The document compares and contrasts the structures and functions of plant leaves from different environments. Hydrophytic leaves have reduced vascular tissue and stomata only on the upper surface. Mesophytic leaves have well-developed vascular tissue to transport water from the roots. Xerophytic leaves adapted to arid conditions have thicker epidermis and cuticles, and sunken stomata to reduce water loss.

1. Michael Mossaad Erica Borden

3. Algal Cells Measurement Cell 1 0.116 mm Cell 2 0.162 mm Cell 3 0.0861 mm Average 0.1214 mm

4. Cytoplasm Chloroplast Cell Wall

6. Cyanobacteria Measurements Cell 1 0.00672 mm Cell 2 0.00362 mm Cell 3 0.00387 mm Average 0.00474 mm

8. Cell wall Cytoplasm

10. Chloroplast Cytoplasm Cell wall 0.055mm

12. 0.00915 mm Cell membrane Cytoplasm Bacteria (dark spots) Nucleus

17. Flagella Cell membrane

19. Cilia Food Vacuole Oral Groove

21. pseudopodia pseudopodia Cell membrane Food vacuole

24. Glassy (Silica) Cell Wall Nucleus Chloroplast

25. volvox Green algae Euglena

30. Osculum

31. Mouth/Anus Tentacles Epidermis Gastrovascular cavity

34. Body Advances Sponges Cnidaria Symmetry Absent Radial Digestive System Absent Gastrovascular Cavity Support Endoskeleton Hydrostatic Skeleton Nervous System Absent Nerve Net Tissues Absent Present Germ Layers Absent Two

36. Eye Spots Auricle * Pharynx and gastrovascular cavity not visible

38. Epidermis Pharnyx & Gastrovascular Cavity

41. Clitellum Segments Setae not visible

42. Epidermis Longitudinal Cells Circular Muscles Gastrovascular Cavity Digestive tract

45. Digestive Tract Cuticle Muscle Reproductive structures

46. Digestive tract *Reproductive Structures: not shown

48. Annelids move forward by using peristaltic contractions of the circular muscle and turn by contracting the longitudinal muscles. Roundworms move using a thick layer of obliquely arranged muscle fibers just under epidermis, they lack circular muscles so motion is always undulatory. Annelid Roundworm Body cavity Coelom Pseudocoelom Segmentation Present Absent Circulatory System Closed Absent Excretory System Metanephridia Excretory gland cells Nervous System Brain, ventral nerve cord Brain, nerve cord

51. Exoskeleton Legs Segments (13)

53. Exoskeleton Legs Segments (3)

56. Segments head exoskeleton

57. Head Mouth parts segments exoskeleton

58. gonads Digestive glands

59. Stomach Radial canal Ring canal (underneath stomach) ampullae

60. Tube Feet

61. madreporite

64. Mycelium Culture Medium Sporangia

66. Mating Strain Hyphae Zygospore Sporangia

70. Fungal Hyphae Top of Lichen Algal Cells

71. Ascus and spores ascocarp

72. Hyphae Nematode Trap

73. gills

74. Basidiospores Gills

75. hyphae

80. Stem Leaves Hyaline Cells

81. Epidermis Vascular Bundle Photosynthetic Cells Guard Cells

82. Guard Cell Epidermal Cell

83. Vascular Bundle Guard Cells Air Spaces

85. Epidermis Guard Cells Vascular Bundle Photosynthetic Cells

86. Stomata/Guard Cells Vascular Bundle Epidermis Photosynthetic Cells

91. Archegonia Antheridia Roots

92. Scale Pollen Sacs

93. Pollen Grain

94. Ovule Scale

95. Seed Coat Embryo Food Supply

96. Filament Stigma Style

97. Anther Petal Pollen Grain

98. Ovary Ovule

99. Outer shell from ovary Skin from ovule

100. Embyonic leaves (plumule) Embyonic root (radicle) Stored food (cotyledons)