2. DIVINA GRACIA D. DIZON

3. our beliefs about why,
what and how we teach,
whom we teach, and about
the nature of learning
a set of principles that
guides professional action
through the events and
issues teachers face daily

4. Plato
Aristotle
Socrates

5. holds that ideas are the only truth
the only constant for Plato was mathematics,
unchangeable and eternal
Plato’s method of dialogue engaged in
systematic, logical examination of all points of
view…ultimately leading to agreement and a
synthesis of ideas…this approach known as the
dialectic.

6. AIMS OF EDUCATION To discover and develop each individual’s abilities and full moral
excellence
to search for truth and further the character development of
learners
CURRICULUM based upon the spiritual nature of man
Subject-centered
TEACHING METHODS Focus on handling ideas through lecture. Discussion and Socratic
dialogue
Character is developed through imitating examples and heroes
ROLE OF TEACHER To serve as a guide for immature learners, judge important
material, and model appropriate behavior.
expected to be an excellent and all around person
INSTRUCTIONAL holistic, seeks to develop critical thinkers, and deals with broad
PROCESS concepts rather than specific skills

7.  holds that reality exists independent of the human
mind; matter in the universe is real and independent
of man’s ideas.
 Aristotle was the leading proponent of realism,
started the Lyceum, the first philosopher to develop
a systematic theory of logic
 Generic Notions…only through studying the material
world is it possible to clarify or develop ideas…matter
is real independent of ideas

8. AIMS OF EDUCATION to understand the world through inquiry, verify ideas in the
world of experience, teach things that are essential and practical,
and develop the learner’s rational power
CURRICULUM Emphasizes the subject matter of the physical world, particularly
science and mathematics
TEACHING METHODS Focus on mastery of facts and basic skills through demonstration
and recitation
ROLE OF THE TEACHER Organizes and presents content systematically within a
discipline, demonstrating use of criteria in making decisions
INSTRUCTIONAL seeks to teach fundamentals, encourage specialization, and to
PROCESS teach the scientific method

9. All material things are  Propositions are true only if they
explainable correspond with known facts
Ultimate reality is spiritual.  Physical matter is the ultimate
Nature possesses meaning and reality. Nature and science are
purpose. real.
knowledge is independent  knowledge is derived through
of sense experience sense experince
start with the idea and ends  starts with a thing and end up
with thing with idea
universe as being made of  an attempt to portray life as it is
mind or reason  Recognizes the importance of
high regard for individuality individual education
and freedom in education

10. must provide for the  to provide man with the
development of the mind essential knowledge he
of every pupil needs to survive in
should develop the nature
potentiality of man
emphasize the
intellectual, moral and
aesthetic judgment of the
pupil

11. IDEALISM REALISM
AIMS OF EDUCATION  True ideas  truth of the natural and
Rational process physical world
Self – realization Scientific method
 Character Development Basic skills and facts
( wisdom, moral conviction,  Character Development
good will and loyalty) ( accountability and
preparedness )
METHODS OF EDUCATION  self-directed learning  direct teaching
 depth over breath Essential information
CURRICULUM  critical thinking Practical and useful
 reading and writing  3 R’s
ROLE OF THE TEACHER Role models (intellectual and  subject matter expert
moral )