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Chapter 5:
Ancient India
Lesson One: Geography of South Asia

I. Subcontinent
   a. a large region separated
   from the rest of the
   continent by natural features

   b. The region is called a
   subcontinent because it is so
   large and separated by water
   from other land areas.
II. Plate Tectonics
  a. According to the theory
  called plate tectonics, the
  Earth’s surface is made of
  several slowly moving
  plates.

  b. The movement of the
  plates may cause changes
  such as the development
  of mountain ranges,
  basins, and bodies of
  water.
II. Plate Tectonics -continued-
 i. The subcontinent of South Asia may have formed when
 a plate broke off a large landmass and moved northward.


 ii. This smaller plate may have collided with a larger plate
 that contained Europe and Asia, pushed up under the
 larger plate and then formed mountains.
India powerpoint 2013
III. Himalayas
 a. South Asia is home to the world’s tallest
 mountains, the Himalayas.
 b. The Himalayas were formed when the smaller
 plate pushed up under the larger plate.
 c. The Himalayas are still rising.
 d. Mount Everest is its highest peak.
IV. South Asia Landforms
 a. Eight Countries make up South Asia:
    i. India
    ii. Pakistan
    iii. Nepal
    iv. Bhutan
    v. Afghanistan
    vi. Bangladesh
    vii. Sri Lanka
    viii. Maldives Islands
IV. South Asia Landforms cont.

b. These countries have
different landforms.
c. The Hindu Kush
mountains are in the
northwest and the
Himalayas are in the
northeast.
d. These mountain ranges
separate South Asia from
the rest of the continent.
IV. South Asia Landforms cont.
 e. Pakistan is home to the world’s second tallest
 mountain, the K2.
 f. In the south is India, which makes up three-
 fourths of the subcontinent.
 g. South of the Himalayas, the land is a lush, green
 plain.
 h. In the middle and toward the tip of India, the land
 is a dry plateau.
India powerpoint 2013
India powerpoint 2013
V. Seasons
 a. There are three seasons in South Asia.
 b. Temperatures are mild to cool from October
 through February.
 c. Temperatures are very hot from March through
 May.
 d. Monsoon season, or the rainy season, is from
 June through September.
India powerpoint 2013
VI. Monsoon Season
 a. Monsoon season, or the rainy season, is from
 June through September.
 b. Nearly all of the yearly precipitation, or rain and
 snowfall, falls during the monsoon season.
 c. After the monsoon season, the land is refreshed
 and full of life again (fertile).
 d. The monsoon season is very important to
 farmers, who depend on the rains for their crops.
 e. The region’s economy is closely tied to the
 monsoon season.
India powerpoint 2013
VII. Rivers
  a. Three great rivers flow through the subcontinent:
  the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra.
  b. The rivers fan out across a flat plain called the
  Indo-Ganges Plain.
  c. Monsoon season rains cause flooding, which
  spreads out more silt to the fields.
VIII. Subsistence farming
  a. Def.: When many families grow food just for
  themselves; they live on the food they grow and
  they do not sell much of their crops.
  b. Sometimes they trade with small groups of
  people in their village.
IX. Indus River Valley
 a. Much of the population
 in South Asia lives in
 crowded farming villages
 on the Indo-Ganges Plain.

 b. The Indus River Valley is
 on a plain in Pakistan.

 c. It is the site of the
 world’s oldest civilizations.
X. Deccan Plateau
 a. Lies between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of
 Bengal.
 b. The climate is dry, so therefore irrigation is
 needed for farming.
 c. Has rich volcanic soil from lava flows.
XI. Jobs
 a. Most people work as farmers in India.
 b. People fish and farm along southern India’s
 heavily populated coasts.
 c. Many people work in the clothing and textile
 industries as well.
Lesson Two – India and Persia
I. Harappa
    a. People farmed and stored
    grain, worked with metal crafts
    and pottery, wove cotton, and
    traded and sold goods.
    b. Harappan culture had
    spread through much of the
    Indus Valley.
    c. This civilization disappeared
    suddenly around 1700 B.C.,
    possibly due to a natural
    disaster such as a monsoon,
    flood, or earthquake.
II. Mohenjo-Daro

  a. Mohenjo-Daro had complex
     architecture (buildings) and city
     planning.
     People constructed buildings and roads.

  b. Brick homes were laid out in a grid
  system (complex organization of streets).

  c. People enjoyed a large public bath and
  even had a system of garbage removal.
III. Aryans
     a. The Aryans migrated to the Indus River Valley
         from the north.
     b. They spoke the Sanskrit language.
     c. They soon developed villages and towns where
     they farmed and traded.
IV. Vedas
    a. The Vedas, or “Books of Knowledge”, contain the
    Aryans’ songs and stories.
    b. According to the Vedas, the Aryans waged many
    wars among their groups or tribes when their society
    became more prosperous from trading with one
    another.
    c. The Vedas also describe contests between gods
    and humans.
V. Aryan Social Order
   a. The Aryans believed that what a person did in life
   had much to do with who he or she was. (class system)
HINT: Remember the
social order by thinking               Priest         Brahmins
of:                                     and
          Burger                     Teachers
           King
          Vanilla                                              Kshatriyas
          Sundae         Warriors, kings, and other rulers


                                                                            Vaisyas
                    Cultivators: artisans, merchants, and traders


                               Sudras (serfs or slaves)                           Sudras
VI. Persians Arrive

   a. The Aryan culture spread east to the Ganges River
      Valley.

   b. News about riches in the valley encouraged people
      in Persia to migrate south.

VII. Persian Empire

   a. Persian culture is united with the culture of the
       Babylonians, Lydians, and the Egyptians.
VIII. Persian Roads

   a. The Persians were the ones who constructed
      roads through the mountains in the north.

   b. The development of roads and trade by the
   Persian kings connected India with other lands in
   Central Asia which helped spread the culture.
   Question: This allowed for _________?
      i. Zoroastrianism, a religion founded by Persian
   prophet Zoroaster which identified one god as
   supreme and the enemy of evil, was brought to
   India by the Persians

   c. India was no longer cut off by its
   northern mountains.
How were the roads through the
Himalaya Mountains similar to the
          Silk Roads?
IX. First Indian Empire
    a. The Mauryan Empire, was
        the first Indian empire; it
        extended to the borders of
        Persia.
    b. This empire changed life in
        India by controlling many
        aspects of life, such as how
        artisans worked and how
        doctors treated their
        patients.
      i. Armies of spies watched to see
   what was going on in the empire.
   c. The Mauryan Empire ended
   when the Gupta Empire took
   over.
XI. Gupta Advancements
    a. During the Gupta Empire India made great
    advancements in science, such as astronomy.

   b. Mathematics expanded with the development of the
   number system we use today. This system includes nine
   digits, zero, and the decimal.

   c. Higher education became available, but only to men.

   d. Sanskrit became the language of the wealthy.

   e. Literature, poetry and art flourished
   during this time.
                                      Invented
                                        Chess
XII. India’s Economy

   a. Textiles – silk, cotton, and linen- became especially
      valuable exports (goods that leave the country to be
      traded).



   b. The Gupta Empire ended when the Huns took over.
Lesson Three – Hinduism
I. Hinduism
    a. Hinduism is the main religion in India, and
    people in every caste are allowed to participate in
    Hinduism.
II. The Vedas

   a. The Vedas are the Holy Books for the Hindus.

      i.   The Vedas contained stories and songs
           dedicated to the Aryan gods.

   b. Rig Veda – oldest of the 4 Vedas from Aryan time.
III. Beliefs of Hinduism

   a. The Hindus believed in the 7 Truths of Hinduism.

   b. The 7 Truths of Hinduism are the seven ways to live a
   good/moral life.

   c. Brahman (their god) is the source and final
   destination of everything.
Hinduism cont.
d. Hindus believe that people should respect nature and
animals.

e. Hindus also believe that good and bad actions will
affect a person's afterlife.
IV. The Caste System

   a. You are born into your caste and cannot move up or
   down in your lifetime.

      i.   If you are good in your life, then you can be
           reincarnated into a higher caste in your next life.

   b. You can only marry within your caste.

   c. You can only have the jobs assigned to your caste.

   d. This system is NOT supported by the Indian
   government today.
Caste System cont.
Caste System cont.
Lesson 4 – Buddhism
I.   Buddha (The Enlightened One)

     a. The founder of Buddhism-Siddhartha
        Gautama, better known as Buddha or “The
        Enlightened One.”

     b. Instead of becoming king, he left his father’s palace to
     explore the world.
II. Beliefs of Buddhism
     a. Buddhists follow the Four Noble Truths and the
        Eightfold Fold Path.




                                        Most popular Buddhist symbol
                                        is the dharma wheel
Beliefs cont.
b. Four Noble Truths

      i.   Suffering is part of everyone's life.

      ii. People suffer because they want too many
      things.

      iii. If you stop wanting so many things then you will
      not suffer.

      iv. You can free yourself from wanting by following
      the Eightfold Path:
Beliefs cont.
c. Eightfold Path states that everyone should be happy with
their life and not be jealous of anyone else.

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India powerpoint 2013

  • 2. Lesson One: Geography of South Asia I. Subcontinent a. a large region separated from the rest of the continent by natural features b. The region is called a subcontinent because it is so large and separated by water from other land areas.
  • 3. II. Plate Tectonics a. According to the theory called plate tectonics, the Earth’s surface is made of several slowly moving plates. b. The movement of the plates may cause changes such as the development of mountain ranges, basins, and bodies of water.
  • 4. II. Plate Tectonics -continued- i. The subcontinent of South Asia may have formed when a plate broke off a large landmass and moved northward. ii. This smaller plate may have collided with a larger plate that contained Europe and Asia, pushed up under the larger plate and then formed mountains.
  • 6. III. Himalayas a. South Asia is home to the world’s tallest mountains, the Himalayas. b. The Himalayas were formed when the smaller plate pushed up under the larger plate. c. The Himalayas are still rising. d. Mount Everest is its highest peak.
  • 7. IV. South Asia Landforms a. Eight Countries make up South Asia: i. India ii. Pakistan iii. Nepal iv. Bhutan v. Afghanistan vi. Bangladesh vii. Sri Lanka viii. Maldives Islands
  • 8. IV. South Asia Landforms cont. b. These countries have different landforms. c. The Hindu Kush mountains are in the northwest and the Himalayas are in the northeast. d. These mountain ranges separate South Asia from the rest of the continent.
  • 9. IV. South Asia Landforms cont. e. Pakistan is home to the world’s second tallest mountain, the K2. f. In the south is India, which makes up three- fourths of the subcontinent. g. South of the Himalayas, the land is a lush, green plain. h. In the middle and toward the tip of India, the land is a dry plateau.
  • 12. V. Seasons a. There are three seasons in South Asia. b. Temperatures are mild to cool from October through February. c. Temperatures are very hot from March through May. d. Monsoon season, or the rainy season, is from June through September.
  • 14. VI. Monsoon Season a. Monsoon season, or the rainy season, is from June through September. b. Nearly all of the yearly precipitation, or rain and snowfall, falls during the monsoon season. c. After the monsoon season, the land is refreshed and full of life again (fertile). d. The monsoon season is very important to farmers, who depend on the rains for their crops. e. The region’s economy is closely tied to the monsoon season.
  • 16. VII. Rivers a. Three great rivers flow through the subcontinent: the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. b. The rivers fan out across a flat plain called the Indo-Ganges Plain. c. Monsoon season rains cause flooding, which spreads out more silt to the fields.
  • 17. VIII. Subsistence farming a. Def.: When many families grow food just for themselves; they live on the food they grow and they do not sell much of their crops. b. Sometimes they trade with small groups of people in their village.
  • 18. IX. Indus River Valley a. Much of the population in South Asia lives in crowded farming villages on the Indo-Ganges Plain. b. The Indus River Valley is on a plain in Pakistan. c. It is the site of the world’s oldest civilizations.
  • 19. X. Deccan Plateau a. Lies between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. b. The climate is dry, so therefore irrigation is needed for farming. c. Has rich volcanic soil from lava flows.
  • 20. XI. Jobs a. Most people work as farmers in India. b. People fish and farm along southern India’s heavily populated coasts. c. Many people work in the clothing and textile industries as well.
  • 21. Lesson Two – India and Persia I. Harappa a. People farmed and stored grain, worked with metal crafts and pottery, wove cotton, and traded and sold goods. b. Harappan culture had spread through much of the Indus Valley. c. This civilization disappeared suddenly around 1700 B.C., possibly due to a natural disaster such as a monsoon, flood, or earthquake.
  • 22. II. Mohenjo-Daro a. Mohenjo-Daro had complex architecture (buildings) and city planning. People constructed buildings and roads. b. Brick homes were laid out in a grid system (complex organization of streets). c. People enjoyed a large public bath and even had a system of garbage removal.
  • 23. III. Aryans a. The Aryans migrated to the Indus River Valley from the north. b. They spoke the Sanskrit language. c. They soon developed villages and towns where they farmed and traded.
  • 24. IV. Vedas a. The Vedas, or “Books of Knowledge”, contain the Aryans’ songs and stories. b. According to the Vedas, the Aryans waged many wars among their groups or tribes when their society became more prosperous from trading with one another. c. The Vedas also describe contests between gods and humans.
  • 25. V. Aryan Social Order a. The Aryans believed that what a person did in life had much to do with who he or she was. (class system) HINT: Remember the social order by thinking Priest Brahmins of: and Burger Teachers King Vanilla Kshatriyas Sundae Warriors, kings, and other rulers Vaisyas Cultivators: artisans, merchants, and traders Sudras (serfs or slaves) Sudras
  • 26. VI. Persians Arrive a. The Aryan culture spread east to the Ganges River Valley. b. News about riches in the valley encouraged people in Persia to migrate south. VII. Persian Empire a. Persian culture is united with the culture of the Babylonians, Lydians, and the Egyptians.
  • 27. VIII. Persian Roads a. The Persians were the ones who constructed roads through the mountains in the north. b. The development of roads and trade by the Persian kings connected India with other lands in Central Asia which helped spread the culture. Question: This allowed for _________? i. Zoroastrianism, a religion founded by Persian prophet Zoroaster which identified one god as supreme and the enemy of evil, was brought to India by the Persians c. India was no longer cut off by its northern mountains.
  • 28. How were the roads through the Himalaya Mountains similar to the Silk Roads?
  • 29. IX. First Indian Empire a. The Mauryan Empire, was the first Indian empire; it extended to the borders of Persia. b. This empire changed life in India by controlling many aspects of life, such as how artisans worked and how doctors treated their patients. i. Armies of spies watched to see what was going on in the empire. c. The Mauryan Empire ended when the Gupta Empire took over.
  • 30. XI. Gupta Advancements a. During the Gupta Empire India made great advancements in science, such as astronomy. b. Mathematics expanded with the development of the number system we use today. This system includes nine digits, zero, and the decimal. c. Higher education became available, but only to men. d. Sanskrit became the language of the wealthy. e. Literature, poetry and art flourished during this time. Invented Chess
  • 31. XII. India’s Economy a. Textiles – silk, cotton, and linen- became especially valuable exports (goods that leave the country to be traded). b. The Gupta Empire ended when the Huns took over.
  • 32. Lesson Three – Hinduism I. Hinduism a. Hinduism is the main religion in India, and people in every caste are allowed to participate in Hinduism.
  • 33. II. The Vedas a. The Vedas are the Holy Books for the Hindus. i. The Vedas contained stories and songs dedicated to the Aryan gods. b. Rig Veda – oldest of the 4 Vedas from Aryan time.
  • 34. III. Beliefs of Hinduism a. The Hindus believed in the 7 Truths of Hinduism. b. The 7 Truths of Hinduism are the seven ways to live a good/moral life. c. Brahman (their god) is the source and final destination of everything.
  • 35. Hinduism cont. d. Hindus believe that people should respect nature and animals. e. Hindus also believe that good and bad actions will affect a person's afterlife.
  • 36. IV. The Caste System a. You are born into your caste and cannot move up or down in your lifetime. i. If you are good in your life, then you can be reincarnated into a higher caste in your next life. b. You can only marry within your caste. c. You can only have the jobs assigned to your caste. d. This system is NOT supported by the Indian government today.
  • 39. Lesson 4 – Buddhism I. Buddha (The Enlightened One) a. The founder of Buddhism-Siddhartha Gautama, better known as Buddha or “The Enlightened One.” b. Instead of becoming king, he left his father’s palace to explore the world.
  • 40. II. Beliefs of Buddhism a. Buddhists follow the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Fold Path. Most popular Buddhist symbol is the dharma wheel
  • 41. Beliefs cont. b. Four Noble Truths i. Suffering is part of everyone's life. ii. People suffer because they want too many things. iii. If you stop wanting so many things then you will not suffer. iv. You can free yourself from wanting by following the Eightfold Path:
  • 42. Beliefs cont. c. Eightfold Path states that everyone should be happy with their life and not be jealous of anyone else.