3.2 Results of Stress Photos

The Results of Stress...
1
Mr. Silva
Thursday, December 4, 2014

The Results of Stress
• High pressure and temperatures caused by
stress in the crust generally deform rocks.
• When stress is applied slowly, the deformed
rock will return to its original shape.
• In extreme stress, rock becomes so
deformed it may bend, tilt or break.

Folding
• When rocks respond to stress by becoming
permanently deformed without breaking it is
called folding.
–Folds vary in size
–There are 3 general types of folds.

3 General Types of Folds
• Anticline:
Upfolding or arching in which
the oldest layer is in the center of
the of the fold
Oldest layer of rock

Anticline
5

• Syncline:
is a linear downfold in which the youngest layer
is in the center
Youngest layer of rock

Syncline
7

• Monocline:
is a step-like fold in which both limbs remain
horizontal or vertical.
Different layers
rem
aining
vertical

Monocline
9

Faulting
• When rocks break due to stress instead of
fold.
– Joint: no movement in the rocks along either
side of a break.
– Fault: when rocks do move
– Fault plane: surface of a fault where any motion
occurs
– Hanging wall: rock above the fault plane of a
nonvertical fault
– Footwall: rock below the fault plane of a
nonvertical fault

3 Types of faults
• Normal fault: hanging wall moves down
relative to the footwall along divergent
boundary
• Reverse fault: compression causes the
hanging wall to move up relative to the
footwall
• Thrust fault: fault plane is a low angle or
nearly horizontal & hanging wall is pushed
up over rock
• Strike-slip fault: rock on either side of the
fault plane slides horizontally at transform
boundaries

Mountain Formation
• Mountain Range: a group of adjacent
mountains with the same general shape and
structure.
Mount Everest
Himalaya Mountains

Mountain Formation
• Mountain System: a group of adjacent
mountain ranges.
Great Smoky Mountains
Green Mountains
Appalachian Mountains

Mountain Formation
• Mountain Belts: the largest mountain
system are part of two still larger systems.
Eurasian- Melanesian
mountain belt
Circum-Pacific
mountain belt

Plate Tectonics and Mountains
• Both circum-Pacific mountain belt and the
Eurasian- Melanesian mountain belt are
located along convergent plate boundaries.
• Evidence that most mountains are formed
from plate collisions.
• Ding Ding: Convergent Plate
Boundaries build mountains!!!

Collision between Continental and
Oceanic Crust
• What do we know happens when continental
and oceanic crust collide?
• What do we know happens when crust
overlap each other? What can happen?
• This will cause
large scale deformation.
Continental
Volcanic Arcs!!!

Collision between Continental and
Oceanic Crust

Collision between Oceanic and
Oceanic Crust
• One plate usually submerges below the
other and will cause a volcanic island arc.
Mariana Island in the
North Pacific Ocean

Collision between Oceanic and
Oceanic Crust

Collisions Between Continents
• Mountains can also form when two
continents collide.

Collisions Between Continents

Review
• What is folding? What type of deformation?
• Name three folds...
• What is faulting? What type of deformation?
• Name four faults...
22

Review
22
Rock deformed without breaking...Ductile

Review
22
Anticline, Syncline, Monocline

Review
22
Rock deformed by breaking...Brittle

Review
22
Rock deformed by breaking...Brittle
Normal, Reverse, thrust, and Strike-Slip

Review
• What boundary are most mountains formed?
• What boundary do strike-slip faults occur?
• What convergent plate boundary are the
tallest mountains formed?
23

Review
23
Convergent Plate Boundaries

Review
23
Transform Fault Boundaries

Review
23
Transform Fault Boundaries
Continental-Continental

3.2 Results of Stress Photos

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3.2 Results of Stress Photos