2. Examine the number of valence electrons for each atom:
What do you notice?
IONS AND THEIR CHARGES
3. TREND:
-Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons
-Thus elements in the same group have similar reactivity
Examine the number of valence
electrons for each atom:
Example:
All alkali
metals
have one
valence
electron
IONS AND THEIR CHARGES
4. - Elements become stable by achieving 8 valence electrons (except for
hydrogen and helium, which achieve 2 electrons)
- Noble gases are non-reactive because they have 8 electrons
- This is called the Octet Rule
The number of valence
electrons can determine
reactivity:
IONS AND THEIR CHARGES
5. How many valence electrons
does each atom need to gain or
lose to achieve a full octet?
Alkali metals
lose 1
electron
Alkali earth
metals lose 2
electrons
Group 13
elements lose 3
electrons
Group 14 elements
lose or gain 4
electrons
IONS AND THEIR CHARGES
6. How many valence electrons
does each atom need to gain or
lose to achieve a full octet?
Group 14
elements lose or
gain 4 electrons
Group 15
elements gain
3 electrons
Group 16
elements gain
2 electrons
Halogens
gain 1
electron
Noble gases
already have
a full octet
IONS AND THEIR CHARGES
7. Ion charges based on family/group:
+1 +2 +3 +/-4 -3 -2 -1 N/A
IONS AND THEIR CHARGES
9. Magnesium oxide
Mg O
2 2+ -
SIMPLIFY!!!
= MgO
2) Writing the chemical formula:
BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS
10. PbI4
lead iodide
Pb I
41
Check charge on non-metal
ion to see if you need to
“un-simplify”
(IV)
= lead (IV) iodide
IONIC COMPOUNDS WITH MULTIVALENT METALS
1) Naming:
11. Copper (II) chloride
Cu Cl
2 1+ -
= CuCl2
2) Writing the chemical formula:
Copper (II) chloride
IONIC COMPOUNDS WITH MULTIVALENT METALS
17. mono
di
tri
tetra
penta
hexa
hepta
octa
nona
deca
NAMING…
• Name both elements (change the
ending of the element on the right
to “ide”
• Put prefixes in front of the element
• Eliminate the prefix “mono” if it is
attached to the first element (the
element on the left)
WRITING THE FORMULA…
• Write the symbols of the elements
• Convert the prefixes to subscripts
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDSNON-METAL + NON-METAL
Prefixes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
18. mono
di
tri
tetra
penta
hexa
hepta
octa
nona
deca
Writing the name: PCl5
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDSNON-METAL + NON-METAL
phosphorus chlorine
ide
chloride
1
RULE #3: Eliminate the prefix “mono” if it is
attached to the first element (the element on the
left)
= phosphorus pentachloride
19. Writing the formula: sulfur tetroxide
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDSNON-METAL + NON-METAL
S O1 4
= SO4
Notice how “tetroxide” is NOT spelt as tetraoxide. The “a”
in the prefix is eliminated when its followed by an “o”