OLED SCREENS

© Stella Morabito - ECP - MSTM 2008 -
1
March 2008

Summary
• What is an OLED?
• How does an OLED create light?
• OLEDs types
• OLEDs vs LCD
• The OLEDs global market
• OLED TV market
• TV prototypes
• Other OLEDs uses
2
March 2008

What is an OLED?

Source: http://www.hometheatermag.com/gearworks/0704GWoled/

An OLED or Organic Light Emitting Diode is a light emitting device based
on the principle of electroluminescence of organic crystals.
An OLED is a solid-state semiconductor device that is 100 to 500
nanometers thick or about 200 times smaller than a human hair.

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March 2008

OLEDs Device operation principles

By courtesy of Homer Antoniadis

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March 2008

How do OLEDs create light?

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March 2008

OLEDs structure
The two-layer structure

Magnesium-silver (10:1)
Lithium-Aluminium

Polyfluorene

Polyaniline

Indium-tin-oxide (90%+10%)

550 nm


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March 2008

OLEDs structure
The multi-layer structure
The multi-layer structure of OLED consists of several layers of organic
materials sequentially deposited on glass substrate, each layer having a specific
purpose that serves to enhance device quality and performance.
The schematic representation of an ideal/standard OLED device is shown
below.

Source: http://sanjaykram.blogspot.com/2007/10/organic-semiconductors-small-molecules.html

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March 2008

History of OLEDs development

• In 1979 Chin Tang discovered electroluminescence in the research
department of Kodak. During his work with solar cells he observed a blue
glow of organic material.
• The technology of current OLEDs was developed by Eastman Kodak
starting in 1987 (Tang and Van Slyke)
• The first OLEDs were organic light diodes from small molecules (SM-
OLED).
• In 1990 electroluminescence in polymers was discovered.
• Cambridge Display Technology developed OLEDs on the basis of polymers
(P-OLED or PLED).

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March 2008

Two technological options
SM-OLEDs and P-OLEDs
Small Molecules = SM-OLEDs Polymer OLEDS = P-OLEDs
• Technology developed by Kodak since • Technology developed in 1990 by
1987 Cambridge University in the UK
• Small molecules have to be deposited • Spin off into a private company:
onto the glass by vacuum deposition  Cambridge Display Technology (CDT)
expensive • P-OLEDs allow the solution of organic
• Heating necessary  not all the material in liquid Production process
compounds can stand heating (glass is not can be spin coating or Ink Jet printing 
an option) inexpensive and easy to industrialize
• Moisture and oxygen sensitivity of the • Flexible supports (plastic) possible 
compounds more options than glass only
• Most suitable for small screens • Still lag behind SM-OLEDs in picture
• Used in some cell phones made by quality
Motorola and in car stereos made by • The technology has been licensed to a
Pioneer Electronics. variety of companies including Philips,
Seiko, Epson and OSRAM.

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March 2008

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March 2008

Passive Matrix – PM-OLEDS
• Strips of of cathode and strips of anode arranged in a perpendicular way
• The intersection forms the pixel where light is emitted
• External circuitry illuminates any chosen pixel in the array by driving the
appropriate row line and column line
• A video image is created by sequentially scanning through all rows and columns,
briefly switching on the pixels needed to display a particular image
• The brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of current applied

Source:
http://www.scienceofspectroscopy.info/edit/index.php?title=OLED_(Fr)

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March 2008

Active Matrix - AM-OLEDs
• Each pixel is addressed by at least two TFT (thin-film transistor) transistors, which
provide brightness and on-off control by addressing the pixel in a row/column
format
• The transistor circuits retain the state (on/off) and level (intensity) information
programmed by the display electronics.
• Therefore, the light output of every pixel is controlled continuously, rather than
being quot;pulsedquot; with high currents just once per refresh cycle.

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March 2008

Which uses for
PM-OLEDs & AM-OLEDs?
PM-OLEDs AM-OLEDs
• Suitable for 2-3’’ screens • Suitable for large displays
(cellphones, PDA, MP3) (computer monitors, TVs)
• Consume more, due to the • Consume less, because TFT
power needed for external array requires less power
circuitry than external circuitry
• Easy to produce • Faster refresh rates 
suitable for video
• More expensive
• Brighter and sharper images

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March 2008

OLEDs Acronyms….

TOLED
SM-
SM-OLED
POLED PhOLED
RCOLED
SOLED
PLED
FOLED
PM-OLED
AM -OLED
WOLED

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March 2008

OLEDs for dummies…
AM OLED Active Matrix OLED device
FOLED Flexible OLED
OLED Organic Light Emitting Diode/Device/Display
PhOLED Phosphorescent OLED
PLED Polymer Light Emitting Diode
PM OLED Passive Matrix OLED device
P-OLED Polymer OLED (Cambridge Display Technology)
RCOLED Resonant Cavity OLED (provides a purer color in the
forward direction along the viewing axis of the OLED)
SM-OLED Small Molecule OLED (Kodak)
SOLED Stacked OLED
TOLED Transparent OLED
WOLED White OLED
15
March 2008

OLEDs vs. LCD
• Self-emitting light, in contrast to the required backlight for LCD
• High brightness and contrast (1.000.000 : 1, against max. 10.000 : 1)
• Lightweight and thin (less than 2 mm)
• The support can be plastic (instead of glass)
• Capable of wide viewing angles（~170°)
• Low operating voltage and power consumption
• Quick response (~ μ second level, instead of 8 msec.) No “trailer” effect
• Wide range of operating temperatures (-40 to 85 )
• A simplified manufacturing process compared to LCD

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March 2008

OLEDs vs. LCDs
A simplified manufacturing process

OLEDs

LCDs
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March 2008

OLED vs. LCD
Thinner, lighter, faster, brighter

18
March 2008

OLEDs are already on the market!

Philips- Norelco Sensotec Kodak's EasyShare LS633
zoom digital camera sports
an AM550L 2.2quot; OLED
active-matrix display.
Kodak boasts that the
Cell phones with AM
This razor has a Polymer- display is so good that you
OLEDs
based OLED display don't need a PC to own
showing battery life and one! Photo: Kodak
shave-sensitivity settings.
When switched off, it acts
as a mirror!
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March 2008

OLEDs market shows strong growth


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March 2008

OLED Market 2004-2005

Revenues 2005
USD 600 mio

Source: DisplayBank
• 2004: 37 mio units
 Korea = 16 million units
 Taiwan = 11 million units
 Japan = 7 million units
 Others = 3 million units
• 2005: 61 mio units  global mkt. growth of 65%
 Korea = 22 million units
 Taiwan = 27 million units
 Japan = 8 million units
 Others = 4 million units
• Leading makers from Korea, Taiwan and Japan control over 90% of the market
• China has reached in 2005 half the production of Japan
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March 2008

OLED TV Market 2006 - 2013

• Sales of the first 11’’ OLED display by Sony began in December
2007 in Japan.
• The set is sold in the US since January 2008 for USD 2500

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March 2008

Problems OLEDs have to overcome

• Lifetime  shorter than other technologies
• Moisture and Oxygen  cause major damages
• Manufacturing processes  still expensive

This requires innovations in materials :
chemistry will decide about the future and the success
of the OLED technology.

23
March 2008

LG at CES 2007

The 2.2-inch A220A screens boast QVGA
resolution (240 x 320) and 262,000 colors
AM-OLED A220A screens
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March 2008

Samsung at CES 2007 & 2008

Samsung's prototype 40-inch OLED TV
at CES 2007
• Resolution : 1280 x 800
• Brightness : 600 cd/m²
• Contrast ratio : 5000 : 1
Samsung's 14-inch prototype at CES 2008
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March 2008

Samsung at CES 2008

TV sets that are a mere 3cm thick, or less

31’’ OLED

• Resolution: 1080p
• Contrast : 1.000.000 : 1
• Life expectancy : 35.000 hrs.
• Planned for 2009/2010

26
March 2008

Sony at CES 2008
XEL-1 - 11’’ OLED 27’’ OLED

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March 2008

Sony at CES 2008

11’’ XEL-1 27’’
• Resolution : 960 x 540 • Resolution 1920 x 1080
• Contrast : 1.000.000 : 1 • Contrast: 1.000.000 : 1
• Thickness : 3 mm. • Thickness : 10 mm.
• Expected life-time: 30.000 hrs. • Brightness: (peaks) 600 cd/m²
• Selling price: USD 2500 • On the market by 2009
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March 2008

OLEDs make light!

Makoto Tojiki’s “Archimedes Dream”

OLED illuminated surfaces
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March 2008

OLEDs make light!

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March 2008

Uses & advantages of lighting OLEDs
USES
• Replace conventional light bulbs 
 OLEDs do not get hot
 They are flexible so they enable original designs
 OLEDs can change colours and brightness at the press of a button
• Light emitting wall papers
• Lighting windows
• Lighting ceilings

ADVANTAGES
• Energy consumption reduction by 50%
• OLEDs do not contain mercury
• OLEDs can be disposed of like glass

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March 2008

Customize your keyboard!
GAMES
• Since each key has an OLED display it is not game dependant.
Below is an image of the Optimus keyboard setup to run
Quake.

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March 2008

Optimus OLED keyboard will change
keyboards forever…

LANGUAGES AND ALPHABETS
Roman QWERTY Russian

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March 2008

Customize your shortcuts
• Keyboard icons can look anything you want
• Keyboard is OS independent (open-source keyboard)
• Optimus keyboard is still expensive (379 € the 1 active button
in
configuration; 1259€ with 113 active buttons)

34
March 2008

You said OLED keyboard?
OLED keyboard: easier for control towers than for gamers???

35
March 2008

The future

Fully flexible displays Eye catching packaging with
changing information content

Customizable touchpads for
Korean mobile market

Concept watch

Paper-thin lighting that can be 36
applied to whole wall surfaces.

The future

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March 2008

Bibliography
• ANTONIADIS, Homer, Overview of OLED Display Technology, OSRAM Opto Semiconductors,
http://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/cpmt/presentations/cpmt0401a.pdf
• BYLUND, Anders, Steve Abramson is OLEDing the way, in The Motley Fool, http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2007/09/26/steve-
abramson-is-oleding-the-way.aspx, September 26, 2006
• FELTON, Michael J., Thinner, lighter, better, brighter, in Today’s Chemist at work,
http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/tcaw/10/i11/html/11felton.html, November 2001
• FREUDENRICH, Craig, How OLEDs Work, in Howstuffworks, http://computer.howstuffworks.com/oled.htm
• HECKER, Dr. Klaus, Brochure on Organic Electronics, OE-A, Organic Electronics Association, VDMA Verlag, 2006
• ISRAELSON, Joshua, Powering OLEDs: the care and feeding of organic displays,
http://www.edn.com/article/CA480492.html?text=OLEDs, November 2004
• SMITH, Peter, OLED Displays: Better Than Plasma Or LCD, http://www.siliconchip.com.au/cms/A_30650/printArticle.html
• TOON, John, Biasing Spin Statistics: Research Explains How to Boost the Efficiency of Polymer Organic Light-emitting Diodes (OLEDs),
Georgia Institute of Technology, http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/newsrelease/oleds.htm, April 2, 2004
• Kodak’s OLEDs Tutorial, http://www.kodak.com/eknec/PageQuerier.jhtml?pq-path=1473&pq-locale=en_US&_requestid=4214
• Site Cambridge Display Technology: http://www.cdtltd.co.uk/
• Site OLED-Display : http://www.oled-display.net/
• Site OLEDomains : http://oledomains.blogspot.com/
• Site OLED-Info : http://www.oled-info.com/
• Site EDN Asia, Ruling the Roost : http://www.ednasia.com/article-17749-rulingtheroost-Asia.html, 2005
• Site IDTechEx : OLED Lighting Has a Bright Future, http://www.idtechex.com/products/en/articles/00000551.asp
• Site Practical Home Theater Guide: The Contrast Ratio Game, http://www.practical-home-theater-guide.com/contrast-ratio.html
• Site The Science of Spectroscopy : OLED, http://scienceofspectroscopy.info/edit/index.php?title=OLED
• Site Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/
• European project OLLA, High Brightness OLEDs, site: http://www.hitech-projects.com/euprojects/olla/

38
March 2008

Little reminder of screen resolutions

VGA = Video Graphics Array (original
IBM VGA display technology, which
became a de facto industry standard in
the late 1980s
QVGA = Quarter Video Graphics Array

39
March 2008

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