2. Chapter 20 Politics of the 1920’s
Chapter Objective: To trace the political and
social changes after World War I and
throughout the decade of the 1920’s.
3. 1920’s Unit Principles
Objective
Evaluate the legacy of the 1920s in America.
Essential Question
What should historians call the 1920s?
4. Bellwork:
What would you call the age in which we currently live?
Recall some of the topics we’ve studied this year. What
are some examples?
Industrialization
Immigration
Urbanization
Progressivism
Imperialism
World War
What should historians call the 1920’s?
Create a name for the 1920’s
5. America in Context
Many other events were going on around the
world.
Remember History does not happen in a
vacuum!
Each group will read a timeline of events for
their assigned country.
Identify 2-3 key events
How might these events influence America?
How might America have influenced these
events?
Be prepared to share with the class
7. America in Context: Asia
In India, Mohandes Gandhi
begins his resistance movement
against British rule
In China, the Chinese Civil War
between Nationalists and
Communists begins in 1924 and
does not end until 1950 with a
Communist victory
8. America in Context: Asia
Turkish Revolution against the Allies is fought
between 1919 and 1923 resulting in Turkish
independence
10. America in Context: Europe
Britain and France begin paying back war debt
to the United States
Ireland gains its independence from Britain in
1921
11. America in Context: Europe
Amid economic troubles
in Germany, a young war
veteran named Adolf
Hitler becomes
Chairman of the Nazi
Party in 1921. Three
years later his party
earns 6.5% of the
popular vote in elections
In Italy, fascist leader
Benito Mussolini comes
to power in 1922
12. America in Context: Europe
In 1922 the Bolshevik faction of
the Russian communist party
consolidates its power and
officially creates the USSR
(Soviet Union)
Two years later Vladimir Lenin,
the founder of Russian
communism dies resulting in a
power struggle to replace him
with Joseph Stalin eventually
emerging on top
16. America in Context: Latin America
The Mexican Civil War ends in 1920
Pancho Villa is assassinated in Mexico in 1923
17. America in Context: 1920s Births
Che Guevara Martin Luther President Jimmy
President King Jr. Carter
George H. W. Malcolm X Senator Robert
Bush Elie Wiesel Kennedy
Margaret Jacqueline Stanley Kubrick
Thatcher Kennedy Marlon Brando
Fidel Castro Anne Frank Marilyn Monroe
Ray Bradbury Helen Thomas Audrey Hepburn
Pope John Paul II Queen Elizabeth II
Kurt Vonnegut
Maya Angelou
18. Understanding the 20s
F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Age of Excess
In groups of 3 or 4, read through the essay by
former Cambridge professor Joshua Zeitz.
Highlight key words or phrases that provide
details about what life was like in the 1920’s
Create a wordle using the words or phrases
that you feel best captures life in the 1902’s
20. Exit Ticket
What should historians call the 1920’s?
Traditional vs. Modern values
Middle Class Growth
The age of big personalities
The growth of media
American anomaly
The path to Depression
Yolo!
21. People of the 1920s
We will be using influential people in the 1920s to
help us study important concepts
We will study
Sacco & Vanzetti
Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover
Henry Ford
Al Capone
John T. Scopes
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Zelda Fitzgerald
Babe Ruth
Charles Lindbergh
22. Chapter 20 Section 1
“America Struggles with Postwar Issues”
Learning Objective: Understand how fear and
prejudice of radicals and foreigners led to persecution
& injustice in American life. Be able to give an
example of an injustice from the 1920’s.
Main Idea: A desire for normality after the war and a
fear of communism and foreigners led to postwar
isolationism
Why It Matters Now: Americans continue to debate
today political isolationism and immigration policy.
Terms, People, & Events: Nativism, communism,
isolationism, anarchism, Sacco & Vanzetti, Quota
System, Red Scare, Palmer Raids, KKK
23. Effects of WWI in Europe
What are European
countries like after
World War I is
over?
24. Effects of World War I in America
What is America
like after WWI?
25. Effects of WWI on African Americans
After slavery was
abolished by the
Emancipation
Proclamation in
1863 what types
of jobs were
available for
African
Americans?
Where are those
jobs located?
26. Effects of WWI on African Americans?
How did WWI
create new job
opportunities for
African
Americans?
Where were
those jobs
located?
28. Effects of WWI on Women
How did WWI
create
opportunities
for women?
29. Effects of WWI on
Veterans
How might WWI
veterans feel when they
return from the war and
are unable to find
work?
Who might they direct
their anger and
frustration towards?
30. Effects of WWI on Immigrants
Why did
Americans
turn
against
immigrants
after World
War I?
31. Effects of WWI in America
Accelerated America’s emergence as the
world’s greatest industrial power
Contributed to the movement of African
Americans from southern farms to northern
cities called the Great Migration
Intensified anti-immigrant and anti-radical
sentiments among mainstream Americans
Brought over 1 million women into the work
force
Hastened (Sped up) the passage of the 19th
amendment women’s right to vote
32. Effects of WWI in America
During WWI workers were not allowed to strike
because the government would not let anything
interfere with the war effort.
Returning soldiers faced unemployment or
replaced women and minorities.
Cost of living doubled.
Farmers and factory workers suffered from
decreased production.
After the war union membership increases, as
did strikes for higher wages and better working
conditions.
34. Post War Trends
Fear of communism and foreigners leads to
postwar isolation.
35. Nativism
Prejudice against foreign born people.
36. Isolationism
A policy of pulling away from involvement in
world affairs.
37. Think-Pair-Share
What is anarchism?
What is communism?
What is socialism?
Why is there opposition to these in the United
States?
38. Anarchism
What is the root of the
word “anarchism”?
What does anarchy
mean?
Anarchists (people who
support anarchism)
Don’t believe in any
government
Government should be
overthrown with violence
39. What is Communism?
An economic and political theory
based on single party rule by a
dictatorship.
Created by Karl Marx
From each according to his ability, to each
according to his need.” –Karl Marx
The public ownership of property to create a
completely equal society
All the people/workers will own all
of the ways of making money (the land,
the machines, the stores, etc.)
40. Communism
End to private businesses
No way for one person to
become very rich
Political systems are
progressing and communism
is seen as the next and final
step from capitalism and
democracy
Believed in the creation of an
international communist society
brought about by a revolutionary
party
41. Communism
To equalize wealth and power communist put an end to
private property and replaced private ownership of business
with government ownership of factories, railroads, and other
businesses.
Perceived as a threat to the American way of life
42. Why considered a threat to
America?
The Declaration of Independence promises “life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
Communism guarantees economic equality
American democracy advocates for the use of the
vote to bring about change
Communism advocates violent revolution
American democracy advocates governance by
the people and freedom of the people
Communism is totalitarian and oppressive
43. Socialism
An economic and political system.
Government owns major:
private businesses (banks)
public services (hospitals &healthcare)
44. American Fears of Socialism
Perceived as a
threat to the
American way of
life because
people believed it
was on the way to
communism and
thus a threat to
individual’s right
to private wealth
To equalize wealth and power the government
would make wealthy people contribute more
money to taxes so that there is not a huge
difference between rich and poor.
48. Red Scare
Symbolic red flag
“Reds”
Panic in the U.S. that began in 1919 after Revolutions in
Russia overthrew the czarist regime.
Vladimir Lenin and his followers “The Bolsheviks”
established a new communist state.
Cried out for a worldwide revolution to abolish capitalism
everywhere
49. Communist Party in the U.S.
70,000 joined including some members of
the IWW (International Workers of the
World)
50. The Case Against the Reds
Read the abbreviated primary source essay
written by U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell
Palmer & answer the following questions.
What revolution is the author referring to?
What will the revolution destroy?
Who is spreading these ideas?
What effect will this have on America?
What does Palmer plan to do?
What fears of the time are reflected in the
document?
51. Palmer Raids
Several dozen bombs
were mailed to
government & business
owners the public feared
that Communists were J Edgar
taking over. Hoover
U.S. Attorney General
Mitchell Palmer took Mitchell
actions to combat this Palmer
“Red Scare” Palmer
appointed J Edgar
Hoover to hunt down
suspected communists,
socialists, and anarchists
52. Palmer Raids
Trampled civil rights by
invading homes &
offices & jailing
suspects without
allowing them legal
counsel
Hundreds of foreigners
were deported without
trials
Failed to turn up
evidence of a
revolutionary
10,000 people arrested
conspiracy
556 people deported
53. Palmer Raids
Who is the person in the middle?
What does he appear to be doing?
What is happening to the boat? What does it represent?
What’s being thrown from the window?
What are the people holding in their hands? What does it represent
What event in U.S. history does this portray?
55. April 15, 1920
Warm Up
Braintree MA
Should immigrants A security guard and a
be looked at with paymaster transporting
more suspicion than money for the Slater-
American citizens by Morrill Shoe Company
the American are shot & killed by
government? Why or robbers
why not? Robbers sped away
but plenty of eye
witnesses saw the
commotion
56. Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti
An Italian shoemaker and a fish peddler are arrested and
charged with robbery and murder of a factory paymaster
and his guard in South Braintree, Massachusetts
Italian immigrants, socialists, and anarchists
57. Trial of Sacco & Vanzetti
On your packet is a blue letter.
J means Jury
P means Prosecution
D means Defense
Break down into groups according to your letter
and review the evidence chart.
Prosecution should pick the best arguments for
Sacco and Vanzetti’s guilt.
Defense should pick the best defense
arguments.
58. Trial of Sacco & Vanzetti
Jury your job is to listen to all of
the evidence and determine
whether or not the accused
suspects are guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt (an abiding
certainty, not no doubt, but a
reasonable amount of doubt,
confident you did the right thing)
In groups, discuss your findings
and come to a consensus on
whether or not Sacco and
Vanzetti are guilty of robbery
and murder beyond a
reasonable doubt.
59. Trial of Sacco & Vanzetti
Prosecution for Sacco/Vanzetti present
evidence to prove Sacco’s guilt
Defense for Sacco/Vanzetti present evidence
to prove Sacco’s innocence
Cross examination
Closing arguments
60. Did Sacco and Vanzetti get a fair
trial?
Asserted their
innocence and
provided alibis
Circumstantial
evidence
Prejudicial judge
Jury found them
guilty and
sentenced them to
death
Executed in 1927
62. What are these men doing? Who might they be?
Why are they protesting? How can you tell?
63. What is the
headline?
Who
published the
newspaper?
Based on all
of these
images, what
can you
conclude
about the trial
of Sacco &
Vanzetti?
64. Limiting Immigration
Wave of nativist sentiment “Keep American for
Americans” became prevailing attitude
Feared that immigrants would work for lower
wages and take away jobs
Fear of immigrants as anarchists, communists,
or socialists
Limited immigration from southern & eastern
Europe (Catholics & Jews)
Emergency Quota Act of 1921 set a limit on
the number of immigrants who could enter the
U.S. & prohibited Japanese immigration
65. 1. Where are the
people trying to get
to?
2. What is Uncle Sam
doing?
3. What is the
caption?
4. According to this
cartoon what is the
solution to the
problem?
67. The Klan Rises Again
Ku Klux Klan devoted to 100% Americanism
White male
native born
Protestant
Opposed:
Blacks
Jews
Catholics
foreigners
Used violence
4-5 million members
68. Effects of WWI in America
During WWI workers were not allowed to strike
because the government would not let anything
interfere with the war effort.
Returning soldiers faced unemployment or took
jobs away from women and minorities.
Cost of living doubled.
Farmers and factory workers suffered from
decreased production.
After the war union membership increases, as
did strikes for higher wages and better working
conditions.
69. Bellwork
WWI is over, Americans are struggling to rebuild their
broken lives, the voice of angry workers can be
silenced no longer. Despite public criticism, many
people risk loosing their jobs to strike and join unions.
The streets became a battleground for fair pay and
better working conditions.
Would you strike and risk your families welfare?
Do city workers have a responsibility not to go on
strike?
Should the government intervene in disputes between
labor and business?
70. Labor Unrest
During WWI government would not allow
workers to strike because it would interfere
with the war effort
1919 saw more then 3,000 strikes that included
4 million workers
Employers didn’t want to give raises or have
the employees join unions
Newspapers labeled striking workers as
Communist
71. Boston Police Strike
Boston Police had not been given a raise since
beginning of WWI & had been denied the right
to unionize
When workers asked for a raise they were fired
Mass governor Calvin Coolidge called in the
National Guard to put down the strike
Strike ended and new policemen were hired
People praised Coolidge for saving Boston &
the nation from communism & anarchy
In 1920 he became Warren Harding’s vice
presidential running mate
73. Steel Mill Strike
Steel mill workers wanted the right to negotiate for shorter
working hours, higher wages, right to form a union
U.S. Steel Corp refused to meet with workers reps
300,000 workers went on strike
Strike breakers- employees who agree to work during a
strike
Workers were beaten by federal troops & state militia
The Companies instituted a propaganda campaign to link
the strikers with communism
Won an 8 hour work day but did not get the right to form a
union
74. Coal Miners Strike
United Mine Workers of America led by John L. Lewis
protested low wages and long workdays
Attorney General Mitchell Palmer obtained a court order
sending the miners back to work
Strikes continued in defiance of the court order
President Wilson hired an arbitrator to put an end to the
dispute
Coal miners received a 27% wage increase
75. Chapter 20 Section 2
“The Harding Presidency”
Objective: Understand how political corruption and
scandals resulted in distrust of the American
government. Be able to provide an example of
corruption and scandal and its effect.
Main Idea: The Harding Administration appealed to
America’s desire for calm & peace after war, but
resulted in scandal.
Why It Matters Now: The government must guard
against scandal and corruption to merit public trust.
Terms, People, & Events:Warren G. Harding,
Charles Evan Hughes, Fordney-McCumber Tariff,
Ohio gang, Teapot Dome Scandal, Albert B. Fall
76. The Scandalous Presidency
What was President
Harding’s
administration
accused of in the
article, “Senate
Demands
Information on
Teapot Dome 1922”
?
77. Warren G. Harding
“looked like a president ought to
look”
“normalcy” simpler days before the
Progressive Era and Great War
Soothing speeches calmed the
nation
Favored a limited role for
government in business affairs and
social reform
Died suddenly from a stroke/heart
attack
First presidential election since passage
of 19th amendment
78. Washington Naval Conference
Harding invited the major powers to a conference in
Washington to discuss arms reduction
Post WWI problems about arms control, war debts, and
the reconstruction of war torn countries
79. Washington Naval Conference
Russia was left out because it
was communist
Secretary of State Charles
Evan Hughes recommended
that the five major powers
stop building warships for 10
years and scrap many of
those already existing
For the first time powerful
nations agreed to disarm
80. Kellogg-Briand Pact
1928 fifteen nations signed a pact which
renounced war as a national policy
Pact was futile because it had no means
of reinforcement
82. High Tariffs and Reparations
Britain and France had to pay back the billions
they borrowed from the U.S.
Two ways to pay off war debt:
1. Sell goods to the U.S.
2. Collect reparations from Germany
83. Fordney-McCumber Tariff
What is a tariff? Raised taxes on U.S.
imports to 60%
What does an
Highest level ever
increase in tariffs do
Protected U.S.
to the price of goods?
businesses from
Who benefits from foreign competition
higher tariffs? Made it impossible for
What group in society Britain and France to
would not support sell enough goods to
high tariffs? the U.S. to repay debt
84. Germany
Experienced terrible
inflation
$10 and $20 bills were
worth only nickels and
dimes
Defaulted (failed to make
payments) to Allies
France invaded Germany
To avoid war U.S. banker
Charles G. Dawes was sent
to negotiate loans
85. According to this chart, what did Germany give to the Allies?
According to this chart, what did the Allies give to the U.S.?
What is the benefit of this system?
What is the disadvantage of this system?
86. Dawes Plan
American investors loaned
Germany $2.5 billion to pay back
Britain and France
Britain and France then paid the U.S.
The U.S. was repaid with its own
money
Britain and France disliked U.S. for
not paying for its share of the war
U.S. benefited from the defeat of
Germany while other countries lost Charles G. Dawes
millions of lives
U.S. thought Britain and France were
irresponsible financially
87. Ohio Gang
President Harding’s poker
playing cronies whom he
elected to his cabinet
Corrupt friends used
their offices to become
wealthy through graft.
88. Ohio Gang
Charles R. Forbes, head of the
Veterans Bureau, was caught
illegally selling government and
hospital supplies to private
companies
Colonel Thomas W.
Miller, head of the Office
of Alien Property, was
caught accepting a bribe
90. Teapot Dome Scandal
U.S. government set aside oil-rich
public lands at Teapot Dome,
Wyoming and Elk Hills California for
use by the U.S. Navy
U.S. Secretary of the Interior, Albert B.
Fall, got the land transferred from the
navy to his department
Fall secretly leased the land to private
oil companies
He received more than $400,000 in
loans, bonds, and cash
He was found guilty of bribery and
became he first person to be convicted
of a felony while holding a cabinet post.
91. Harding’s Scandalous Presidency
“I have no trouble with my enemies…But
my…friends, they’re the ones that keep me
walking the floor nights!”
Who might have said this quote?
Why might he have said this?
President Harding died in office in 1923 of a
stroke. Many people speculate that the
stresses of scandal are what killed him
92. Chapter 20 Section 3
“Business of America”
Learning Objective:Understand the impact of the
automobile in America and be able to describe how it
led to changes in architecture, landscape, travel,
business, labor, etc.
Main Idea: Consumer goods fueled the business boom
of the 1920s as America’s standard of living soared.
Why It Matters Now: Business, Technological & social
developments of the 1920s launched the era of
modern consumerism
Terms & Names: Calvin Coolidge, urban sprawl,
installment plan
93. Discussion Questions
What products do we use to make our
lives easier?
What might life without basic electrical
appliances such as, refrigerator,
washing machine, cell phone,
computers be like?
94. Calvin Coolidge
Republican Party
Pro-business- supports limited government intervention
Keep taxes down and business profits up
Give business more available credit in order to expand
High tariffs on foreign imports helped U.S. manufacturers
“the chief business of the American people is
business…The man who builds a factory builds a
temple-the man who works there worships there.”
95. 1920’s American Dream
What is the America Dream?
Americans were buying more products and
living better lives than ever before.
Many Americans were able to buy cars. Henry
Ford introduced the Model A in 1927. The
automobile had a profound impact on American
lives and the American landscape
http://www.history.com/topics/model-
t/videos#car-invented-world-drastically-changed
What were some changes brought on by the
automobile?
96. Ford
1927 the last Model T
Ford rolled off the
assembly line
1 million New Yorkers
mobbed show rooms to
view the new Model A.
Difference between the
Model T and the Model A
Automobile became the
was that the T only came backbone of American
in black while the new economy in the 1920’s
model came in Niagara
Blue and Arabian Sand
97. Impact of Automobile
Helped the economy boom
Led to the urban sprawl
Spurred the paving
of roads
Reduced isolation of farm life Gave people more
freedom to travel
98. Impact of Automobile
Building of service stations, garages, motels,
fast food restaurants, shopping centers
Gave Americans a Changed architectural styles-
new status symbol driveways & garages
99. Airplane Industry
Established new means of
transportation for people
and goods
Gave people greater
freedom to travel
Charles Lindbergh-
first transatlantic flight
100. Alternating Electrical Current
Made it possible to distribute electric power
over greater areas
Led to the electrification of homes and
widespread use of electrical appliances
Made housewives work easier (?) freeing them
for other activities
Led to more uniform, conformist lifestyles
Helped the economy to boom
Refrigerators, toasters, cooking ranges
http://www.history.com/videos/1920s-
inventions#popularity-of-cb-radio
101. The Dawn of Modern Advertising
Objective: Understand how 1920s advertisements
launched the era of modern consumerism. Be able to
create an advertisement for a new 1920s consumer
product using advertising techniques.
Agenda:
Identify ad techniques used in 2012 Super
Bowl commercials.
Analyze a 1920’s advertisement.
Create an advertisement for a consumer
product from the 1920’s using the techniques
we studied.
102. Modern Advertising
Hired psychologists to study how to appeal to
people’s desire for youthfulness, beauty,
health, and wealth
Created a greater demand for consumer goods
Increased sales and profits
Turned luxury items into necessities-
mouthwash, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners,
toaster ovens, etc
Helped the economy boom
103. Advertising Techniques
Happy & attractive people Beautiful
Popular music, songs or Famous
jingles people/celebrities
Sex appeal Macho
Fear
Femininity
Symbols
Repetition
Humor
Fitting in
The good old days
Cute Culture
Testimonials Buy one get one free
Free trial offers Flattery
testimonial
104. Super Bowl Advertisements
For each ad identify as Mr. Murphy & I will model
identifying the advertisement
many different techniques used in the first
techniques being used to commercial as an example for
sell you the product. you
http://msn.foxsports.com/vide
Record your responses o/shows/super-bowl-
on your note taking commercials-2011
sheet. http://msn.foxsports.com/vide
o/shows/super-bowl-
Be prepared to share commercials-
your responses with the 2012?vid=d2063583-f3cf-
rest of the class. 49d3-8c57-e8252976dbd0
105. 1920s Advertisement
With a partner or a small
group of 3 complete the
print advertisement
analysis worksheet for
the 1920s advertisement
you were given.
Create an advertisement
for this product using
one or more of the
advertising techniques
we discussed.
106. Advertisement Sharing
Share the advertisement
you created with the rest
of the class.
Identify what
advertisement technique
you utilized and who is
your target audience.
107. Installment Plan
Helped the economy to boom
Helped to create a false
sense of prosperity
Allowed people to buy goods
over an extended period of
time without having to put up
much money at the time of
purchase
Notas del editor
ProtestTrafalgar Square London
What are these people doing?Why are the protesting?Who might they be?