This document discusses the role of technocrats in development. It defines a technocrat as an expert in technology who makes managerial or administrative decisions based on technical information. Technocrats play important roles in economic development through new inventions, building new industries, and using expertise in management, finance, and marketing. The document also examines different perspectives and theories of development, including the roles of technology, social change, politics, and economics.

1. UHS 2032
TECHNOCRAT AND
DEVELOPMENT

2. Lecture 1
• Technology
• The Meaning of Technology
• The word technology derived from the Greek word
“technologia”. Techne – art/craft and Logos –
word/speech
• During the 17th century.
• Technology was claimed as the discussion on applied
arts and objects/tools
• Early 20th century.
• Technology include the ways, processes and ideas on
the whole production of an object.

3. Meaning Of Technology
• In the middle of 20th century
• Technology was refer as the activities where
man change and manipulate its environment.
• 21st century
• Technology is a broad concept that deals with
„usage and knowledge of tools and crafts‟ The
ability to control and manipulate the
environment. Knowledge that people used to
extend human abilities to satisfy human needs
and wants for human comfort.

4. WHO IS TECHNOCRAT
•Technocrat is an advocate of
technology, an expert in some
technology especially one in managerial
or administrative role.
•An individual who makes decisions
based solely on technical information( a
skilful scientist)

5. TECHNOCRAT CRITERIAS
• A person who has been educated in science and
technology.
• Technologically trained.
• Has power and authority either in the public or
private sector.
• Do the planning, a policy and decision maker.
• Practice his skill and knowledge continuously

6. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION OF
DEVELOPMENT
• From the verb „to develop‟ – to change gradually, progressing
through a number of stages towards some sort of expansion
improvement or completeness.
• In 19th CENTURY.
• The sociologist of the 19th century ( Auguste Comte, Emile
Durkheim, Max Webber and Karl Marx) perceived development with
the transformation of society or mankind from one stage to another
according to their economic activities.
• Example.
• Auguste Comte:
• Society transformed from primitive society – herding society –
holticulture society – peasant society – industrial society – post
industrial society.

7. Development – Early 20th Century
• Development is considered as a social
transformation. After the 2nd world war the
colonial powers began to accept the need for
social and economic development. It includes
the non-economic sectors:
• Education.
• Health.
• Transportation.
• Moral and Values. Etc

8. Development from Social
Perspective
• A concern of the well-being of individuals or group of
peoples/societies.
• A new concept of the state of development.
• A. Concern with mankind.
• B. Conceived as a state of human well-being rather than as the
state of the national economy.
• C. „Man-centered‟ development. There are two main ways.
• 1. Increasing concern about the non-economic aspect of
development.
• 2.concern with the distribution of the benefits of development.
• DUDLEY SEERS – „DEVELOPMENT‟ to refer both to the process of
change and the state resulting from this process.

9. Development From Secular
Perspective
DUDLEY SEERS WROTE:
The questions to ask about a country‟s
development are therefore:
1. What has been happening to poverty?
2. What has been happening to
unemployment?
3. What has been happening to inequality?

10. • Michael P. Todaro perceived development
as a process of changes in the economic
and social system. It is not only to
increase percapita income but it includes
changes in social
institution, administrative structure, public
opinion, culture and beliefs/religion.

11. • If all three of these have declined from
high levels, then beyond doubt this has
been a period of development for the
country concerned. If one or two of these
central problems have been growing
worse, especially if all three have, it would
be strange to call the result „development‟
even if per capita income doubled.

12. DEVELOPMENT- POLITICAL
PERSPECTIVE
• Concerned with the distribution of power
between different groups or individuals,
particularly the power to control or make
decision about the usage of resources.

13. • Development = Modernization.
• Most third world countries consider that
development is equal to modernization. In order
for a country to develop it has to follow the
WESTERN countries.
• Due to the perception that modernization =
westernization.
•

14. • Development – industrialization
• For a country to develop it has to change
the economic activities from traditional
economy to industrial economy.
Industrialization is part of modernization.
So for a country to become a develop
country it has to change its economic
activities.

15. DEVELOPMENT ISLAMIC
PERSPECTIVE
• Muhammad Akhir and Hailani
• „Development in Islam is based on values
orientations. It‟s aimed is to develop the social
welfare of the ummah in every aspects‟
(moral, material and personal development)
• TWO STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
• STAGE 1 : INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT
• STAGE 2 : PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

16. • Development process begins with moral, spiritual and mental
development.
• Man as an active agent of transformation.
• Man are responsible for the success and failure of their life in this
world or world after (akhirat)
• RESPONSIBILITES towards:
1. ALLAH
2. MANKIND
3. SELF
4. ENVIRONMENT

17. BASICS DEVELOPMENT IN ISLAM
• THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF EVERY
INDIVIDUALS
• 1. TO DEVELOP THE COUNTRY
• 2. OVERCOME DEVELOPMENT OBSTACLES
• 3. DEVELOP MUSLIM CIVILIZATION
• 4. NOT TO ACCEPT SECULAR AND WESTERN
CIVILIZATION THAT ARE FORBIDDEN BY ISLAM

18. ISLAM- DEVELOPMENT GOAL
• 1.The important of Personal and Individual
• development.
• 2. Increase the quality of human life.
• 3. Sustainable Development
• 4. Innovation in new technology that benefits
mankind.
• 5. Stimulate productions which benefits the
nations.
• 6. Reduce dependency to other countries and
build integration among Islamic Countries.

19. SECULAR- DEVELOPMENT GOAL
• 1. Increase National Income and Percapita
Income.
• 2. Innovation on new technology.
• 3. Reduce poverty, exploitation and
inequalities.
• 4. Increase the quality of human life.
• 5. Increase the country economy.
• 6. A good life - world

20. DEVELOPMENT MEASUREMENT
• Gross National Product /Gross Domestic Product
• GDP is defined as the value of all (final) goods
and services produced in a country in one year
by the nationals, plus income earned by its
citizens abroad, minus income earned by
foreigners in the country. The total amount will
be divided with the total numbers of population
in the country.

21. DEVELOPMENT MODELS.
• CAPITALISM.
• A social system based on the principle of
individual rights – free market.
• DYANAMIC CRITERIA OF CAPITALISM
• 1. INDIVIDUALLY OWNED
• 2. LAISSEZ- FAIRE
• 3. PROFIT MOTIVE

22. SOCIALISM MODEL
• The Economic criteria of socialism.
ALL IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES ARE OWNED BY
THE STATE.
• STRICT CONTROL ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT.
• LABOUR SYSTEM ARE CONTROL BY THE STATE.
. AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES ARE CONTROL BY
THE STATE AND IS WORKED COLLECTIVELY.

23. THE ROLE OF TECHNOCRATS IN
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION OF ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
• Economic Perspective:
• Increase in output of goods and services.
• Technologist Perspective:
• Refer to transformation of technology from
simple and traditional technology to application
of scientific knowledge.

24. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION OF
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• From the perspective of the industrial sector:
• The transition from using man and animal power to machine.
• Management perspective:
• Division of labour, profit and loss, wages system and training.
• Political point of view:
• There are two views:
• i. DEVELOP COUNTRIES.
• - has a mechanism to strengthen it political influence internationally.
• - has a mechanism to widespread capitalism and socialism economy.
• ii. UNDER DEVELOP COUNTRIES.
• - to avoid/stop the country from being exploited by other countries.

25. THE ECONOMIC FACTORS TO
DEVELOP A COUNTRY
• 1. Increase savings, investment and usage of
new technology.
• 2. Develop agriculture activities.
• 3. Increase export.
• 4. Develop human resources (training and
retraining)

26. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• Economic development is important to fulfill the basic needs.
• 3 basic needs.
• 1. Consumption goods (food, clothing and shelter)
• 2. Basic services (Education, health, clean water supply and
electricity)
• 3. The right to participate in one‟s own development. The right to
productive employment.
• All these 3 basic needs can only be obtained through economic
activities.

27. TECHNOCRATS ROLE
• 1. New invention – for internal and
external market.
• 2. Build new firms and industry – more job
prospects.
• 3. Expert in management, financial and
marketing.

28. Discussion on other countries
experienced
• 1. Germany
• 2. Australia/New Zealand
• 3. * MALAYSIA

29. THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT
• MODERNIZATION THEORY
• The 3rd World Countries are backwards due to:
• 1. CULTURE
• 2.ATTITUDE
• 3. MENTALITY
• WALT ROSTOWS‟ STAGE THEORY
• The stages of development.
• 1.The traditional society.
• 2. Preconditions for take-off.
• 3. Take-off.
• 4. The drive to maturity.
• 5. The age of high mass consumption.

30. DUAL ECONOMIC THEORY
• The discussion is on the existence of two
sectors. A relatively advanced sector and a
relatively backward sector.
• Such as CAPITALIST and SUBSISTENCE.
• MODERN and TRADITIONAL.
• URBAN and RURAL

31. DEPENDENCY THEORY
• The international system as comprised of two
sets of state.
• 1.METROPOLITAN (CENTER)
• 2.SATELLITE (PERIPHERY)
• The dependency of the satellite states towards
the metropolitan states cause the satellite states
underdeveloped

32. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Transformation of society/mankind is
related to technological development.
• Changes in social system –
behaviour, social interaction, personality
and culture is also related with technology
changes.

33. THE DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT.
• 1. UPGRADE THE SOCIAL QUALITY OF LIFE
• There are 5 elements:
• 1. Health Care.
• Technocrats involved are Health Directors etc.
• 11. Food and Water Supply
• 111. Education.
• 1V. Housing
• V. Social Welfare and Services

34. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Political development is perceived as a
prerequisite towards economic
development.
• Political development is important as
development of a country depend on
political stability.

35. THE DIMENSIONS OF POLITICAL
DEVELOPMENT.
• 1. Develop the Political Institutions and systems
• i. to develop political parties:
• a. political leaders/elites.
• b. functions of political parties.
• ii. Government machinery
•

36. • 2. Increase the Public Involvement in
political process.
• 3. National Intergration.

37. TECHNOCRAT AND PROFESSIONAL
ETHICS
• Definition – Ethics
• 1. Rightness or wrongness of the behaviour or actions of
people who work in business organization.
• 2. The kind of behaviour expected by society or specific
group over and above legal requirements. (Law, norms,
religious principles)
• 3. Critical analysis of human acts to determined their
rightness or wrongness in terms of two major criteria:
TRUTH AND JUSTICE

38. • EX. UNETHICAL BEHAVIOUR – CRITERIA OF
TRUTH.
• - false report.
• - hiding a person wrong doings.
• EX. UNETHICAL BEHAVIOUR – CRITERIA OF
JUSTICE
• - gain credit from other people work.
• - being bias to clients due to personal interest

39. UNETHICAL ACT BY THE
PROFESSIONAL
• 1. CORRUPTION
• 2.CHEAT
• Examples. False documents
• False information
• Through advertisement.

40. PROFESSIONAL ETHIC CODE
• Function of the professional ethic code.
• 1. Inspiration and guideline.
• 2. as a support system
• 3. discipline
• 4. uphold professional‟s prestige and image
• 5. to with stand harmony in the society