1. The female and
male reproductive
systems ensure the
sexual maturation
of each individual
and produce cells
necessary to
propagate the next
generation.
2. The reproductive
systems of the male
and female have
some basic
similarities and
some specialized
differences. Most of
the reproductive
organs of both sexes
develop from similar
embryonic tissues
and are therefore
homologous.
4. Both male and
female
reproductive
systems have
gonads: ovaries in
females (which
produce oocytes)
and testes in males
(which produce
sperm). In
addition, these
gonads also
produce sex
hormones.
6. The sexual union
between a male and
female is known as:
copulation, coitus, or
sexual intercourse.
7. Puberty is associated with activation of the male and female
reproductive systems to a functional state: males can produce sperm
and females experience first menstrual bleeding (menarche). Puberty
is initiated by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and by the
anterior pituitary gland.
8. Both systems have gonads that produce gametes and sex hormones,
and both systems are latent until puberty. However, males have
continuous sperm production after puberty while females have a
relatively fixed number of ova released periodically.
9. Females have a “relatively” fixed number of ova released
periodically after puberty and before menopause.
10. In both males and females, the perineum, is a diamond-shaped area
between the thighs. Note the anterior triangle (urogential triangle),
which contains the urethral and vaginal orifices in the female and the
base of the penis and scrotum in males. The posterior triangle (anal
triangle) is the location of the anus in both sexes.
12. Vesicouterine
pouch
The parietal peritoneum dips down between the uterus and the bladder to
form the vesicouterine pouch. It also dips down between the uterus and
the rectum to form the rectouterine pouch (Douglas’ cul-de-sac)
14. Syringe inserted into vagina with the help of a speculum and forceps
uterus
Culdocentesis to remove fluid to diagnose Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease (PID).
15. The primary sex
organs are the
ovaries. The
accessory sex
organs include
the uterine tubes
(Fallopian tubes),
uterus, vagina,
clitoris, and
mammary glands
16. The ovaries are solid,
ovoid structures
positioned in the upper
pelvic cavity on both
sides of the uterus.
They are slightly
larger than an almond.
17. A double fold of the
peritoneum, called the
mesovarium, attaches to each
ovary and secures it to the
broad ligament.
18. Each ovary is anchored to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament by an ovarian ligament,
which is the superior portion of the round ligament of the uterus.
19. Blood vessels of
suspensory ligament
The suspensory ligaments
attach to the lateral edge of Each suspensory ligament
each ovary and project contains an ovarian artery,
superolaterally to the ovarian vein, nerves, and
pelvic wall. smooth muscle.
24. The inner lining of the Fallopian tube (mucosa) is coated with cilia that propel the
egg towards the uterus. The muscular wall of the Fallopian tube (muscularis) also
carries out peristaltic contractions to aide egg movement. The serosa covers the
outside of the Fallopian tube.
25. Note that the sperm cells must migrate against the flow created by
the cilia in the Fallopian tube.
26. If implantation occurs outside the uterus, an ectopic pregnancy
occurs. An egg getting stuck in the Fallopian tube (tubal pregnancy)
is a common site for such ectopic pregnancies. See the clinical view
27. The uterus is a thick-walled
muscular organ shaped like an
inverted pear. It is where an
egg normally implants.
28. Normally (see below), the uterus is angled anterosuperiorly across
the superior surface of the bladder, a position referred to as
anteverted. If the uterus was tilted posteriorly towards the rectum, it
would be called retroverted.
29. The uterus provides a site for implantation of the pre-embryo,
nourishes the developing embryo/fetus, expels the fetus at birth, and
sheds its inner lining every month if pregnancy does not occur.
35. The uterus is supported by the muscles of the pelvic floor, the round
ligaments, the transverse cervical ligaments, and by the uterosacral
ligaments.
46. The vagina (Latin for “sheath” or “scabbard”) is the organ that
receives sperm during intercourse and also is the exit during
menstruation and parturition.
47. The vagina is about 3.6 inches long and extends from the vaginal
orifice to the cervix. The uterus attaches at nearly a 90 degree angle
Vagina
48. The vagina
Sperm deposited in the
is the
vagina quickly
copulatory
encounter the egg in the
organ of
Fallopian tube so
the female
fertilization can occur.
49. Note that females, unlike males, have an open road from their
vagina all the way to their peritoneal cavity. This makes PID more
likely.
FINISH
START
50. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
is a common cause of infertility and
ectopic pregnancies because it either
narrows or blocks the Fallopian tubes.
51. A wet suit should be
worn to prevent
contaminated lake
water being propelled
by hydrostatic
pressure up the
vagina, uterus, and
Fallopian tubes into
the peritoneal cavity
when a female water
skier falls. The is also
a concern in high
velocity water slides.
Pelvic inflammatory
disease could result.
52. The inner lining of the adult female vagina is slightly acidic
Vaginal rugae
53. female Vaginal rugae
allow
considerable
stretching of
the vagina
during coitus.
The vagina of
an adult female
is normally
acidic because
of the normal
flora bacteria
that thrive in
the vagina.
male
54. The vaginal orifice may be partially, or completely, obstructed by a
thin membrane called the hymen (maidenhead).
55. Different appearances of the hymen. It may be torn by activities
unrelated to intercourse and an intact hymen is NOT a sure
indication of virginity. If desired, it can easily be removed by
minor surgery in a doctor’s office.
56. Retained menstruation by an imperforate hymen (hematocolpos) in a
female who has just reached puberty
75. Each mammary gland is
composed of 15-20 lobes,
each with its own drainage
pathway to the nipple
76. Milk is produced
in the alveoli in
the lobes of a
lactating female,
which is then
collected into
tiny ducts. These
ducts merge into
lactiferous ducts,
each of which
expand into a
lactiferous sinus
near the nipple.
The milk is then
ejected from the
nipple.
77. Stimulation of the
maternal nipple is
essential in promoting
production and release
of milk. Read about
lactation and after pains
in your text if you desire.
81. Types of
mastectomies.
In the older
women who are
present in the
cadaver lab,
radical
mastectomies
are common.
Hopefully, this
will become
less common in
the future.
82.
83. A 45-year-old
female physician
who died of
metastatic breast
cancer (note
bilateral radical
mastectomy).
Observe the
numerous tumors
that are easily seen
under the skin and
rupturing through
the skin.
92. The primary sex
organs are the
ovaries which
produce eggs
(ova) and the
female sex
hormones
estrogen and
progesterone.
These sex
hormones
increase at
puberty and
decrease after
menopause.
93. Secondary sex
characteristics are
features that are not
essential for the
reproductive process, but
generally are considered
to be sexual attractants.
Examples are body
physique, pattern of body
hair, breast development,
etc.
94. Venous drainage is identical to that seen with the testes. Note the
right ovarian vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava while
the left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein.
95. Blood is brought to the vaginal walls by branches of the internal
iliac artery.
96.
97.
98.
99. Females are
more prone to
dysfunctions and
diseases of the
reproductive
organs than
males.
100. Gynecology is the
specialty concerned
with dysfunction and
diseases of the female
reproductive system.
Obstetrics deals with
pregnancy and
childbirth. Many
doctors do both
(OB/GYN)