2. Gender Measurements
 United Nations has come up with two ways to measure the
gender inequality in each nation
 Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) compares the
level of development of women with that of both sexes
 Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) compares the ability
of women and men to participate in economic and political
decision making

3. Gender Related Development Index
 Compares same indicators as HDI
 Economic, Social, & Demographic indicators
 Adjusted to reflect differences in accomplishments of men
verses women
 Penalizes a country for having a large disparity between the
well-being of men and women.
 Example: Iran Education and Saudi Arabia Income

4. GDI Cont…
 Scored out of 1.0.
 No country has achieved that.
 Norway had a .941 in 2001
 Lowest GDIs are in sub-Saharan Africa

7. Record 2 observations
about the GDI Map

8. Economic indicators of GDI
 Estimate the average
income for males and
females
 Every country males are
higher
 In MDCs a gap of $12,000
or more is common
 In LDCs dollar gap is small
but percentage is high.
(low income for both)

11. about the Female Income
Map

12. Social Indicators: Education
 Education and Literacy are main points
 Large education gap in LDCs, especially in secondary
schools.
 LDCs boys are more likely to be enrolled
 MDCs girls are more likely to be enrolled
 Sub-Saharan Africa/Middle East: fewer than 1/3 of girls
attend school

14. about the school enrollment
Map

15. Social Indicators: Literacy
 MDCs: Literacy universal between men and women
 Latin America: Literacy not universal but similar between
men and women
 Sub-Saharan Africa/Southwest Asia: Female literacy is very
low in comparison to males.
 Both a cause and an obstacle to development

18. Record 2 observations
about the literacy maps

19. Demographic Indicators of
GDI
 MDCs: gender gap is greater than in LDCs
 MDCs women live substantially longer than men.
 LDCs women live a little longer than men
 Female life expectancy in LDCs is due to the health risks of
child bearing

21. about the Life Expectancy
map

22. Gender Empowerment Measure
(GEM)
 REPEAT: Measures the ability of women to participate in the
economic and political process of a country.
 Combines two economic indicators
 Income
 Professional/technical jobs
 Combines two political factors
 Administrative jobs
 Elected officials

23. GEM Cont…
 Scored out of 1.0
 No country has achieved that.
 Lowest GEMs are LDCs
 Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia
 Highest GEMs are MDCs
 North America, Northern Europe, Oceania
 Every country has a lower GEM than GDI
 Meaning… women possess great share of a country’s
resources than they do power over allocation of resources.

25. Record 2 observations
about the GEM Map

26. Economic Indicators of
GEM
 Percentage of women holding professional and technical
jobs.
 Regarded as jobs offering women the greatest opportunities
for advancement to positions of influence.
 Cultural barriers may restrict the ability of women to obtain
or secure promotions

28. Record 2 observations about the
Professional/Technical workers Map

29. Political Indicators of GEM
 FIRST: Percentage of administrative and managerial jobs
held by women
 Measures the ability of women to influence decisions

31. about the Management
Map

32. Political Indicator of GEM Cont…
 SECOND: Participation in politics
 More women vote than men around the world
 No country has a congress or parliament with more women
 North Europe women comprise 33% of national parliament
 United States women comprise 15% of National government

36. Record 2 observations
about the Parliament Map

37. Comparing GEM and GDI
 Every country has a lower GEM than GDI
 A high GDI compared to the GEM means that women
control a greater share of the power in a country.