1. Practical Scaling and
Sharding
Eliot Horowitz
@eliothorowitz
MongoSF
May 24, 2011

2. Scaling by Optimization
• Schema Design
• Index Design
• Hardware Configuration

3. Horizontal Scaling
• Vertical scaling is limited
• Hard to scale vertically in the cloud
• Can scale wider than higher

4. Replica Sets
• One master at any time
• Programmer determines if read hits master
or a slave
• Easy to setup to scale reads

5. db.people.find( { state : “NY” } ).addOption( SlaveOK )
• routed to a secondary automatically
• will use master if no secondary is available

6. Not Enough
• Writes don’t scale
• Reads are out of date on slaves
• RAM/Data Size doesn’t scale

7. Why Shard?
• Distribute write load
• Keep working set in RAM
• Consistent reads
• Preserve functionality

8. Sharding Design Goals
• Scale linearly
• Increase capacity with no downtime
• Transparent to the application
• Low administration to add capacity

9. Sharding and
Documents
• Rich documents reduce need for joins
• No joins makes sharding solvable

10. Basics
• Choose how you partition data
• Convert from single replica set to sharding
with no downtime
• Full feature set
• Fully consistent by default

11. Architecture
Shards
mongod mongod mongod
...
mongod mongod mongod
mongod mongod mongod
Config
Servers
mongod
mongos mongos ...
mongod
mongod
client client client client

12. Typical Basic Setup
Data Center Primary Data Center Secondary
S1 p=1 S1 p=1 S1 p=0
S2 p=1 S2 p=1 S2 p=0
S3 p=1 S3 p=1 S3 p=0
Config 1 Config 2 Config 2
mongos mongos mongos mongos

13. Range Based
• collection is broken into chunks by range
• chunks default to 64mb or 100,000 objects

14. Choosing a Shard Key
• Shard key determines how data is
partitioned
• Hard to change
• Most important performance decision

15. Use Case: Photos
{ photo_id : ???? , data : <binary> }
What’s the right key?
• auto increment
• MD5( data )
• month() + MD5(data)

16. Initial Loading
• System start with 1 chunk
• Writes will hit 1 shard and then move
• Pre-splitting for initial bulk loading can
dramatically improve bulk load time

17. Administering a
Cluster
• Do not wait too long to add capacity
• Need capacity for normal workload + cost
of moving data
• Stay < 70% operational capacity

18. Hardware
Considerations
• Understand working set and make sure it
can fit in RAM
• Choose appropriate sized boxes for shards
• Too small and admin/overhead goes up
• Too large, and you can’t add capacity
smoothly

19. Download MongoDB
http://www.mongodb.org
and let us know what you think
@eliothorowitz @mongodb
10gen is hiring!
http://www.10gen.com/jobs

20. Use Case: User Profiles
{ email : “eliot@10gen.com” ,
addresses : [ { state : “NY” } ]
}
• Shard by email
• Lookup by email hits 1 node
• Index on { “addresses.state” : 1 }

21. Use Case: Activity
Stream
{ user_id : XXX, event_id : YYY , data : ZZZ }
• Shard by user_id
• Looking up an activity stream hits 1 node
• Writing even is distributed
• Index on { “event_id” : 1 } for deletes