1. GRAMMAR BOOK
By: Carla Shockey

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Nationalities
2. Stem Changers
3. Para
4. Indirect Object Pronoun
5. Object Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7. Affirmative and Negative Words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative tú Commands/Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement
11. Negative tú Commands/Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement
12. Sequencing Events
13. Th
14. Ty
15. Pretérito
16. Trigger Words
17. -car, -gar, -zar
18. Deber + Infinitive
19. MODAL verbs
20. Present Progressive
21. Adverbs

4. STEM CHANGING
Pensar (to think) e>ie
Pienso Pensamos
Piensas Pensáis
Piensa Piesan
Almorzar (to eat lunch) o>ue
Almuerzo Almorzamos
Almuerzas Almorzáis
Almuerza Almuerzan
Pedir (to ask) e>i
Pido Pedemos
Pides Pedeís
Pide Piden
Jugar (to play) u>ue
Juego Jugamos
Juegas Jugáis
Juega Juegan

5. PARA
Use para (for, in order to)
to indicate……
The recipient Implied
Purpose
of an item Purpose
• Example: El • Example: • Example:
regalo para Vamos al Tengo
tú mama. restaurante dinero para
para comer. (comprar)
algo.

6. INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN
Indirect Objects are nouns that tell to whom/what or for
whom/what. Indirect Object Pronouns replace or accompany
indirect objects.
Singular Plural The pronouns le and les can refer to
different indirect objects. To clarify
me nos what they mean, they are often
(me) (us) accompanied by….


te os
a+ name, noun, or pronoun
(you (you ex: Rosa le comprar una olla a su madre.
familiar) familiar)
To add emphasis use….
le les
(you (you, a+ pronoun
formal, them) ex: A mi me compro unos aretes.
him, her

7. OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT
• Attach the pronoun to an infinitive.
1.
• Attach the pronoun to a progressive
2. tense
• Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
3. command
• Place the pronoun before a conjugated
4. verb.
4.
•When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb, the pronoun
comes before the verb.
•When the pronoun accompanies a sentence with an infinitive, it
can either go before the conjugated verb or be attached to the end
of the infinitive.

8. GUSTAR Negative Phrase
No goes before conjugated verb
 Gustar means to like No______ gusta
mi= me gusta
me Ti= te gusta
Usted/el/ella=le gusta
les te Nosotros= nos gusta
Ustedes/ellas/ellos= les gusta
Gusta Vosotros= os gusta
Gusto Gustamos
os le
nos Gustas Gustáis
*Form of gusta depends on
Gusta Gustan
object liked*
Ex: Me gustan los perros.

9. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS
Affirmative Words Negative Words
Algo Something Nada Nothing
Nadie Nobody
Alguien Someone
Ningun/Ninguno/a None
Algún/Alguno/a Some
Nunca Never
Siempre Always
Tampoco Neither,
También Also either
•Alguno and ninguno must match the gender of the noun they replace
or modify. Alguno and niguno have different forms when used before
masculine singular nouns.
•If a verb is preceded by no, words that follow must be negative. A
double negative is required in Spanish when no proceeds the verb.
•However, if a negative word, such as nunca or nadie, comes before
the verb, a second negative is not needed.

10. SUPERLATIVE
 To express extremes with adjectives amd adverbs superlatives are used.
 The suffix –ísimo, -ísimos, -ísima, -ísimas are added to adjectives and adverbs.
 Its equivalent to extremely or very.
 Malo> malísimo
 Muchas> muchisímas
 Difícil> difilísmo
 Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z change spelling to qu, gu, and c
respectively
 Rico> riquísimo
 Larga> larguísima
 Feliz> felicísmo
 Adjectives that end in –n or –r form by adding –císimo/a
 joven > jovencísimo
 trabajador > trabajadorcísimo

11. REFLEXIVES
 Reflexives are used to describe people doing things for
themselves.
 In the reflexive construction, the subject is also the object.
 The subject, the pronoun and the verb are all in the same form.
Ex: Yo me levanto a las ocho de la mañana.
Form the verb Reflexives can be……
Levantarse 1. In front of a conjugated verb
2. Attached to a gerund
Conjugate the verb… 3. Attached to an infinitve
4. Attached to an affirmative command
me levanto nos levantamos
te levantas es levantáis
se levanta se levantan

12. AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/
PRONOUN PLACEMENT
 Affirmative tú Commands
 Give instructions or commands to someone by
using the affirmative tú commands of regular verbs.
Caminar
¡Camina!
¡Camina en el parque!
It is a tú command, but end in third person.

13. AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/
PRONOUN PLACEMENT CONTINUED
Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands
Infinitive Affirmative tú
Commadns
decir di
*When you use a pronoun
hacer haz with an affirmative
ir ve command, the pronoun
poner pon attaches to the command.*
salir Sal
ser sé
tener ten Pronoun Placement
When using an object
venir ven pronoun, attach the
pronoun to the end of the
command.

14. NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/
PRONOUN PLACEMENT
Negative tú Commands
When you tell someone what not to do, use a negative
command. Negative tú commands are formed by taking you
form of the present tense, dropping the o, and adding the
appropriate ending.
Hablo -es for –ar verbs
Vuelvo -as for –er and ir verbs
Infinitive Yo Form Negative tú
Command
Hablar Hablo ¡No hablas!
Volver Vuelvo ¡No Vuelvas!

15. NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/
PRONOUN PLACEMENT CONTINUED
Irregular NegativeTú Commands
•A few verbs have irregular tú commands. The noun of the yo forms of
these verbs end in –o.
Infinitive (yo form) Negative tú Command
Dar (doy) No le des mi dirreccion a
nadie.
Estar (estoy) No estes triste
Ir (voy) No vayas a la tienda.
Ser (soy) No seas mala.
Pronoun Placement
Object Pronouns precede the
verbs in negative commands, just
as with other conjugated verbs.
Ex: ¡ No lo uses!

16. SEQUENCING EVENTS
Luego/
First Primero Then Entonces Later después Finally Por Fin
Antes de/ después de Por la manana/ Los lunes, los
tarde/noche martes, los
miercoles,…etc.
Before/ after In/ during the Monday, Tuesday,
(no specific time Wednesday
given)
Words used to tell when and in what order certain events occur.