منظومة الدعاية تحت حكم بن علي - الكتاب الأسود
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الكتاب الأسود الذي أصدرته دائرة الإعلام و التواصل برئاسة الجمهورية التونسية (المنصف المرزوقي) والذي كشف من خلاله عن أزلام المنظومة الإعلامية لبن علي
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منظومة الدعاية تحت حكم بن علي - الكتاب الأسود
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- 6. :ا ّتا ا ّاّ ا ّاّ : ا ّا نو قا ّ ع ا : ا ا ........................................................................... 162 ا ّ ا دي وا ا م ا ة" و ات "ا : ق ا ّد دي ............................................................. 762 ا ّا ........................... 572 ا ّاّ ّا دة :اّ ّ ا ّ :ا ا ّآ ر "ا نا ّ .......................................... ّ تا ّ م وا ا ......................... 742 552 ري ا ّ ر )آ ا ا ا ّأي ا ( زو " ............................................ و دا .................................................... آ وا ّ ................................................................ را ا " و ّ اّ م ّ "ا ب" ّ آ "ا ّ ّ ا آ ......................................................................... أ ا أ ا ا آ آ ................................................................... .................................................................. ا ّ ................................................................ ا آت– ي- ا ا ا م) ن ي ...( .......................................... ا –ا ر ...................................................................... ا ري ............................................................... .................................................................. آ ................................................................ ّه ( ................................................ )ا ّ ................................................................... ا ر ...................................................... حا ......................................................................... ذ ّ ّ ............................................................ ................................................................. ّ ا 6 772 582 792 992 103 203 303 503 603 903 113 413 613 813 323 423 623 723 033
- 7. ر ............................................................... م ري ا ري .............................................................. رك ................................................................ ّ ا ة .................................................................. ا ّ ي ................................................................. آ ل ا و ................................................................ اوي ............................................................ ا را ّ ا ................................................................... ................................................................... رق ا ............................................................... را ................................................................... ا ر .................................................................. .................................................................. لا ا رو ........................................................ ا ر ّ ................................................................. ا ري ................................................................ د ا ّوادي ................................................................ ّ ................................................... ي ّ 7 133 433 533 633 933 043 143 243 343 443 543 643 743 843 943 053 153 253
- 13. : אú א א א א (Agence Tunisienne de Communication Extérieure) ) ( . ATCE " " " ) .( : ATCE 13 "
- 14. (1 2006 STB ( ATCE ) 2 ... STAR CTN T.Télécom BH BNA (2 ATCE ATCE . ( ) (3 . : " Réalités" 15 10 "L’Economiste Maghrébin" " " "Le Temps" 12 (2007 14 3)
- 15. (4 ( ) . :( ) " • ATCE " 500 « L’épopée illustrée de la . Tunisie » 2010 • " 3000 " " " . 38.500 " " 2008 • 4 « Jeune Afrique » " La Tunisie d’aujourd’hui " 75 3000 ATCE 3000 ATCE . " ." • 200 ATCE " " " " Non Delanda Carthago : " " • " "Carthage ne sera pas détruite ATCE . 15
- 17. (2 . (3 50 . (4 . (5 . (6 . (7 " " : " " " ) " 2005 " « ANB » 1 " / " " / " " " " " " " " " / « ANN » .( « ART » « New TV » « « BBC « LCI » . 17 " (8
- 18. /"NBN" / " ") " (9 " ("Deutsche Welle" /"New Tv" /"ANB" ..." " " " " " " " (10 " " ... " " (11 . ATCE :2 : 18 (1 (" " " " " " " " " " " " : " " " " .(( ") " )" " " " ( )" ) " " " " " " ( " )" " (2 " ." (3 . "BBC World" "LCI" (4 18
- 20. (9 . (10 Associated Presse UIP Reuters AFP . (11 . (12 " " . (13 ATCE . 20
- 21. " " " " " :1 " " " " " " " .Reuters " " : 2 "Le Monde" ATCE . ATCE . (14 . (15 . (16 ( " ) " " " 21 ) " "
- 22. " " " " (... (17 " " " " " ... " " " (18 . (19 ) .( " " " ." " " 22 (20
- 23. www.changement.com : : . (21 (22 . (23 ATCE . : " 8 " " "ANN" " 2006 ATCE ." " 18 ) " " " " .(" " (24 " PRP " – ( ) "Image 7" .(( ) " Arab Média " – ( : ) " AZ Consulting " – ( ATCE News " "ANN" "NBN" "Anb" 23 (25 ) )
- 24. (" " )" " " " "TV . : ) – (... (... – ) ( – ) ( – (... " – – ) " " " " " ) - . " – " – – – . – - . : " 2008 France 24 " " " " .Anb " 24 " "
- 25. ATCE ATCE . ( ) : • . • ) ) ) (... ( ) ( (2009 2005 ) 2001 – – 2004 1994 – – 2006 2002 1998 ) (... 2010 ... (2005 . )" • " • " .(2009 " • ." " 25 " "
- 27. ATCE UPI : (1 ." " (2 . . 39.935 50 ) (3 .2009 ( ATCE UIP (4 . (5 . . 13.770 . ( " ) ( ) ( ) (1 . . 12.980 " (2 . (1 . " . 19.583 " (2 . .2009 60 27 (3
- 28. ATCE (1 . " . 24.974 " ATCE ( (2 ) . . 72 (1 (2 . (3 . " . 41.397 (4 " ) ) " " .(" " " " .(" " (5 " " )" ) " (" 280 " (1 " .(" (2 . (3 . 48.220 . ( " (4 ." (5 " ." 28 " " )
- 29. ATCE . 9.126 (" " . ) 2009 44 ( ) – . 6.601 2009 ) 51 .ATCE " (" ) 36 . 3.883 2009 . ( 24 ) 2009 . 7.119 . (2011 . 10.352 « anb » . 320 . 48.434 14 . ( (1 2009 (2 29 ) ( )
- 30. ATCE " " " ") (" " " " " " " " " " ... " " " " " ." " " " (3 . " (4 ." (5 . 2009 (6 " " ) " " " " .(" " (7 . ATCE . 14.639 56 .2009 (1 (2 . . 9.790 (1 Transcription des ) 30 ( )
- 31. ATCE (conférences de presse .( ( (2 .( 3) . 47.000 . 14.573 . 13.860 . 12.941 . 11.805 . 11.647 . 10.780 . 10.780 . 9.680 . 9.593 . 9.458 . 9.411 . 9.240 . 9.020 . 8.470 . 8.400 . 8.360 . 8.360 . 8.310 31 )
- 32. ATCE . 8.250 . 8.235 . 7.920 . 8.092 . 7.719 . 7.590 . 7.480 . 7.285 . 7.119 . 7.087 . 7.087 . 7.040 ) . 7.040 (2010 963.384 . 106.616 32 2009
- 33. ( 2009 ) ATCE ( ) ) 8,474 1 ( ) 43 9,500 2 ( 9,047 ) 3 ( 737 " Image 7 " : AZ " – ( ) " PRP " – ( ) " Arab Média " – ( ) "Consulting ... ( ) 4 : 376 ) ( 1,818 ( ) . : 2009 33 5
- 35. (" Jeune Afrique " )" " " . - " " " " ) : " " " " " " " " " " .( ( ) . : " " " " 48 " " . 2006 " 20 " " ATCE - 2010 - " . (PDP) 35
- 37. ( ) 2006 (4 " 2006 BBC ATCE " . ."87/11/7" LCI )" " " " (5 ( Google Earth Wikipedia : : WIKIPEDIA . : GOOGLE - : : Keyhole • Markeup Language ( ) . " " : • . " " • .Dailymotion Youtube ) (6 ATCE " " .( " : 37 " *
- 40. " " (2010 ) 3 " " 1 ATCE . 300 2 " " " " " ") (... " " : " " " " (1 2500 ANB 5000 . " . 45 150 " (2 2010 (3 "Gango Investments" ) " Marco Gannouna " 40
- 41. ATCE " " " (Les adresses IP) " ATCE ATCE .(" " –3 ") " " " " " " " (... " " –4 . " " " –5 " " 2010 " 17 ATCE " " ) 11/010 .( " " 41 2010 23
- 42. : " " ) " " ( ( )" " - ) " " ( .( ) " )" " - " .2005 ( " ATCE " " " " " ATCE . . 3 ATCE :( ") " " 2009 (" " " ) " " " . 42 "
- 43. : ATCE " " ATCE ( ) 7 1992 1993 Nicole Ladouceur & Luc Dupont La Tunisie une démocratie naissante L’Euro-Mediterraneita della Tunisia di Ben Ali Ben Ali, à l’enseigne des grands défis 1995 2002 Gateana pace ( ) : 1995 3 ) ( 1997 1999 Les défis de Ben Ali 2005 1997 1997 Tunisie, Le destin recouvré 1998 Un rêve plus loin- Carnets 1998 1998 tunisiens Salvatore Lombardo (Art-Sud Un printemps tunisien ) ( ) 2000 La revanche de Carthage 2007 Chroniques Tunisiennes 1999 Ben Ali et le modèle Tunisien 2002 Valentin Mbougueng 43 La Tunisie en Afrique
- 44. ( 2006 Instiutions et vie politique en ) Tunisie La Tunisie émergente une voie 2009 pour l’Afrique Ben Ali, l’éthique au service 1999 politique 1999 1999 ( 1999 ) 2001 : 2001 : 1999 2000 ( ) ) 2000 ( 2000 ( ) ) 2000 ( 2000 2000 ATCE La Tunisie à l’orée du nouveau millinaire Démocratie et Droits de l’Homme en Tunisie Marceau Bigéni 44
- 45. 2001 2001 René Blanchot & Marceau Bigéni La Tunisie de Ben Ali et le partenariat Euro-Mediterranéen John Marks & Mank Ford Tunisia : Stability and growth in the new millenium 2002 2004 2002 : 2002 2004 2002 2002 2003 ( ) Pour un développement solidaire, l’expérience de la Tunisie Vincenzo Paracasi L’approccio tunisino alla solidarita 2003 2003 La Tunisie de Ben Ali, les défis de l’émergence Yves Brissette Luc Dupont La Tunisie, exemple de pays éclairé Tunisia, a journey through a country that works 2000 2003 Georgie Anne Geyer 2004 Tunisie, un pays qui avance 45
- 46. . 2003 Z.A. Ben Ali, les grands changements 2003 ( 2004 ) Ben Ali, l’Homme des promesses tenues 2004 2004 : 2005 ( ) (" 2005 " ) " ) (" ) ( " " ) 2005 " " ( 2006 ( ) 2006 2007 L’épopée illustrée de la Tunisie Le miracle tunisien : Les réalisations et les réformes du Président Z.A. Ben Ali Sergey Filatov ( ) 46
- 47. ( 2007 2007 ( ) ) : ) 2007 ( " : " : 2008 ( ) De la dérive au sursaut : La Tunisie de Bourguiba à Ben Ali 2008 2008 Laura Lathan Ben Ali à l’enseigne des grands défis 2009 Robert Khayat Z.A.B.Ali, bâtisseur de la Tunisie moderne 2008 François Becet Tunisie, porte ouverte sur la modernité 2007 Antoine Sfeïr Tunisie, terre de paradoxes 2009 Andrew Borowiec ( ) 47 ( )
- 50. (41 (42 (43 (44 (45 (46 ATCE . : " " " " " " " ANN . " 2007 ) 2009 (ATCE " " – – ) – – .( 50 –
- 51. ATCE 2009 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – (PSL) – ( – 51 – – – – (RCD) – (PUP) ) ) – ( – – – – – – (MDS)
- 55. (1 2010 . 676 ( . 468 Le Qoutidien . 676 ( . 676 ) La Presse ) Le Renouveau ( ) Le Temps . 676 ( ) . 572 . 676 ( ) . 520 . 468 . 364 . 65 Tunis Hebdo . 65 Tunisia News . 104 . 104 . 43 . 146 . 113 . 195 . 48 . 104 . 41 . 156 . 52 . 83 55
- 56. 2010 . 52 L’Observateur . 52 L’Expression . 52 . 32 . 32 . 32 . 32 . 32 . 28 L’Economiste Maghrebin . 7 Tourisme Info . 8 La Gazette Touristique . 24 . 6 La Gazette du Sud . 24 Manager . 26 Nuance Magazine . 60 Nos Enfants . 7 Profession Tourisme . 24 Sciences Plus . 9 Tunivision . 15 . 12 . 12 . 9 . 6 . 12 56
- 57. 2010 . 12 . 24 . 18 . 48 . 30 Livret Santé . 18 . 18 Femme de Tunisie . 100 ( . 36 ( ) Univers sport ) Planet Magazine . 9 . 15 . 30 . 12 . 9 The Tunisian Digest . 30 . 6 . 2 . 14 : "Le Renouveau" " " ( ( " " 57 )
- 58. "Le Temps" . " " " " " " " " " " " " . ( : ATCE . 950 ( ) . 1250 . 625 ( ( ) . 625 . 1250 " ) ( ) ( ) " ( .(PDP) " STB CTN " ( ) Tunis Air ) ( ( " Planet Magazine .( ) 58 "
- 60. " 2010 %90 " ( . : (3 : 2006 : ATCE 1.571.000 7 39.000 21 654.000 800.000 (2007 ) 2.264.000 : " 2010 %100 %75 "21 " " " " ." 7 : " – II : .ATCE .1 .2 . 60
- 61. .3 . : .1 . .2 .ATCE .3 . ATCE ATCE " " Tunis Air . : ATCE Arabies, Arabies Trends, Editions : Arabies .( ) 120.000 ... , Autres temps : Afrique-Asie ) Jeune Afrique 2005 ( ( . 323.300 . 18.800 ) Afrique Magazine 61
- 62. 19.500 J.A 285.000 200.000 Tunis Air A.M . (" 104.000 ") " Réalités" " " ) 52.000 156.000 .( : (" " ) " " 159.000 Tunis Air 65.000) 15.000 .00080 .( (2009 43) "Arabies" " " "Trends" .(" ) 400 " Arabies " ( ) 1 " " ." 236 62 Afrique " " Magazine ( ) 2
- 63. 240 " Afrique Asie " ( ) . 670 " Jeune Afrique " ( ) . 119 30 + . . 3 : "La Tunisie : Pourquoi ça marche ? " . . " 4 IC " " Publications African Business – ) New African – The 5 ( Middle East ( ) ) 2009 " " – – " " – " . 110 –" – (... 63 –" –" –" " " "–" "–" "–" (" ) " " " 6
- 64. 500 " – 2009 ) " . 400 – – – " " ) "Monday Morning" 7 "La Revue du Liban" ( ) 7 – – (... 15 ) (ATCE . 50 38 . 35 . 33 . " " " " " . – " (... 240 8 9 " ( ) " (" ) 10 –" 30 ) – 2009 " . 110 " (... 64 " ( " ) 11
- 65. 22 2009 . 20 " " ( " ) 12 ." 177) – . 66 .(2009 partenariat " "Maghreb Europe 13 12 37 Challenge " ATCE . 50 "Hebdo ( . (2010 ) ATCE " (MBC 600 300 ( " "ANB TV" ) ) "ANN TV" ( ) 65 . 2,525 14 )
- 66. 300 150 100 ( ) "New TV " ) )" ( ) "NBN" 48 . " ( 75 . " ( 28 ( " "Radio Soleil" ) Radio France " "Maghreb ( ) 83 24 ( . 33) . " Radio Montréal" 150 400 . Radio Tounes " "Bledi "Arabies" 670 Jeune Afrique 400 240 236 . 180 200 + . Afrique Asie 3,745 Afrique Magazine 240 110 " " " " 66
- 67. 110 . " " IC Publications 68 II Dialogo 66 Partenariat Europe Maghreb 50 Middle East Online 60 . 119 Tunisie Plus 50 Challenge Hebdo 50 20 00216 Magazine 5 10 10 10 10 15 20 10 15 10 10 10 2500 10 10 35 67
- 69. א úא ªא א : ªא א א מ" א ªא א א " : " " " ) ( . 96 "
- 72. " " (" " – "Le Temps" – " "–" "–" ") . " " " " " ." " " " " " " : (1 ) .(2007 (2 ... " " " " " " ... " ." " . " " ATCE 72 " (3 ATCE " " (4
- 77. " 2000 ) " " " " . " (2008 " • "Bertrand Delanoe" .2008 " " • " " " " . " " ." (2 2008 " " " " " ) ( . (3 2008 ATCE ) 1992 " ( " " " . : " " " " " " . 77 " "
- 78. " " " " . "L’Observateur" " : (" " ) " " (2 " . " ATCE " " " " " . : " 18 " . " " " " " " .( 13 2008 ) "France 24" 2010 ." " " 78 " " "
- 79. " " " " " 2010 " " .( )" ATCE " " .2009 : (" ." " " " ) (3 " : . (1 "... ": ": ) " ... (2 (3 " " .( . . . : (" " ATCE " " ) " " " (4 " " 2005 25 " " 79 "
- 82. : 2009 . . : (ATCE ) )" (6 " .( 2006 CNN " " " " . ) 2007 15 12 )" " ( )" .(( )" " (ATCE – : " " 82 " (7
- 83. ) 2008 " " ( " " "Le Renouveau" "La Presse" . ATCE . : ("Mosaïque" 2003 ) (8 " 1995 " "Mozaïque" . . 2009 "Mozaïque" ." :( " ) (9 ATCE . : " (10 " ATCE . 83
- 85. ) " " (2002 – ." " " " " " ." " " " 2002 " " " ." " " ATCE – 1997) – 1999 – 1998 – 1996) (.. 2003 – 2000 (.. 2002 – 2001 – 2000 . . 2010 19 : " ." :( ) .ATCE 85 (15
- 86. 2004 . " " ." " ) :( (16 RCD " " ) – – " – " " " – (... : ("La Presse" " ) " (17 2006 " " . :( " ) (18 " . " " " ATCE " " " 2010 . 86 " "
- 88. : (" " ) (21 1986 " " " 1988 " . ." 1988 " 2000 " ." " : (" " " ) (22 . " " " " " " . : (ATCE ( ) (23 ) ATCE " " : ) .(" 88 "
- 89. " " ) .(" " 2009 ATCE ( ( ) ( ) ) 1.142 1.954 .( :( 1.509 ) 2.813 ) (23 . :( " ) " 2009 ." ( (24 " " " ) (25 " Harmonies " .( .. "La Presse" ) (26 :( " ." " " 89 " "
- 90. 2008 " 2009 . " 2008 1988 ) 1992 ( . : (" " ) (27 ATCE " 20 " " " 2006 . 2007 Défi Media ."Le Temps" " 90 "
- 91. . "L’Expression" :( .. ) (28 2010 . ) (29 :( " " " " . : (30 . : ) 1990 /" " " 6 " « La Rousse » 1999 .( " ." " 91 "
- 93. " " )" " " ( "7 ." . " " : (33 . " " " " ("Le Temps" – " " ") "–" " " " " " "BBC" ." " . " 1992 ATCE " " 2004 " ) (1999 " 2004 " . " " " " " " " " " " " . 93 "
- 95. : (TH-Com ) (37 « Leaders » " " " " .2009 : (" " ) (38 .ATCE " " ... " " 2007 ATCE . 2009 . " ) (39 : (" " " " " "Le Quotidien" " La Presse" ."L’Action" (1984 " )" " " "Réalités" 1991 95 1988
- 96. "Le Figaro" "Libération" . "Le Soir" " 1997 " " " " " " " ."J.A" " " . " " . 7 " ( " 2008 ) . " Le " " " "La Tunisie, La dérive de l’extrême gauche" " " " "Temps France 24 . " "Le soleil" " 2005 ATCE " 19 Le Canada doit éviter tunisien" (Quebec " ) "de cautionner le régime ATCE . 96
- 97. 2000 ATCE ( 3000) "Non Delanda Carthago : Carthage ne sera pas détruite" " "La Roche" 2002 " " " " " " : 2006 " " " 11 " " " Par ce livre, mon objectif premier et final consiste à restaurer l’image de marque de notre pays et de notre Président" : " " " (40 " . ." . ATCE :( " " " ) " 97 (41 "
- 98. . : 2000 " " 21 " " " " " " " " 2000 3 " " . " " . " 22 2000 " : . " " * * " " FIJ . * .(2000 ) 98
- 99. . " " . 2002 11 2002 13 2002 13 ( ) . " " .2000 " 3 " " " . " " " " " " "La Presse" . . " " " " . 99
- 101. " " : . : (" " " la Presse " – SNIP . . ) (43 ATCE " " Laurent " " Josette Durrieu" 2007 "Pfaadt . 2008 12 " " " "La Presse" " 8 2008 " " 11 " ."La Presse" : ATCE (44 "L’épopée illustrée de la Tunisie" 500 . – Sun-Media 50 ) (45 ( " 21 " 1987 101 7
- 103. ) "Le Temps" .( " ATCE " . . ) .( "J.A" 22 " ." 2007 " 2007 21 " " " " " " "Le Temps" " " " La dérive intégriste " " (" ") " "d’Al-Jazira . 103
- 104. LTDH Friedrich Ebert " " " " " " 2007 " 22 . : " " (48 2009 " " . ) (49 :( (*) " " Guido Dorso" " " . " 1970 (... 104 " " "Guido Dorso" – ) (*
- 105. :( ) (50 2009 ATCE ."Tunis Press Network" : ." (51 " " " ATCE (2009 72) " " " " " " " )" .(" " " " " " " " " ATCE " . : (" " ) " 3 (52 " ATCE . 105
- 106. :( ) (53 ATCE "Middle East Times" " " ATCE . : ("Réalités" ) – "Imprimerie Maghreb edition"- "Réalités" : " (54 ) "Maghreb Media" ("Maghreb formation" " " " : " ." " " . . ( 3 ) ."Réalités" . . 106
- 108. : * ATCE ATCE 18 48 2007 40 80 2008 40 80 2009 2009 20 . " " . " " "Réalités" : " 156 " "Réalités" . 1000 ( . 52 . 2000 ) ( :( . 104 ) " " ) (55 " " 2014–2009 . 108
- 111. " " ." ) Middle East on-line 2008 15 " (" " ") (ATCE . " " " ." "Afrique Asie" ) : 1 " " 2009 "La Gazette du Maroc" : 2 .( 2009 2008 " 12 " " " " 2009 ... " " " " " " " ) : (" " " " " " " (58 " " " 2008 .ATCE " 2008 111 "
- 113. 39 .2009 :( ) (63 ATCE " (" " " ) " " . 48 ATCE .2009 :( ) (64 ATCE 44) " 2009 " .(" " ) : (" (65 " ATCE 51) " 2009 " .(" ) " (66 " : (2010 ATCE " " .(2009 " 36) 113 " "
- 114. ) (67 :( ATCE 24) .(2009 :( ) 320) (68 ATCE " " (2009 ... " " " " " " )" " " " . (" " . " " " " ) " " .(" 48 2009 " 2009 ATCE . (71 (70 – :( " (69 ) (72 ATCE . 114 "
- 115. :( (2009 ) 56) (73 ATCE . ‘ : (Tunis Hebdo ) (74 : (75 . " " . " " . ) IV (76 :( De la dérivé au sursaut : La Tunisie de Bourguiba à " 3000 ATCE . "B.Ali 3000 : 2007 115 (77
- 116. " " ." " :( ) (78 ATCE " ." " " : (79 2005 . " " ) ) (82 /( ) (80 ) (81 / ( (83 /(7 :( 21 2007 7 . :( ) " " (84 " " 2009 . 116
- 117. :( ) ." (85 " - 1996 .(Agence de la Francophonie) "2000 " ." 1999 " " " " - " " " ( ) . (88 / ( :( ) (87 / ( ) ) (89 / ( (86 ) " " " " " .2009 " :( ) (90 " ." 117
- 120. ( ) ) ( ( 14 15 ) 16 ( ) ( 17 ) 18 : 1996 . 1996 " " : 2009 2004 1999 – – (1 . – – : – – . : . : (2 (3 – – – (4 . – – . – RCD 120 (5 :
- 121. . : : (6 – (7 – (8 – . – – – – – – – .... ) .( . 20.000 21 (Sté Ben Duran) (" (" (1 " " ) ) (3 (ATCE ) (4 (ATCE) ("21 (5 " (" ) " (7 ) (" " " ) (10 ) " ( (11 ) (12 ) 121 (8 (9 ) ( ("7 (6 ) ( (" (2 (13
- 122. (" " ) (" (14 " ) (" " ( (15 ) (16 ) (" " " (17 " ) ( (18 ) ) ( (19 (20 (" La Presse " ) ( (21 ) (" " (22 ) (" " (23 ) (24 (25 ( ) ( (26 ) (27 ("L’Economiste Maghrebin") ( (28 ) (" (29 " ) (30 (" La Presse " ) (31 ) (32 (" " (" " ) (33 (ATCE) (34 ( ) (" 122 " ) (35 (36
- 123. 21 (" (" " " ) (1 ) (2 ATCE ( ) (1 (2 (3 ( ) (4 (5 (6 (7 (8 (9 (10 (11 ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ( (12 (13 (14 ) Valentin Mbougueng (15 ) Desirée Belaiche Haddad (16 123
- 124. * ATCE : (" " ) (1 "La Presse" " " . . :( " " " ) (2 " " " " " ." " " " 2008 2008 . " ATCE " ." " ATCE 2008 .2008 ("Arabies" ) Julien Hawari (3 "Arabies" 300 . 124
- 125. " " ( ) . "Arabies Trends" " " 50 " " ATCE . " " "Julien Hawari" .2009 : (FIJ " ) " " 2007 (4 " FIJ " " " " . ." " " " . . 125
- 128. 300 . . " " : 249 : . ." 192 " 30 27 . : ("Le Figaro Magazine" "Michel Olivier " ATCE " " / = ) Michel Olivier (6 .. = ) / / = " / = .( " = " ) (7 :( . 128 "
- 129. ATCE . " " 220 " " " " " " " " . : ("Afrique Asie" ) (8 «A.A» ." " " " .1987 ATCE 2009 " 43 ATCE . 129 " 7
- 131. " " " " " " . : ("France 3" " ) Christian Molard (12 " ATCE . . 2007 " " "Fr3" ) ( " " " ." ) " " .( :( " " ) (13 . 2007 ." " " ." 131 " "
- 132. " " " " ." " . :( ) (14 , ATCE . " " 41 . : ("Valeurs Actuelles" ) Fréderic Pons (15 " ." 2007 ATCE " ATCE " ATCE " " . (" Jeune Afrique " ) Danielle B. Yahmed (16 "J.A" 2007 : . 132
- 133. . 50 20 100 . . . 4 ) .( : ) 1.370 670 2007 .( "J.A" 1000 156 ) 312 2000 .( 140 ) Tunis Air .( 70 ATCE "La Tunisie d’aujourd’hui" 2005 3000 3000 ( ATCE 75) . 133
- 134. : ("Afrique Magazine" ) (17 2007 ATCE : . 50 20 ATCE . . . ) 236 ATCE . «A.M» ( 400 .2009 :( ) Antoine Sfeïr (18 Tunisie, terre de " " " "paradoxes " " " " " " " ." ATCE .( ) 2000 134
- 135. " 2009 " La Tunisie, rempart contre la déferlante " ) «Le Figaro» . ("intégriste dans la région : (" Daily star " ) (19 " ." ATCE . . ATCE " 50 " ." " ATCE . :( " " ) " " ." 135 " 50 (20
- 137. :( " " ) (23 ATCE . :( " " ) " (24 " 2004 " " 2001 . : (" " ) (25 ) ATCE – Tunis Air Tunis Air (... 30 . : 29 " " 2010 France 24 TV5 Montécalo Montécalo ATCE . 137
- 138. : « The international Herald Tribune » (26 " " "1987 7 " " ... " . ) Guy Mettan (27 :( ATCE 2009 6 5 La Tribune de " "L’AGEFI" "Genève ( ) " " " ." :( 15 " ) ART " (28 ATCE ." " ) Middle (29 : ( east online 2002 ATCE 138
- 139. 50 1987 2009 7 ." " " Image 7 " (30 ATCE . : " Image 7 " (1 . "Alain Pouzillac" ) "Anne Meaux " (2 (Fr24 TV5 RF1 Fr 24 . : "NBN" "ANB" (31 ATCE . : (1 ATCE " 139 "
- 140. " " " . " : " " " (2 ANB " : ) 7 ANN ANB .( " . ANB : 500 " ATCE (32 Paleya ." " :( ) François Becet (33 2009 ATCE « la Tunisie, porte ouverte sur la modernité» 140
- 141. : Robert Khayat (34 2009 ATCE .« Z.A. B.Ali, bâtisseur de la Tunisie moderne » :( ) Enzo Orlanducci (35 . " : (" Financial Times " " ) Laura Lathan (36 2009 ." " 2009 ATCE "Ben Ali à l’enseigne des grands défis" . :( : " 40 ) Valentin Mbougueng (37 " La Tunisie émergente une voie pour l’Afrique (1 Ben Ali et le modèle Tunisien (2 La Tunisie en Afrique (3 Institutions et vie politique en Tunisie (4 " ATCE " . 141
- 142. : 2008 RF1 " (" " ") .ATCE ) Gaetana Pace (38 :( .2001 " " " " Norman Academy .(Knight of solidarity) ) Andrew Borowiec (39 :( "The Washington Times" " 2009 " "21 . 50 " " " . 50) 100 .( ) .( 142
- 144. NBN New TV ARTE – Middle East Online ANN ANN ANB 144
- 145. ANB Middle East Middle East Anver Versi Hommes d’Affaires Hommes d’Affaires Stephan Day Jewish Telegraph Paul Harris House of Lords Tom Mac Nally Fr2 Gérard Klein Le Figaro Magazine Joseph Mace-Scaron Fr2 Françoise Laborde Le Figaro Magazine Bruno Seznec Paris Match Jean-Marie Bourget TV5 Fréderic Mitterand Valeurs Actuelles Gérard Gachet Arabies Le Figaro Michel Schiffres Le Figaro Alain Gérard Slama 145
- 146. LCI Jean Claude Dassier Radio France Patrice Gelinet Fr3 Christian Malard Nouvel Afrique Asie Trends Julien Hawary Arabies Radio Orient Faouzi Chalak TV5 Amobé Mvegué Fr2 TME Les Cahiers de l’Orient Antoine Sfeir Michel Kik RFI Zohra Sotty La dépêche du Midi Jean Jacques Rouch Art Sud Salvadore Lambardo Dernières nouvelles d’Alsace Gérard Cardone France Télévision Gérard Sabagh Agence Act Média Télé Matin William Lemergie AFP L’Alsace François Becet Le Figaro Magazine Thierry Déransart Partenariat Europe-Maghreb Huges Wagner Le Nouvel Observateur Josette Alia 146
- 147. Marianne & L’Observateur Le Point Claude Imbert Radion Classique Gérard Bonos Le Parisien Dominique de Motvalon Bernard de la M6 Villardière Nouvel Afrique Asie Simon Malley PME-KMO Alain Deladrière Femmes d’Aujourd’hui Christelle Gilquin Canal Z Raphael Piret Trends tendances Jean-François Sacré Regards revue Juive de Belgique Denis Baumerder The Washington Times Andrew Borowiec USA Georgie Ann Geyer Lucien Meysels La Razon Pedro Canales Tramite Parlementario Luis Suarez Gonzales 147
- 149. : אª א אú א א ª אªא א א א א 1994 : " (1 " " " . " " " (1994 " (2 ) 30 " ("La Presse") " 80 . " " " " " " " " " "La Presse" 1994 1994 "Tunisia News" " 19 12 ." 149 "
- 150. 2001 " 2004 " " " 2009 1999 1994 1989 " " RCD " " 2001 2004 " " " " . " " : 150
- 151. Enjeu d’une perspective d’avenir ( 18 2001 ) 18 2001 L’excellence en acte ( ) ( 18 2001 ) ( 19 2001 19 2001 ) : ( La Presse 18 2001 ) ( Renouveau 18 2001 ) ( Le 19 2001 ) Justesse de vues 19 2001 La Presse Scruter l’avenir avec optimisme, assurance et dignité 19 2001 Le Renouveau ( ) ( ) 19 2001 7 2001 Pourquoi Ben Ali ? 151 La Presse
- 152. ( 1 2001 ) ( . ) ( : 2004 10 2001 ) : ( 1 2001 10 2001 ) 10 2001 ( 10 2001 ) ) 10 2001 ( ( ) Ben Ali, pour poursuivre l’oeuvre 10 2001 10 2001 ) 18 2001 ( : ( –( –( ) ) – ) 152 9 2001 Le Renouveau
- 156. Erich ALAUZEN Pourquoi je suis fier de vivre en Tunisie? ) 27 2001 ( 14 7 2001 . : 7 2001 – – – – – ) – 23 2001 17 2001 – ( ) ( – – – – – – – 12 2001 – – – – – ) –( 156 La Presse
- 158. ) ( ( ) – ) ( ) ... ( 2001 ( Ben Ali ou la quête de l’excellence ) ) (INN ( ) 2004 2001 24 2001 Le Renouveau 24 2001 24 2001 Jacob Petrus VAESSEN La Tunisie entre de bonnes mains ( 24 2001 ) 24 2001 ( ) 158 26 2001 La Presse
- 159. 26 2001 Pour la consécration des valeurs du changement 26 2001 Le Renouveau 11 2001 Le Renouveau 31 2001 Le Renouveau ) 25 2001 Le Renouveau ) 28 2001 Le Renouveau 31 2001 Le Renouveau 12 2001 Le Renouveau Ben Ali, le choix de l’avenir 7 2001 Le Renouveau Le cœur et la raison 27 2001 Le Renouveau L’appel du cœur à l’âme 4 2001 Le Renouveau Ben Ali, une vision équilibrée 7 2001 Le Renouveau L’œuvre à parfaire ( ( ) ) Un appel du cœur ( La légitimité du bon sens ( Pour que l’élan ne soit pas brisé ( Une volonté politique générée par les ambitions d’un peuple ) ) (INP Ben Ali l’appel de la raison ( ) (ISHMN ) 159
- 161. ) 4 2001 ( ( 6 2001 ) Pour mieux préparer l’avenir 6 2001 Le Renouveau Acte de foi 28 2001 Le Renouveau Ben ali pour un nouveau mandat 11 2001 Le Temps 28 2001 Le Temps 27 2001 Le Temps 6 2001 Le Temps ( ) La Tunisie d’aujourd’hui a su faire son choix ) ( Dans le sens des attentes de la Nation Ben Ali le choix du cœur et de la raison – – ( " ) " 21 2001 . . ( ( ( 11 2001 11 2001 ) ) ) 161 11 2001
- 163. ( 6 2001 ) 22 2001 " " 21 2001 30 2001 2004 ( ( ) 28 2001 ) + + 6 2001 + 11 4 2001 Le sens d’un choix La Constitution : Expression suprême de la volonté d’un peuple 28 2001 ) ( 163 Réalités 17 11 2001 Réalités
- 164. 2001 : ( 31 2001 ) ... ( 25 2001 ) ( ) ( ! ) ( 2004 1 2001 6 2001 ) ) ( ( 6 2001 ) ( ( Ben Ali, une vision dynamique de l’entreprise La chance sourit aux hommes lucides 27 2001 ) ( 28 2001 6 2001 6 2001 ) 164 La Presse 1 2001 ) 6 2001 La Presse
- 165. Le temps des bâtisseurs La force de la Tunisie Pourquoi sommesnous pour Ben Ali ? ) (Communicateur) ( ) Le sens d’un hommage La Presse 26 2001 La Presse 14 2001 Le Quotidien 27 2001 ( 27 2001 Le Quotidien 27 2001 2004 16 2001 16 2001 9 2001 28 2001 ... ( ) 23 2001 1 2001 165
- 170. (86 (87 (88 (89 (90 (91 (92 (93 (94 (95 (96 (97 (98 (99 (100 (101 (102 (103 (104 (105 (106 (107 170
- 181. ( ) ( (38 ) ( (39 ) ( (40 ) ( (41 ) ( (42 ) (43 ( ) ( (44 ) ( (45 ) : 2009 (46 * : 2014 2009 (1 : : (1 (2 (3 (4 (5 (6 (7 181
- 183. (8 . . (9 : "Tunisie, porte ouverte François BECET (10 sur la modernité" ATCE Le " " " " Figaro Antoine Sfeir (11 . « France 3 » Christian Malar (12 (13 " " (14 " " "ANB" (15 (16 183
- 185. (29 ( ) (30 (31 (32 / (33 La Presse) (Tunis News " " " " Middle east online " ." 185 (34 (35 (36
- 186. " " " " (37 . (38 . (39 . : Valentin Mbougeng (40 "La Tunisie émergente une voie pour l’Afrique" (41 "France 24" A animé une conférence de presse et publié des tribunes Président du club Suisse de la Presse Genève Ont toujours adopté une attitude positive à l’égard de la Tunisie La Gazette du " Guy Mettan (42 (43 " Maroc Challenge " " Hebdo 35 (44 (45 . 186
- 187. (46 La Fourmi (47 Laico (48 (49 (50 (51 Range Tour CTKD . (52 (53 Bizerta Ressort (54 Travel Ways (55 Songo Tataouine (56 Tunisie Voyages et (57 Hannibal Tour Skanes Thalassa Village (58 (59 Diplomat (60 Voyage 2000 (61 Coralis (62 Oasis (63 (64 Gafsa Palace (65 (66 (67 187
- 188. Venerria (68 (69 Marilia (70 (71 " " " " (72 Avant-garde (74 (73 (75 (76 SNDP . . (77 STIR . . (78 (79 (80 (81 (82 (83 Meublatex (84 (85 Media-diffusion (86 Electro Ben Ayed (87 250 (88 SOTETEL (89 (90 188
- 192. / (127 / (128 (129 (130 (131 (132 (133 (134 (135 " " (136 (137 (138 (139 (140 / (141 / (142 (143 192
- 194. (161 (162 (163 TAP (164 TAP (165 " " (166 (167 (168 Afrique Magazine (169 Julien Hawari (170 Arabies Gaetana Pace (171 (172 " " " (173 " (174 (175 194
- 195. : אú א מא "21 " "7 א " " " "La Presse" . " :( " ) (1 .( ) " " " . 195 "
- 197. : (1 " " " " 48 . (2 . (3 ) .( : : " " " " . ) " " : ( 2009 2009 28 8 197
- 199. " .(" " " " " ") " " " ." " " " " " " . " " " ) !! " " " " .( . : ATCE 199
- 200. ) " " " " " ". " " ". " " " " ... " .( ( : (1 ." " ) (2 ( " " . . (3 ) (4 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " (..." 200 " "
- 201. " " (5 . (6 . . (7 "Cactus Production" " " (8 "Cactus Production" : * . Cactus Prod * Cactus Prod . : " " " " "1 " " (1 " " " " " " ." ( (2 2010 Cactus Prod ) " " "2 " " " " " MTV ) " ( . 201 "
- 202. :" " "La Presse" 2008 ( 26 " La Presse " " " !! . 202
- 203. : אú א מא א : (1 " . 2003 " " : 13 « Tuni-Media » .( )" " " . : . " " ) 5 2006 - 5 .( 10 2007 203 -
- 204. " " . - 2007 2008 .2007 - STEG ERTT . : 2010 - 20 • . ) « AVIP » ( . • 28 3 204
- 205. ( 940 ) 6 ) .( " " • .( 460) SMS • ." " . • "!! " . - 2008 "Cactus" ) " " ( . " ." 2010 ( . 2) 2009 60 ." 205 "
- 210. (1 7000 2009 " " 19 " ( )" " " . 48800 ( " " %75.08) : – – – 42300 /. 100 – ) – 1 4230 ( /. 100 650 2 650 " " . " " " " " 2 " " " (" " " ) " . 33 32 210 " "
- 211. " " " " ) .( " " – 2006 – 2005) (2007 6 2009 2008 2009 300 28 2008 !! " " 28 . (" ") (" ") " 211 "
- 212. " " " " )" " (" " " " ... (De jure) " " " (De facto) " " " . :1 " " ) – – (... : . –1 " 2004 " 1225 –2 Nilesat .( ) SMS :2 " ATCE . 212 "
- 214. ATCE : " " (ATCE) " " (1 " (1 " . 5 . (2 " (2 " " " . ) . (3 .(CNSS) ( (4 ." " (5 " " ) " " 1991 1997 ) .(2003 (6 Star Academy » 100 « Maghreb 5 214
- 215. (ATCE) " " 225 .( ( 5 / . 1.1) (7 " " 3 . 2) . : (2 « Mosaïque » " " 2003 7 : (1 . " " (2 . (3 . (4 . 215
- 216. " " : " " . :" " : " (1 .2007 " " 13 " (2 . " (3 ." "FM " : (1 10 .2010 " 27 2010 " (2 .(Tunisia Broadcasting) : "Express FM" : (1 21 .2010 " " " " (2 . 216
- 217. : (1 . (2 " " " " ") (... " " " " " . (3 " " . (3 :( ( )" " ": ") . :( )" ) " ( . 217 ": "
- 218. :( ) " : " . :( ) : . ." " " ) " : :( 2008 (Convention de pige) = (... CNSS – . " :( ) " ) : . :( ) " 218 : "
- 219. " " (.. :( " – ) ) Tunis Hebdo : " !! : ) (... . : " Tunisie/ Terrorisme et opportunisme" "La Gazette du Maroc" 22 503 2007 " " 25 ) (" " 219 " "
- 220. "Le Quotidien" " "Le Temps" " " ." " " : (4 . ) "Le Renouveau" " " ( . : 2007 2009 " " . 220 " "
- 221. : ) .( ) 221
- 229. (1 " " ) 31 .( 7" 30 " 15 " " 17 " " " " 30 " (2 . (3 . : " ( " " ." " " " " " " . 229 "
- 241. 2004 9) (1994 ": 75 ." " 70 Côte d’Azur " ( " " ) « Le Figaro » . " " 2007 . : ( ) " " " ( " . 241
- 244. :2 :( – ) 2004 : %96 . %4 : . %11 %78 %89 RCD . %69 %98.3 .%1.7 ( ) : 2011 14 . : . (1 (2 . 244
- 245. (3 . (4 . : 245
- 252. " " – 7 " " " " "Femmes" "FM " " " " "1 " " :2 " "Le Journal" – " " ") "La Presse" " " " .( 20 )" :3 " 2008 " 17 " " 252
- 258. (1 : (2005 28) " " " " UGTT . " " " " " " . (2 : (2005 30) " " " " )" " " " .( ( ) " " " " . " " 258
- 259. " " " " " " " " ... " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " ... " " " " " " " " " " : UGTT " " (" ) UGTT . " " " : " 2009 UGTT / " " ) " " / / " .( " " UGTT . 259 "
- 261. א úא א א : א : ¯א 6002 " " 31 " 6002 " . . . " " " 162 "
- 264. : 2006 " 13 " LTDH : (... ) (1 " ." " " " " ( ) " (2 . " (2006 / " " ) ") (3 " (... " " " " " " " . (4 " LTDH " . " " " " : 264 (5
- 266. : (" " ) " " (1 "Freedom House – .( " " " ) (2 ( ) . " " . LTDH . 266
- 269. " " " " " " ." " " " " " " " ... : " " " " ATCE 2010 " " " " " " " " " " " ATCE . 269 "
- 270. ATCE : " " : :I (1 . " " " " " " " ." " (2 " " " " " (UGTT) " " " " . " " " " " (3 " . " " " " (4 . (5 . (6 " " .ATCE 270
- 271. : AP : II AFP (1 ATCE DPA Reuters . (2 . " " ) (3 . (" " : 27 : 2010 France 24 ( TV – ) ( " " ) ATCE ATCE 1 .2010 271
- 272. : : 1996 – ) – – – – .(... 2002 " " " " " " " " " ATCE " : (1 – ) – – – – – – – (... – – (2 . 272
- 277. : אú א מ א ( א א א א ) ) (ATCE " " ) ( 2004 ( ) ) ( .(... ) RCD . (... ) : (1 ... 277
- 278. ... (2 ( ) ) ( ATCE " " " " " " " " " " " ) . 278 "
- 279. .( " Le Renouveau " " " " " " " . ATCE (1 . ) " " " " (" " " 279 " "L’Audace"
- 280. " " " (" " " ) ) " " .( : .(" " " " " " )" " ) " " " .(" .(" " )" " " " ) " " .(" La " "A l’encre de vivre" ) " " .("Presse .(" " –" " " " )" ) " " .(" .(" " .(" " " .(" " " " " " " " )" " " )" " )" 280 " "
- 281. .(" .(" " " " " )" " " " " )" " ) " " .(" .(" " )" )" .("Le Temps" .(" " " " . ("Le Renouveau " )" " )" " )" ". .(" ) " MDS " " .( ) " " .(" .(" " " )" " " " " . 281 "
- 282. : ( ) : . " . " . :" " " " " " :( )" " " 2009 " ." " :1 " " ) :2 :( 1999 ( ) ( ) " " . " " !! " " " 282 "
- 283. Ø Ħ ? אª ?
- 285. ) LTDH (1994 1989 ACHR CNLT Congrès pour la 2011 ) République 14 .(2001 24 2000 . . ATCE . 285
- 288. ) ( . . Reuters – La Croix Diario 16 . El Pais 1994 24 ( « BBC » ) 5 .1994 .1994 288 1994
- 289. . 1994 24 ATCE . 1994 « Réalités » La Presse : . . 1994 1994 . 289 13
- 290. . 1996 19 . . (1999 5 ) 1999 ( ) 1999 7 . CNLT 1999 CNLT 290 5
- 292. (2000 42 . . . : « Le Président Clinton, ne devrait pas soutenir un régime qui est l’antithèse des valeurs que nous partageons tous » 2000 . ) ( . Human Rights Watch 28 2000 2000 .2000 292 2 30 25
- 298. (... ) (... : ) .( 298
- 303. : (1 . (2 . . . (3 (4 . Middle East On-line 2008 . 303
- 305. 2002 Télé-Liberté 7 L’Audace . 2003 .Mecca Cola ATCE Michel Boyon (CSA) 2007 CSA 2007 (Med-Fm) 2 Med- Radio Soleil .Fm .ATCE . 305
- 306. م ا ا ن . : : : : . ( (1 (2 2001 ) AOL ( ) MOR ( ( ) .( ( ) ) 4 1998 . 306 )
- 307. : 2010 14 2003 . . . .2010 ) (3 (2004 2007 9 1992 . ) (1993 (4 1992 2008 ( ) . . 307
- 310. ) .( . (5 : !! 310
- 311. LTDH ( ) 1999 – 1994 MDS . ) I :( 1996 18 Philippe 11 Chansay Wilmotte . 5 1996 1996 .( ) 1996 . 1997 17 . 1997 . 311
- 318. ( ) ( La Croix ) : 2000 4 2000 : 3 42 2000 . : ( ) . 3 2000 27 2000 28 . . 318
- 319. : 2000 2 84072 ) .( 2000 2 84073 ) .( 2000 3 . 2000 3 . 2000 7 : (Hélène Flautre Desir Harlen) (Robert Menard) (Daniel Cohn-Bendit) Le Figaro Le Monde .(France 2 ) Libération France Soir Le Parisien 319
- 320. : . : . Le Figaro – Libération – Le Parisien – Le Monde – France- ATCE Soir – La Croix ) . (... : Nicolas Beau Le Canard enchainé LTDH Le dissident dessonant : . 9 Le Figaro .2000 Grenoble 10 . . ) 320 . ATCE 2000 .(
- 321. ( ) . (Robert Menard ) . : * 3 . : 2010 2010 6 2010 19 : 538 321
- 322. . . 322
- 323. ( ) 2007 ( . 323 )
- 329. (2005 3) (2005 . 3) : . Attachement à la primauté de la loi et à l’impartialité de la justice Le Renouveau (2005 . 3) + : (*) (2 : Femmes contre la violence, Women against violence. Qui essaie de blanchir Mohamed Abbou, l’avocat qui a brutalisé sa consoeur. (3 . : 2007 22 !! 329
- 330. ( ) Marianne « Le mort vivant réapparait » .( 330 )
- 331. ) ( 2001 . ) ) (... ( .( ) : 2000 14 Jean François Poirier « Aloès » « Aloès » . ( ) ) 2009 ( ATCE . 331
- 332. . : : (1 Fondation Hambourgeoise pour les persécutés politiques Pen Club Deutschland Pen International • • (2 ) Graz .( Bad Boll .2009 : 14 ) 24 23 .(2010 332
- 333. : ) ( Martina Robert Menard Vincent Geisser ) Daniel Mermet Astred Frohloff Baurle (... Helène Flautre Nicole Pignon-Peguy Antoine Madelin . ) 2002 .( . 2007 ) 2003 ( . 333
- 335. ) ( .(Myope 335 )
- 336. ( ) ( ) . 1998 . :( ) ( ) ( 1995 ATCE La Presse ) Le Temps Réalités . Le Renouveau 336 )
- 338. ( . ) 338
- 340. 62 ( ) .( ... 340 )
- 344. ( ) 2007 : .( ) 344
- 345. : . . 345
- 347. ) ( 29 « ANB » 2009 . . ) (... . ) 18 2009 .( 347
- 349. : . (1 . (2 349
- 351. .1993 La Presse 1991 2004 , ) .(« PDP » . 351
- 352. 2008 (Ecole Louis Pasteur de Tunis) : (1 : : : 1 2 . 352
- 353. . 3 . ) ( 4 . Le Quotidien . « Entre la médiocrité et : l’excellence » 5 .« Le Monde » : ) (2008 4 353 6