1. China, Resources, and the Circular Economy Center for Industrial Ecology Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies 耶鲁大学森林与环境学院产业生态学中心 Prof. Marian Chertow Presentation to: Mandarin China – Yale Educational Travel October 2008

7. Primary energy consumption, 2007 Source: BP Statistical Review, 2008

8. Oil, coal, natural gas supply and demand Oil Natural gas Coal Production Consumption Source: BP Statistical Review, 2008

10. “ Industrial ecology is the study of the flows of materials and energy in industrial and consumer activities, of the effects of these flows on the environment, and of the influences of economic, political, regulatory, and social factors on the flow, use, and transformation of resources.” Defining Industrial Ecology Robert White NAE 1994

11. From a traditional perspective to an -industrial ecology perspective Industrial System Natural System Natural System Economic System

12. Industry Embedded in Nature Source: R. U. Ayres, 1993 REALM OF THE MARKET water for drinking, washing, cooking & sewage irrigation water respiration, transpiration ozone for combustion (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle) photosynthesis rain recycling water for flotation minerals, fuels food, fiber nutrient recycling to landfills, oceans ground water, rain photosynthesis soil organisms, pests, etc. algae bacteria fungi worms insects birds etc. surface, ground from public or unowned land from private property cultivation & husbandry on private land hunting, fishing, grazing on common land air for combustion combustion products garbage, refuse, sewage products, services AGRICULTURE & FORESTRY SUN AIR SCENERY, "ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONING” HOUSEHOLDS & "PERSONAL CONSUMPTION” WATER MANUFACTURING, CONSTRUCTION, TRANSPORT DISTRI- BUTION SERVICES WASTE DISPOSAL BIOTA MINING & DRILLING decay orga- nisms industrial wastes process water

13. Natural System Economic System Economic System Natural System Natural System Economic System

18. A new industrialization model…for reconciling China’s twin goals To increase economic growth and social welfare 2000 2010 2020 2050 To decrease resource consumption and pollution Revised from: Prof. Zhu Dajian

23. Enterprise level flows - A profile Waigaoqiao Power Plant Power Station Industrial Activity: Power generation Footprint/Physical Size: 144 hectares MATERIAL INPUTS 5.9 million tons/year high sulfur coal ENERGY REQUIREMENTS N/A (Energy producer) WATER REQUIREMENTS 14*10 10 L/year saltwater (cooling) Freshwater (purified) for steam PRODUCTS 14.8 Billion kWh per year Electricity NON-PRODUCT OUTPUTS/WASTES CO 2 16 million tons/year SOx 105,000 tons/year NOx 140,000 tons/year Elevated temperature wastewater 14*10 10 L/year Fly Ash & Bottom Ash 570,000 tons year Waste solvents (cleaning) Waste oil

24. Material Chains: Guitang Group, Guigang City, Guangxi Autonomous Region Source: Q. Zhu and R. C ô t é , 2004

25. “ In an industrial ecosystem, the consumption of energy and materials is optimized, waste generation is minimized, and the effluents from one process serve as the raw material for another” R.A. Frosch, and N. Gallopoulos, Strategies for manufacturing Scientific American, 260 (3), 144, 1989

26. Sludge (treated) Liquid Fertilizer Farms Cement; roads Fish farming Water Water Water Fly ash Heat Scrubber Sludge Gas Steam Steam Sulfur A-S Bioteknisk Jordrens Sludge Steam Cooling water Statoil Refinery Lake Tissø Boiler water Yeast slurry Recovered nickel and vanadium The Industrial Ecosystem of Kalundborg, Denmark Energy E2 Power Station Pharmaceutical Municipality of Kalundborg District heating Wall-board Plant Sludge (treated)

30. Identifying Circular Flows in Tianjin TEDA

36. CE Implications: China Iron Cycle 2004 Data Source: Tao Wang, Yale Univ. Design: B. Reck

37. Per capita iron stocks in industrialized countries provide clues about future iron use Müller et al., PNAS, 44 , 16111-16116, 2006)

38. E-waste recycling in Guiyu – the nightmare

39. MFA Taizhou Chiho-Tiande Metals in 2006 250,000 tons scrap electric motors 150,000 tons steel scrap 45,000 tons copper scrap 20,000 tons scrap silicon steel sheets 30,000 tons secondary aluminum 2% solid residues to be disposed of

43. 物盡其用 Wu (4) Jin (4) Qi (2) Yong (4) 人盡其才 Ren (2) Jin (4) Qi (2) Cai (2)