2. Reference or Bibliography is one of topics in
thesis making, examiner is very particular
about!
This is all about the correct methodology of
referencing the text in thesis with examples.
3. There are two methods we can use to cite one
is superscript format e.g. 1 & other, enclosed
in round brackets, e.g. (1). Here is example of
type of referencing
Superscript Format
Incidence of acute diarrhoea in children under
5 is 223
Bracket Format
Incidence of acute diarrhoea in children under
5 is 22 (3)
4. When citing more than one source at a
time, the preferred method is to list each
reference number separately with a comma or
dash (without spaces) between each
reference.
Incidence of acute diarrhoea in children under
5 is 22 3,22,90
OR
Incidence of acute diarrhoea in children under
5 is 22 (3,22,90)
5. If the editor of a book is also the authors of
all of the included chapters like Ghai
textbook of pediatrics or Park PSM then it
should be cited as
Standard format
Author/editor. Title: subtitle. Edition. Vol.
Place of publication: Publisher; Year. p. page
number(s).
6. 1.Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive
Medicine. 19th edition. Jabalpur: m/s
Banarsidas Bhanot; 2007. p. 183-188.
(chapter name not included,)
2.Ghai O.P. Ghai Essential Pediatrics: Diseases
of gastrointestinal tract and liver. 7th edition.
Delhi-92; CSB Publ: 2009. p. 260-269. (vol
not applicable here)
7.
8. When the chapters have individual title and
author/s, but are included in textbooks
edited by others.
Standard format
Author of Part. Title of chapter. In: Editor A,
Editor B, editors. Title: subtitle of Book.
Edition (if not the first). Place of publication:
Publisher; Year. page numbers.
9. Ashiok K. Patwari. Diseases of
Gastrointestinal System and Liver: Diarrheal
Diseases. In: A Parthsarathy, editor, IAP
Textbook of Pediatrics, 4th edition vol.2. New
Delhi: Jaypee; 2009. p. 602-608.
10.
11. The Oxford concise medical dictionary. 6th
ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003. p.
26.
12. Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta. Acute
Gastroenteritis in Children. In:
Kliegman, Behrman, Jenson, editors, N
elson
TextbookofPediatrics 18th edition vol.2 N
ew Delhi: Elsevier; 2008. p. 1605- 1618.
13. Assessment of risk & risk management for
water related infectious disease. WHO/UNICEF:
Global water supply & sanitation assessment
report 2000; chapter 1: p. 1-5
14. NFHS-2 (1998-1999) National Family Health
Survey India. International Institute of
Population Science, Deonar, Mumbai, 2000.
15. Capitalise only the first word of an article
title. List the first six authors followed by et
al. if more authors.
If up to six you will have to write all
names (very common mistake we all do).
16. The titles of journals should be abbreviated
as they appear in Medline index. To indicate a
page range use 123-9, 126-34 or 111-222.
If you refer to only one page, use only 111.
17. Author of article A, Author of article B. Title of
article. Abbreviated Title of Journal. year; vol
(issue): page number(s).
Write issue and suppl if applicable
Journal article
1.Sonia Puri, Vikas Bhatia, Amarjeet Singh, HM
Swami, Amrit Kaur. Uptake of newer vaccines in
Chandigarh. Indian J Pediatr. 2007; 74: 47-50.
2.Bandyopadhyay S, Banerjee K, Sharma RS.
Practices of preparation of oral rehydration
solution among mothers reporting to the drug
distribution centers in Delhi. J Diarrhoeal Dis
Res. 1993;11(4):249-251.
18. More than six authors
Lebenthal E, Heitlinger L, Lee PC, Nord
KS, Hodge C, Brooks SP et al. Corn syrup
sugars: in vitro and in vivo digestibility and
clinical tolerance in acute diarrhea of
infancy. J Pediatr. 1983; 103(1): 29-34.
et al after writing names of six authors only if
more than six authors
19. Organization with author
Birger C Forsberg. Diarrhoea case management in low
and middle income countries Bulletin of the World
Health Organization: January 2007, 85 (1) 42-48.
No author given
21st century heart solution may have a sting in the
tail. BMJ. 2002; 325(7537):184.
Volume with supplement
Geraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Tolerability and
safety of frovatriptan with short and long term use
for treatment of migraine and in comparison with
sumatriptan. Headache. 2002;42 Suppl 2:S93-9.
21. When you cite an electronic source try to describe
it in the same way you would describe a similar
printed publication.
Standard format
Author A, Author B. Title of e-book [format].
Place: Publisher; Date of original publication.
Available from : Source. URL.
1. David Werner. Questioning The Solution-
The Politics of Primary Health Care and Child
Survival . Palo Alto CA: Healthwrights
publication; 1997 p. 33-71.Available
from:http://www.healthwrights.org/books/QTSo
nline.htm
22. Journal article accessed from online database
Standard format
Author A, Author B. Title of article. Abbreviated Title
of Journal [Abstract if appliacable]. year [cited year
abbreviated month day];vol(no):page numbers.
Available from: Database Name (if appropriate). URL.
1. Jha N, Singh R, Baral D. Knowledge, attitude
and practices of mothers regarding home
management of acute diarrhoea in Sunsari, Nepal.
Nepal Med Coll J. 2006; 8(1): 27-
30. Availablefrom http://www.pubmed.gov: PMID:
16827086
23. Thamer Kadum Yousif Al Hilfy. Mother’s
knowledge and attitude regarding childhood
survival. MEJFM (abstract). 2007; 5(1): 9-26.
Available from ttp://www.mejfm.com/
journal/Jan2007/MEJFM_Jan2007.pdf
24. The reference list should appear at the end of
paper. Begin the list on a new page. The title
References should be either left justified or
centered on the page.
The entries should appear as one numerical
sequence in the order that the material is
cited in the text of thesis.
25. 1. Ibrahim MM, Aden AS, Omar HM, Wall S, Persson LA. Diarrhoea among
children in rural Somalia. Maternal perceptions, management and
mortality. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1994; 14(3): 215-222.
2. Gutierrez G, Tapia-Conyer R, Guiscafre H, Reyes H, Martinez
H, Kumate J. Impact of oral rehydration and selected public health
interventions on reduction of mortality from childhood diarrhoeal
diseases in Mexico. Bull World Health Organ. 1996; 74(2):189-97.
3. Jha N, Singh R, Baral D. Knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers
regarding home management of acute diarrhoea in Sunsari, Nepal. Nepal
Med Coll J. 2006; 8(1): 27-30.Available from http://www.pubmed.gov:
PMID: 16827086
4. WHO: Readings on diarrhea- student’s manual, programme for
control of diarrhoeal diseases. WHO. 1994, Geneva. p. 3-5.
5. Ghosh S, Sengupta PG, Mandal SK, Manna B, Sikder SN, Sirkar
BK. Maternal behaviour and feeding practices as determinants of
childhood diarrhoea: some observations amongst rural Bengalee
mothers. Indian J Public Health. 1994; 38(2): 77-80.
26. Ed Edition
et al and others
No number (series)
p page/pages (book)
Suppl Supplement
Vol volume (book)
