011), where the HM and REG. For the mission reliability and likelihood of the two groups’ failures being b parameters calculated in the present study, from different populations, was not signifi- the 95% confidence interval range was calcu- cant. The “m” is an indicator of strength reli- lated as follows: CB = E(G) ± za sqrt(Var(G)), ability and/or the asymmetrical strength where CB is the confidence bound, E(G) is the distribution as a result of materials flaws mean estimated reliability for the mission cal- (Ritter 1995). The similar m indicated that culated from Weibull statistics, za is the z the failure mechanism and fatigue damage value concerning the given CI level of signifi- accumulation over time was similar between cance, and Var (G) is the value calculated by groups (similar structural reliability), the Fisher Information matrix (Nelson 2004; evidencing no variability of the strength Abernethy 2006). Representative failed speci- (Ritter 1995). Similar results were observed mens were inspected under scanning electron in a comprehensive FEA (finite element anal- microscope (Model S-3500N; Hitachi, Osaka, ysis) study which showed no biomechanical Japan). compromise when horizontally mismatched were compared to matching diameter implant Results abutment configurations in varied clinical scenarios (Pessoa et al. 2010b). Mean SLF values for group REG was The screw and abutment’s design was the Fig. 1. Setup for mechanical tests with crowns posi- 364.34 ± 46.48 N and 361.66 ± 51.76 N for determining factor for restoration failure tioned in a 30° off-axis orientation. HM. The b-values derived from Use-Level rather than the relationship between implant 2 | Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 0, 2011 / 1–4 © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S
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Freitas Junior et al Á Reliability of standard vs. horizontal mismatched crowns Fig. 2. (a) Use Level Probability Weibull for groups REG and HM showing the probability of failure as a function of cycles. (b) Contour plot (Weibull modulus vs. characteristic strength) for group comparisons. Note the overlap between groups showing the absence of statistical difference. and abutment diameter. Screw fracture was is resisted mainly by the abutment screw, nance of bone height around implants have observed in all fatigued specimens and the whereas small amount of stress is dissipated been raised. Because the horizontal mismatch neck area represented the critical point for by the connection (Pessoa et al. 2010a). concept has shown its potential to preserve screw’s endurance due to the shift in geome- As the implant–abutment interface misfit bone levels in in vivo animal (Jung et al. try along its length, regardless of the implant observed in external connections may allow 2008a; Cochran et al. 2009), and clinical diameter. Such prevailing failure scenario bacterial colonization (Duarte et al. 2006) studies (Canullo et al. 2010), this investiga- may be explained by the fact that in an exter- and peri-implant soft tissue inflammation, tion aimed to provide insight into the sys- nal hexagon connection type, oblique loading concerns regarding the long-term mainte- tems mechanical behavior and failure modes. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S 3 | Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 0, 2011 / 1–4
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al Á Reliability of standard vs. horizontal mismatched crowns future assessment and improvement of meth- (a) (b) ods used in different laboratories in the quest to reproduce clinically relevant failures. From a clinical perspective it must be acknowledged that the horizontal mismatch configuration alone and the consequent placement of the unsealed implant–abutment gap away from peri-implant tissues is only one factor playing a role in crestal bone remodeling. Several other factors must be considered, such as the implant–abutment connection type, the implant macrogeometry at the cervical area (presence of threads), surface treatment, implantation time, loading schedules, and others (Shin et al. 2006; Hermann et al. 2007; Coelho et al. 2010). Conclusions No difference in reliability or failure modes of a REG compared to a HM implant–abutment Fig. 3. (a) Chief failure mode in both groups: screw fracture at neck area. (b) Representative SEM micrograph of a external hexagon connection was observed. screw fracture showing typical marks indicating the direction of crack propagation (dcp – black arrow) from lingual Thus, our postulated null hypothesis was to buccal. The white arrows show a compression curl which evidences fracture origin at the opposing tensile side. confirmed. While not adhering to the ISO 14801 implants) the present testing methodology (dynamic fatigue test for endosseous dental was aimed at increasing the database for References Abernethy, R. (2006) The New Weibull Handbook, abutment surfaces. Journal of Periodontology 77: Nelson, W. (2004) Accelerated Testing: Statistical 5th edition. North Palm Beach: Dr. Robert B. 1828–1832. Models, Test Plans and Data Analysis: 493-520. Abernethy. Hermann, F., Lerner, H. & Palti, A. (2007) Factors New York: John Wiley & Sons. Bonfante, E.A., Coelho, P.G., Navarro, J.M. Jr, influencing the preservation of the periimplant Pessoa, R.S., Muraru, L., Junior, E.M., Vaz, L.G., Pegoraro, L.F., Bonfante, G., Thompson, V.P. & marginal bone. Implant Dentistry 16: 165–175. Sloten, J.V., Duyck, J. & Jaecques, S.V. (2010a) Silva, N.R. (2010) Reliability and failure modes of Jung, R.E., Jones, A.A., Higginbottom, F.L., Wilson, Influence of implant connection type on the implant-supported y-tzp and mcr three-unit T.G., Schoolfield, J., Buser, D., Hammerle, C.H. biomechanical environment of immediately bridges. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related & Cochran, D.L. (2008a) The influence of non- placed implants – ct-based nonlinear, three- Research 12: 235–243. matching implant and abutment diameters on dimensional finite element analysis. Clinical Canullo, L., Fedele, G.R., Iannello, G. & Jepsen, S. radiographic crestal bone levels in dogs. 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(2010) Duarte, A.R., Rossetti, P.H., Rossetti, L.M., Torres, graphic vertical bone loss around implants placed Reliability of metalloceramic and zirconia-based S.A. & Bonachela, W.C. (2006) In vitro sealing in a clinical study. Annals of Periodontology 5: ceramic crowns. Journal of Dental Research 89: ability of two materials at five different implant– 137–151. 1051–1056. 4 | Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 0, 2011 / 1–4 © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S
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