1. Argumentation Supporting a Claim

2. Argument A logical, well-thought-out presentation of ideas that makes a claim about an issue and supports that claim with reasons and evidence

3. Four Basic Parts of an Argument Issue Claim Support Refutation

4. Issue An issue is a controversy – a problem or idea about which people disagree. When choosing an issue, be sure that it is arguable – one that people have differing opinions on. Don’t argue a pointless argument.

5. Claim A claim is a statement that tells readers your position on the issue. It is best to state your claim in a strong thesis early in the essay. You need a clear and specific claim to build a convincing argument.

6. Claim and Audience Analysis Agreeing Audience – focus on your shared viewpoint and build emotional ties with audience. Neutral or Wavering Audience – establish your credibility, engender readers’ trust, and present solid evidence. Disagreeing Audience – establish common ground and use logical line of reasoning.

7. Support A reason is a general statement that backs up a claim; it answers the question, “Why do I have this opinion on this issue?” You need to support each reason with evidence.

8. Forms of Evidence Facts Statistics Examples Personal experience Expert testimony

9. Refutation Acknowledge Accommodate Refute

10. Acknowledge You admit that the other side exists and have considered it.

11. Accommodate You acknowledge the readers’ concerns and incorporate them into your own argument.

12. Refute You demonstrate the weakness of the opponent’s argument.

13. Conclusion Restatement of claim Final appeal to needs or values Urges readers to take action

14. Create your own argument… State the issue and your claim on the issue. Provide support. reasons Evidence Refute the opposing argument. Conclude.