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Prosopography and Computer
 Ontologies: towards a formal
 representation of the ‘factoid’
model by means of CIDOC-CRM



               John Bradley, Michele Pasin
               Department of Digital Humanities
               Kings College, London
               michele.pasin@kcl.ac.uk
Summary


1. Background. Structured prosopography; factoid-
based pros.; different models for different contexts.


2. Problem. Semantic interoperability; expressing
the factoid model in a more general fashion.


3. Approach. Applying CIDOC-CRM; Strengths
and weaknesses; other approaches and future
work
Prosopography: from a ‘narrative’ model...




 From J.R.
 Martindale, The
 Prosopography of
 the Later Roman
 Empire, 3: A.D.
 527-641.
 Cambridge:
 Cambridge
 University Press.
 1992.
Prosopography: ... to a ‘structured’ model



 Personal
  Information:
  “A was
  described this
  way”

 Status: “A held
  this status”



 Event: “A took
  part in this event
  of this type”
Structured Prosopography: information types

                          Authorship: “A authored text
                           B”
                          Education: “A was educated by
                           B”
                          Event: “A took part in this
                           event of this type”
                          Personal Relationship: “A was
                           related to B (e.g. sister)”
                          Occupation: “A practiced this
                           occupation”
                          Office: “A held this office”
                          Personal Information: “A was
                           described this way (e.g.
                           saintly)”
                          Possession: “A owned this
                           thing”
                          Recorded Name: “A’s name
                           was written this way”
                          Status: “A held this status”
                          Transaction: “A took part in
                           this transaction”
But...



 So, if the king could not fully bring his sense of
 and desire for order to Scottish society, how
 are modern historians supposed to do so?
 To what extent can a highly formal structure
 such as one finds in a database be useful or
 helpful to represent the complex and
 ambiguous aspects of this society?
Fact vs Factoid



   A Factoid is
     An assertion made by the project team that a
      source "S" at reference “R" states something
      ("F") about a person or persons ("P")

   A “Fact” (Boute 2002)
     “something that happens to a person at a certain
      moment”

          Boute, Bruno (2002). Towards More Uniform
           Database Structures for Prosopographical
           Research: Work in Progress in University History
           -- the Example of the Lovanienses Database. In
           Keats-Rohan, K.S.B. (ed.) Resourcing Sources.
           Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research.
Factoid model: an abstract diagram




- notice the ‘gap’ between sources & assertions
Factoid model: how they look for users
Factoid model: some real numbers



                PASE I        PASE II      POMS


    Number of   2,013 (1356   2,784 (1,445 6,016
    sources     charters)     charters)    charters

    Number of   11,758        19,807       15,221
    persons

    Number of   84,607        282,026      68,044
    factoids
What is the factoid model for?




    By "modeling" I mean the heuristic
    process of constructing and
    manipulating models, a "model" I take
    to be either a representation of
    something for purposes of study, or a
    design for realizing something new.


          McCarty, W. (2004). Modeling: A Study in Words and Meanings. In S.
          Schreibman, R. Siemens, & J. Unsworth (Eds.), A Companion to Digital
          Humanities. Oxford: Blackwell.
A Quadripartite view of models in DH



  Data                            Data
  Acquisition                     Storage
                                         Efficiency, price,
Workflow, experts                        platform
habits and
conceptualization




Tables, colors,                             Semantic
information layout &                        interoperability,
organization, discipline-                   adherence to
specific discourse                          recognised standards




   Data                             Data
   Presentation                     Integration
The importance of semantic interoperability




Person:                                 Person:
Adam of Eccles                          Adam of Eccles
A Quadripartite view of models in DH



  Data                                 Data
  Acquisition                          Storage
                                         Efficiency, price,
Workflow, experts                        platform
habits and
conceptualization


                            Factoids
Tables, colors,                             Semantic
information layout &                        interoperability,
organization, discipline-                   adherence to
specific discourse                          recognised standards



                                       ???
   Information                          Data
   Architecture                         Integration
The importance of semantic interoperability




PERSONS (POMS project)              PERSONS (BOB project)

  Name      Surname                Name         Place Name

  Adam      of Eccles          Adam of Eccles      Eccles
The importance of semantic interoperability


              PERSON       identifies     APPELLATION



         instanceOf                        isA            isA


      <Person_1001>                      POMS-             BOB-
                                       Appellation       Appellation


                                                                instanceOf
                         instanceOf


PERSONS (POMS project)                                PERSONS (BOB project)

  Name      Surname                                  Name           Place Name

  Adam      of Eccles                            Adam of Eccles        Eccles
Ontology-based semantic integration


             PERSON             identifies     APPELLATION



        instanceOf                              isA         isA


     <Person_1001>                            POMS-           BOB-
                                            Appellation     Appellation


                                                                  instanceOf
                             instanceOf

  - formal ontology provides a theory of how to make
PERSONS (POMS project)                        PERSONS (BOB project)
  categorical distinctions in systematic and coherent manner
 - making representational choices at the highest level of
 Name      Surname                                       Name         Place Name
 abstraction, while still being as clear as possible about the
 meaning of terms
 Adam      of Eccles                                Adam of Eccles        Eccles
Example: the CIDOC-CRM ontology
Moving towards a more interoperable model:
 what are ‘factoids’ in ontological terms?




                                                       STATE-OF-
     PERSON              DOCUMENT
                                                        AFFAIRS




   instanceOf           instanceOf                     instanceOf




<John Martindale>   <Sid. Ap. epistolae.>   < “Eucherius 4 was an inlustres” >
Moving towards a more interoperable model:
 what are ‘factoids’ in ontological terms?




                                                       STATE-OF-
     PERSON              DOCUMENT
                                                        AFFAIRS


                                                      isA
                                                                  isA

                                                SITUATION
                                                                    EVENT
   instanceOf           instanceOf


                                                 instanceOf



<John Martindale>   <Sid. Ap. epistolae.>   < “Eucherius 4 was an inlustres” >
Factoids as ‘Interpretation’ events

                                      INTERPRETATION
                                           ACT
                                                            ha
                             h or                             s-
                           ut            has-object
                                                                   su
                                                                        bj
                         -a                                               ec
                h   as                                                         t



                                                                                    STATE-OF-
     PERSON                              DOCUMENT
                                                                                     AFFAIRS


                                                                                   isA
                                                                                            isA

                                                                   SITUATION
                                                                                                EVENT
   instanceOf                           instanceOf


                                                                    instanceOf



<John Martindale>                   <Sid. Ap. epistolae.>   < “Eucherius 4 was an inlustres” >
Wrapping things up using CIDOC-CRM

E2 Temporal Entity
                                                E39 ACTOR
                                      OU T-BY
                              R  IED-
          isA              CAR
                      P14-


 E13 ATTRIBUTE          P140-ASSIGNED-
                        ATTRIBUTE-TO                E1 CRM Entity
  ASSIGNMENT
                      P141-
                           ASSIG
                                   NED

         ?                                      E1 CRM Entity


   DOCUMENT          “This class comprises the actions of making assertions
INTERPRETATION       about properties of an object or any relation between
     ACT             two items or concepts. [...] the class describes the
                     actions of people making propositions and statements
                     during certain museum procedures, e.g. the person and
                     date when a condition statement was made, an identifier
                     was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc.”
Wrapping things up using CIDOC-CRM

E2 Temporal Entity
                                             E39 ACTOR
                                         Y                    isA
                                      T-B
                                  -OU                                PERSON
                             RIED
          isA             CAR
                     P14-


 E13 ATTRIBUTE         P140-ASSIGNED-
                       ATTRIBUTE-TO              E1 CRM Entity
  ASSIGNMENT
                                                               isA
                     P141-
                          ASSIG
                                NED

         isA                                 E1 CRM Entity          DOCUMENT

                                                        isA
   DOCUMENT
INTERPRETATION
     ACT                                                      STATE-OF-
                                                               AFFAIRS
Open issues #1


- the ‘assigned’ property is too generic for rendering our
source-based approach to prosopography
  -eg. ‘is-evidence-for’; ‘is-about-event’; ‘claims-that’, ‘asserts’
  - the key issue derives from the fact that factoids must reflect the
  source as close as possible




     DOCUMENT
                                                carried-out-by
  INTERPRETATION
       ACT                                                               PERSON
                                     assigned attr. to
                      assigned
                                                     DOCUMENT
                             STATE-OF-
                              AFFAIRS
Open issues #2


- if we analyze more seriously the notion of ‘interpretation’
as the institution of a connection between two entities -
the connection itself should become a parameter!
   -eg. We can lay out alternatives in a continuum: ‘is-evidence-for’; ‘is-
   about-event’; ‘claims-that’ as carrying different pre-defined semantics
   -eg. Opens up interesting paths towards modal logic: X might-be
   about Y


       DOCUMENT
                                                carried-out-by
    INTERPRETATION
         ACT                                                              PERSON
                                     assigned attr. to
                        assigned
                                                    DOCUMENT
CERTAINTY/MODALITY of         STATE-OF-
 the INTERPRETATION            AFFAIRS
Open issues #3


- it seems plausible to create negative ‘interpretation’ -
how would this play out in the context of a prosop.
database?
  -eg. “According to source X, we know that the King of England wasn’t
  involved in event E”




      DOCUMENT
                                            carried-out-by
   INTERPRETATION
        ACT                                                          PERSON
                                  assigned attr. to
                     assigned
                                                DOCUMENT

      NOT                  STATE-OF-
                            AFFAIRS
Summary



- The factoid-based approach in structured
prosopography is a successful one

- It can be ‘ontologized’ using CIDOC-CRM

- Some features need an ad hoc treatment...

- Next steps: formalize adequate extensions
for CIDOC-CRM & make POMS/BOB
datastore accessible via APIs
... thanks!
http://www.poms.ac.uk/


http://www.breakingofbritain.ac.uk/


email me at: michele.pasin@kcl.ac.uk

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Prosopography and Computer Ontologies: Towards a Formal Representation of the ‘Factoid’ Model by Means of Cidoc-CRM

  • 1. Prosopography and Computer Ontologies: towards a formal representation of the ‘factoid’ model by means of CIDOC-CRM John Bradley, Michele Pasin Department of Digital Humanities Kings College, London michele.pasin@kcl.ac.uk
  • 2. Summary 1. Background. Structured prosopography; factoid- based pros.; different models for different contexts. 2. Problem. Semantic interoperability; expressing the factoid model in a more general fashion. 3. Approach. Applying CIDOC-CRM; Strengths and weaknesses; other approaches and future work
  • 3. Prosopography: from a ‘narrative’ model... From J.R. Martindale, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, 3: A.D. 527-641. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1992.
  • 4. Prosopography: ... to a ‘structured’ model  Personal Information: “A was described this way”  Status: “A held this status”  Event: “A took part in this event of this type”
  • 5. Structured Prosopography: information types  Authorship: “A authored text B”  Education: “A was educated by B”  Event: “A took part in this event of this type”  Personal Relationship: “A was related to B (e.g. sister)”  Occupation: “A practiced this occupation”  Office: “A held this office”  Personal Information: “A was described this way (e.g. saintly)”  Possession: “A owned this thing”  Recorded Name: “A’s name was written this way”  Status: “A held this status”  Transaction: “A took part in this transaction”
  • 6. But... So, if the king could not fully bring his sense of and desire for order to Scottish society, how are modern historians supposed to do so? To what extent can a highly formal structure such as one finds in a database be useful or helpful to represent the complex and ambiguous aspects of this society?
  • 7. Fact vs Factoid  A Factoid is  An assertion made by the project team that a source "S" at reference “R" states something ("F") about a person or persons ("P")  A “Fact” (Boute 2002)  “something that happens to a person at a certain moment”  Boute, Bruno (2002). Towards More Uniform Database Structures for Prosopographical Research: Work in Progress in University History -- the Example of the Lovanienses Database. In Keats-Rohan, K.S.B. (ed.) Resourcing Sources. Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research.
  • 8. Factoid model: an abstract diagram - notice the ‘gap’ between sources & assertions
  • 9. Factoid model: how they look for users
  • 10. Factoid model: some real numbers PASE I PASE II POMS Number of 2,013 (1356 2,784 (1,445 6,016 sources charters) charters) charters Number of 11,758 19,807 15,221 persons Number of 84,607 282,026 68,044 factoids
  • 11. What is the factoid model for? By "modeling" I mean the heuristic process of constructing and manipulating models, a "model" I take to be either a representation of something for purposes of study, or a design for realizing something new. McCarty, W. (2004). Modeling: A Study in Words and Meanings. In S. Schreibman, R. Siemens, & J. Unsworth (Eds.), A Companion to Digital Humanities. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • 12. A Quadripartite view of models in DH Data Data Acquisition Storage Efficiency, price, Workflow, experts platform habits and conceptualization Tables, colors, Semantic information layout & interoperability, organization, discipline- adherence to specific discourse recognised standards Data Data Presentation Integration
  • 13. The importance of semantic interoperability Person: Person: Adam of Eccles Adam of Eccles
  • 14. A Quadripartite view of models in DH Data Data Acquisition Storage Efficiency, price, Workflow, experts platform habits and conceptualization Factoids Tables, colors, Semantic information layout & interoperability, organization, discipline- adherence to specific discourse recognised standards ??? Information Data Architecture Integration
  • 15. The importance of semantic interoperability PERSONS (POMS project) PERSONS (BOB project) Name Surname Name Place Name Adam of Eccles Adam of Eccles Eccles
  • 16. The importance of semantic interoperability PERSON identifies APPELLATION instanceOf isA isA <Person_1001> POMS- BOB- Appellation Appellation instanceOf instanceOf PERSONS (POMS project) PERSONS (BOB project) Name Surname Name Place Name Adam of Eccles Adam of Eccles Eccles
  • 17. Ontology-based semantic integration PERSON identifies APPELLATION instanceOf isA isA <Person_1001> POMS- BOB- Appellation Appellation instanceOf instanceOf - formal ontology provides a theory of how to make PERSONS (POMS project) PERSONS (BOB project) categorical distinctions in systematic and coherent manner - making representational choices at the highest level of Name Surname Name Place Name abstraction, while still being as clear as possible about the meaning of terms Adam of Eccles Adam of Eccles Eccles
  • 19. Moving towards a more interoperable model: what are ‘factoids’ in ontological terms? STATE-OF- PERSON DOCUMENT AFFAIRS instanceOf instanceOf instanceOf <John Martindale> <Sid. Ap. epistolae.> < “Eucherius 4 was an inlustres” >
  • 20. Moving towards a more interoperable model: what are ‘factoids’ in ontological terms? STATE-OF- PERSON DOCUMENT AFFAIRS isA isA SITUATION EVENT instanceOf instanceOf instanceOf <John Martindale> <Sid. Ap. epistolae.> < “Eucherius 4 was an inlustres” >
  • 21. Factoids as ‘Interpretation’ events INTERPRETATION ACT ha h or s- ut has-object su bj -a ec h as t STATE-OF- PERSON DOCUMENT AFFAIRS isA isA SITUATION EVENT instanceOf instanceOf instanceOf <John Martindale> <Sid. Ap. epistolae.> < “Eucherius 4 was an inlustres” >
  • 22. Wrapping things up using CIDOC-CRM E2 Temporal Entity E39 ACTOR OU T-BY R IED- isA CAR P14- E13 ATTRIBUTE P140-ASSIGNED- ATTRIBUTE-TO E1 CRM Entity ASSIGNMENT P141- ASSIG NED ? E1 CRM Entity DOCUMENT “This class comprises the actions of making assertions INTERPRETATION about properties of an object or any relation between ACT two items or concepts. [...] the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain museum procedures, e.g. the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc.”
  • 23. Wrapping things up using CIDOC-CRM E2 Temporal Entity E39 ACTOR Y isA T-B -OU PERSON RIED isA CAR P14- E13 ATTRIBUTE P140-ASSIGNED- ATTRIBUTE-TO E1 CRM Entity ASSIGNMENT isA P141- ASSIG NED isA E1 CRM Entity DOCUMENT isA DOCUMENT INTERPRETATION ACT STATE-OF- AFFAIRS
  • 24. Open issues #1 - the ‘assigned’ property is too generic for rendering our source-based approach to prosopography -eg. ‘is-evidence-for’; ‘is-about-event’; ‘claims-that’, ‘asserts’ - the key issue derives from the fact that factoids must reflect the source as close as possible DOCUMENT carried-out-by INTERPRETATION ACT PERSON assigned attr. to assigned DOCUMENT STATE-OF- AFFAIRS
  • 25. Open issues #2 - if we analyze more seriously the notion of ‘interpretation’ as the institution of a connection between two entities - the connection itself should become a parameter! -eg. We can lay out alternatives in a continuum: ‘is-evidence-for’; ‘is- about-event’; ‘claims-that’ as carrying different pre-defined semantics -eg. Opens up interesting paths towards modal logic: X might-be about Y DOCUMENT carried-out-by INTERPRETATION ACT PERSON assigned attr. to assigned DOCUMENT CERTAINTY/MODALITY of STATE-OF- the INTERPRETATION AFFAIRS
  • 26. Open issues #3 - it seems plausible to create negative ‘interpretation’ - how would this play out in the context of a prosop. database? -eg. “According to source X, we know that the King of England wasn’t involved in event E” DOCUMENT carried-out-by INTERPRETATION ACT PERSON assigned attr. to assigned DOCUMENT NOT STATE-OF- AFFAIRS
  • 27. Summary - The factoid-based approach in structured prosopography is a successful one - It can be ‘ontologized’ using CIDOC-CRM - Some features need an ad hoc treatment... - Next steps: formalize adequate extensions for CIDOC-CRM & make POMS/BOB datastore accessible via APIs