1. Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Some Edits By Mr. CaseySome Edits By Mr. Casey

2. RetreatRetreat (verb) to(verb) to
stop fighting andstop fighting and
move away from themove away from the
enemyenemy

3. siegesiege (noun) the(noun) the
surrounding of asurrounding of a
place by the enemyplace by the enemy
to capture itto capture it

4. campaigncampaign (noun) a(noun) a
series of battles toseries of battles to
achieve a specificachieve a specific
purposepurpose

5. turning pointturning point (noun)(noun)
a time whena time when
important changesimportant changes
occuroccur

6. mercenarymercenary (noun) a(noun) a
soldier who fightssoldier who fights
for another countryfor another country
for moneyfor money

7. BritainBritain AmericansAmericans
Tories or LoyalistsTories or Loyalists Patriots or Whigs orPatriots or Whigs or
Colonists or AmericansColonists or Americans
British/Hessians/SomeBritish/Hessians/Some
Native AmericansNative Americans
Americans/French/SpanishAmericans/French/Spanish
(some Native Americans)(some Native Americans)
On the Eve of theOn the Eve of the
Revolution ?Revolution ?

8. BritainBritain AmericansAmericans
AdvantagesAdvantages
*Trained Soldiers*Trained Soldiers
*Strongest Navy*Strongest Navy
*Money to hire*Money to hire
mercenariesmercenaries
*Defending their own*Defending their own
home so time andhome so time and
geography are notgeography are not
issuesissues
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
*Long Supply Line*Long Supply Line
*British people get*British people get
tired of wartired of war
*Poorly trained and*Poorly trained and
suppliedsupplied
*Service is short time*Service is short time
On the Eve of theOn the Eve of the
Revolution ?Revolution ?

9. LoyalistLoyalist
StrongholdsStrongholds

10. WashingtonWashington’’s Headachess Headaches
Only 1/3 of the colonists were in
favor of a war for independence [the
other third were Loyalists, and the
final third were neutral].
State/colony loyalties.
Congress couldn’t tax to raise money
for the Continental
Army.
Poor training and short service time
[until the arrival of Baron von
Steuben].

11. Exports & Imports: 1768-1783Exports & Imports: 1768-1783

12. Military StrategiesMilitary Strategies
Attrition [the
Brits had a long
supply line].
Guerilla tactics
[fight an
insurgent war
 you don’t
have to win a
battle, just
wear the British
down]
Make an
alliance with
one of Britain’s
enemies.
The Americans The British
Break the
colonies in half
by getting
between the
No. & the So.
Blockade the
ports to prevent
the flow of
goods and
supplies from an
ally.
“Divide and
Conquer”  use
the Loyalists.

13. ambassadorambassador (noun) a(noun) a
representative sentrepresentative sent
by one governmentby one government
to anotherto another

14. negotiatenegotiate (verb) to(verb) to
talk abouttalk about
something in ordersomething in order
to reach anto reach an
agreementagreement

15. financefinance (verb) to(verb) to
provide money forprovide money for

16. Phase I:Phase I: The Northern CampaignThe Northern Campaign
[1775-1776][1775-1776]
- Battle of Lexington and Concord
- Battle of Bunker Hill
- British are forced out of Boston
- Americans defeated at Quebec

17. Phase I:Phase I: The Northern CampaignThe Northern Campaign
[1775-1776][1775-1776]
Success in
several battles
give the
Patriots
confidence.
They try to take
Quebec, a
British
stronghold.
They are
defeated and
have to retreat.

18. Phase IIPhase II::
NY & PANY & PA
[1777-1778][1777-1778]

19. The Northern CampaignThe Northern Campaign
[1775-1776][1775-1776]
*General Howe and 32,000
troops defeat Washington in
several battles, capturing New
York and key positions on the
Hudson River (Fort Washington
and Battle of Long Island)

20. New York City in FlamesNew York City in Flames
(1776)(1776)
*People begin to doubt Washington’s ability

21. Battle of TrentonBattle of Trenton
*The British hunker down for the
winter. Washington is determined to
have victory. He has lost 90% of his
troops to capture, death, or desertion.
He has a few thousand men left. He
decides to cross the Delaware on
Christmas morning and surprise the
Hessian army camping at Trenton. It is
a quick victory. It is a small victory but
important to morale and hope.

22. Washington Crossing the DelawareWashington Crossing the Delaware
Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

23. Quebec and BurgoyneQuebec and Burgoyne
British forces based in
Quebec head south. They
defeat the Americans
several times, but they
make the mistake of
stretching their supply line.
They run low on supplies
and the Americans
eventually defeat them at
the Battle of Saratoga

24. Saratoga:Saratoga:
““Turning PointTurning Point””
of the War?of the War?
A modern-day re-enactment

25. N.Y. and General HoweN.Y. and General Howe
The Patriots are defeated
at the Battle of
Germantown and
Brandywine. Washington
winters at Valley Forge.
In 1778, France and
Spain join the Patriots.
They provide soldiers
and a naval fleet.
General Howe resigns his post
and is replaced by General Henry
Clinton

26. N.Y. and General HoweN.Y. and General Howe
General Howe resigns under pressure
and criticism. He is replaced by General
Henry Clinton who places General
Cornwallis in charge of the British army.
They switch tactics!
Cornwallis Clinton

27. Phase IIIPhase III:: The SouthernThe Southern
StrategyStrategy [1780-1781][1780-1781]

28. BritainBritain’’ss ““Southern StrategySouthern Strategy””
Britain thought that there were
more Loyalists in the South.
Take the south and move north
Southern resources were more
valuable/worth preserving.
The British win a number of small
victories, but cannot pacify the
countryside
Good US General:
Nathanael Greene frustrates the
British

29. Guerilla WarfareGuerilla Warfare
Great Leaders in the south
Guerilla warfare frustrates the
British. They win the major battles
but have a hard time controlling the
south because of great leaders like:
Nathanael Greene:Splits his force in
two and only attacks when he has
the advantage
Francis Marion “Swamp Fox”

30. The Battle of Yorktown (1781)The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Count de
Rochambeau
Admiral
De Grasse

31. The Battle of Yorktown (1781)The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
General Cornwallis defeats the
Colonial Army at Charlestown and
Camden. In 1781, Cornwallis arrives
in Yorktown. Washington abandons
plans for recapturing New York and
decides to head for Yorktown.
Washington, Rochambeau, and the
French fleet trap Cornwallis at
Yorktown and force his surrender.

32. CornwallisCornwallis’’ Surrender at Yorktown:Surrender at Yorktown:
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797
““TheWorldTurnedUpsideDown! TheWorldTurnedUpsideDown!””

34. North America After theNorth America After the
Treaty of Paris, 1783Treaty of Paris, 1783

36. constitution (noun)
a written plan of
government

37. ideal (noun) an
important belief or
aim

38. ratify (verb) to
approve officially

39. territory (noun) land
owned or controlled
by a particular
country

40. policy (noun) a plan
for doing or managing
something

41. Weaknesses of theWeaknesses of the
Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
Congress: No separation of powers
with a judicial and executive branch
[9 of 13 votes to pass a law].
13 out of 13 votes to amend a law.
Representatives were frequently
absent.
Could not tax or raise armies.
No Power to regulate commerce

42. WholesaleWholesale
PricePrice
Index:Index:
1770-17891770-1789

43. State ConstitutionsState Constitutions
Republicanism.
Most had strong governors with veto
power.
Property required for voting.
Some had universal white male
suffrage.
Most had bills of rights.
Many had a continuation of state-
established religions while others
disestablished religion.

44. State Claims to Western LandsState Claims to Western Lands

45. Strength of theStrength of the
Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785
NORTHWEST ORDINANCE (1787)

46. Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785

47. Strength of theStrength of the
Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
NORTHWEST ORDINANCE (1787)
Divided open land into smaller areas (for new
states) and made it impossible for older states to
take the land
Habeas Corpus
Trial by Jury
Religious Freedom
New areas could apply for statehood when they
reached 60,000 people
Outlawed Slavery in new states
Required school for all new towns

48. Strength of theStrength of the
Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
If a nation expects to be
ignorant and free, in a state of
civilization, it expects what
never was and never will be.
-Thomas Jefferson

49. Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Statehood achieved in three stages:
1. Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to
govern the territory.
2. When population reached 5,000 adult male
landowners  elect territorial legislature.
3. When population reached 60,000  elect
delegates to a state constitutional convention.

50. The United States in 1787The United States in 1787

51. Annapolis Convention (1786)Annapolis Convention (1786)
12 representatives from 5 states
[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]
GOAL  address barriers that
limited trade and commerce between
the states.
Not enough states were represented
to make any real progress.
Sent a report to the Congress to call
a meeting of all the states to meet
in Philadelphia to examine areas
broader than just trade and
commerce.

52. ShaysShays’’ Rebellion: 1786-7Rebellion: 1786-7
Daniel Shays
Western MA
Small farmers angered by crushing
debts and taxes.

53. ShaysShays’’ Rebellion: 1786-7Rebellion: 1786-7

54. ShaysShays’’ Rebellion: 1786-7Rebellion: 1786-7
There could be no
stronger evidence of
the want of energy in
our governments than
these disorders.
-- George Washington-- George Washington

55. Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistFederalist vs. Anti-Federalist
Strongholds at the End of the WarStrongholds at the End of the War
Federalist - (in favor of the
constitution) Wanted a strong central
government with checks and
balances
Anitfederalists - (against the
constitution) The central government had
too much power and there was no Bill of
Rights to guarantee people’s rights

56. Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistFederalist vs. Anti-Federalist
Strongholds at the End of the WarStrongholds at the End of the War

57. The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers
• Written byWritten by JamesJames
MadisonMadison,, AlexanderAlexander
HamiltonHamilton, and, and JohnJohn
JayJay. They were. They were
published in New Yorkpublished in New York
papers to try andpapers to try and
persuade people topersuade people to
agree with their ideasagree with their ideas
on central governmenton central government