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2012/02/10




      Instructional Leadership
             Workshop
- How should we change our current practice in order
        to attain Quality Education for All? -




             Presenter: Dr Muavia Gallie (PhD)
                         Session 3
                                                 1




  1.  Teaching to fish is better than
      providing fish;
  2.  Leadership is a decision, not a
      position or set of skills;
  3.  Leaders breed leaders, not
      follower; and
  4.  You don t need me (anyone
      else) to be a Quality Principal!
  2




                                                               1
2012/02/10




  There is no
 management
   without
monitoring and
  evaluation
3




    Monitor!




4




                         2
2012/02/10




                     Evaluate!




      5




     What is Monitoring and Evaluation?
"    Monitoring is the systematic, regular collection and occasional
     analysis of information to identify and possibly measure
     changes over a period of time.
"    Evaluation is the analysis of the effectiveness and direction of
     an activity and involves making a judgment about progress and
     impact.
"    The main differences between monitoring and evaluation are
     the timing and frequency of observations and the types of
     questions asked. However, when monitoring and evaluation are
     integrated, the line between the two becomes rather blurred.
"    Participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) is the joint
     effort or partnership of two or more stakeholders to monitor and
     evaluate, systematically, one or more research or development
     activities (Vernooy et al., 2003).

      6




                                                                                3
2012/02/10




            Why should we M&E?!
In general, the purpose of monitoring & evaluation can be:

•  To assess results - to find out if and how objectives are being met and are
     resulting in desired changes.
•    To improve management and process planning - to better adapt to
     contextual and risk factors such as social and power dynamics that affect the
     research process.
•    To promote learning - to identify lessons of general applicability, to learn how
     different approaches to participation affect outcomes, impact, and reach, to
     learn what works and what does not, and to identify what contextual factors
     enable or constrain the participatory research.
•    To understand different stakeholders' perspectives - to allow, through
     direct participation in the monitoring and evaluation process, the various people
     involved in the organisation to better understand each others views and values
     and to design ways to resolve competing or conflicting views and interests.
•    To ensure accountability - to assess whether the organisation is effectively,
     appropriately, and efficiently executed to be accountable to they key
     agencies (Estrella and Gaventa, 1998).
     7




           Methods and Techniques of
                 Monitoring!
   Programmes even with a good planning,
   adequate organisational machinery and sufficient
   flow of resources cannot automatically achieve
   the desired result.
•  There must be some warning mechanism,
   which can alert the organisation about its possible
   success and failures, off and on.
•  Constant watching not only saves wastage of
   scarce resources but also ensure speedy
   execution of the programmes.
•  Thus monitoring enables a continuing critique
   of the programme implementation.
   8




                                                                                                 4
2012/02/10




        Defining Monitoring!
Monitoring means keeping a track of
    implementation process.
•  Monitoring involves watching the progress of a
    project against time, resources and performance
    schedules during the execution of the project and
    identifying lagging areas requiring timely attention
    and action.
•  Monitoring is defined as a management
    function to guide in the intended direction and
    to check performance against pre – determined
    plans.
•  Monitoring means periodic checking of
    progress of works against the targets laid down
  9 in order to ensure timely completion of the
    programme.




       Reasons for Monitoring!
• Efficiency refers to the amount of time and resources put into
the programme relative to the outputs and outcomes. A
programme evaluation may be designed to find out if there was
a less expensive, more appropriate, less time-consuming
approach for reaching the same objectives.
• Effectiveness describes whether or not the organisational
process was useful in reaching programme goals and objectives,
or resulted in positive outcomes.
• Relevance or appropriateness describes the usefulness,
ethics, and flexibility of a programme within the particular
context.

Combined, these criteria enable judgment about whether the
outputs and outcomes of the programme are worth the costs
of the inputs. Effectiveness, efficiency and appropriateness can
be considered for the different methods, tools and approaches
rather than questioning the value of the approach as a whole.

  10




                                                                           5
2012/02/10




       Purpose of Monitoring!
Programme monitoring helps to provide
constructive suggestions like.
• Re-scheduling the programme (if the
programme run behind the schedule)
• Re-budgeting the programme
(appropriating funds from one head to
another; avoiding expenses under
unnecessary heading).
• Re–assigning the staff (shifting the staff
from one area to other; recruiting
temporary staff to meet the time schedule).
  11




         What to Monitor!
Understanding the conditions before the
programme was initiated is useful in order to
provide a point of comparison for monitor and
evaluating changes that occur during the
programme.
• Baseline survey conducted at the beginning
of the programme can provide a point of
reference for comparison and for understanding
changes.
• It is useful to distinguish between the different
kinds of results generated from the
programme: outputs, processes, outcomes,
impact and reach.
  12




                                                              6
2012/02/10




    Different kinds of Results in
            Monitoring!
These can be briefly defined as follows:
• Outputs describe the concrete and tangible products of
the organisation as well as the occurrence of the activities
themselves.
• Processes describe the methods and approaches used for
the programme.
• Outcomes describe the changes that occur that can be
attributed, at least in part, to the programme process and
outputs.
• Impact describes overall changes that occur which the
programme is one of many contributing factors.
• Reach describes who is influenced by the programme and
who acts because of this influence.

   13




         Steps in Monitoring!
   Identifying the different units involved in
      planning & implementation
   •  Identifying items on which feedback is
      required.
   •  Developing pro-forma for reporting.
   •  Determining the periodicity of reporting.
   •  Fixing the responsibility of reporting at
      different levels.
   •  Processing and analysing the reports.
   •  Identifying the critical / unreliable areas in
      implementation.
   •  Providing feedback to corrective measures.
   14




                                                                       7
2012/02/10




          Meaning of Evaluation!
Evaluation has its origin in the Latin word Valupure
  which means the value of a particular thing, idea or
  action. Evaluation, thus, helps us to understand the
  worth, quality, significance amount, degree or
  condition of any intervention desired to tackle a social
  problem.

•    Finding out the value of something.
•    The procedures of fact finding
•    Assessments whether or not certain activities, treatment and
     interventions are in conformity with generally accepted professional
     standards.
•    Is any information obtained by any means on either the conduct or the
     outcome of interventions, treatment or of social change programme.
•    To provide systematic, reliable and valid information on the conduct,
     impact and effectiveness of the projects.
•    The study and review of past operating experience.

     15




          Purpose of Evaluation!
1. From an accountability perspective:
•  To make the best possible use of funds by the programme
   managers who are accountable for the worth of their programmes.
•  Measuring accomplishment in order to avoid weaknesses and
   future mistakes.
   -Observing the efficiency of the techniques and skills employed
   -Scope for modification and improvement.
   -Verifying whether the benefits reached the people for whom the
   programme was meant.
2. From a knowledge perspective:
•  To establish new knowledge about social problems and the
   effectiveness of policies/programmes designed to alleviate them.
•  Understanding people s participation & reasons for the same.
•  Evaluation helps to make plans for future work.
     16




                                                                                     8
2012/02/10




       Money taken by Administration




  17




       Principles of Evaluation!
1. Evaluation is a continuous process (continuity).
2. Evaluation should involve minimum possible costs
   (inexpensive).
3. Evaluation should be done without prejudice to day to day
   work (minimum hindrance to day to day work).
4. Evaluation must be done on a co-operative basis in which
   the entire staff and the board members should participate
   (total participation).
5. As far as possible, the organisation should evaluate its
   programme but occasionally outside evaluation machinery
   should also be made use of (external evaluation).
6. Total overall examination of the organisation will reveal
   strength and weaknesses (organisation/programme
   totality).
7. The result of evaluation should be shared with all in the
   organisation (sharing).
   18




                                                                       9
2012/02/10




Criteria for Developing Evaluation Assistance!




  19




        Steps in Evaluation!
   1.  Learning about the programme;
   2.  Creating an evaluation plan and
       indicators;
   3.  Brief the concerned people about the
       evaluation plan and indicators;
   4.  Revising and elaborating on the
       evaluation plan;
   5.  Initiating evaluation, and;
   6.  Utilising/ sharing the information.
  20




                                                        10
2012/02/10




          Phases in Evaluation!




 21




            Types of Evaluation!
1.  By timing (when to evaluate?)
" Formative evaluation
•  Done during the programme (development stages)
" Summative evaluation
•  Done at the end of the programme (assessment)
2.  By organization (who is evaluating?)
" Internal evaluation
•  It is a process/impact, done by management
" External evaluation
•  Unbiased,objective detailed assessment by outsider
3.  By stage (how frequent?)
" On going (during the implementation)
" Terminal (at the end of or immediately after completion)
" Ex-post (after a time lag from completion)
 22




                                                                    11
2012/02/10




             Views about Evaluation!
   Evaluation primarily perceived from three
       perspectives.
   1.  Evaluation as an analysis - determining the merits or
       deficiencies of a programme, methods and process.
   2.  Evaluation as an audit - systematic and continuous
       enquiry to measure the efficiency of means to reach
       their particular preconceived ends.
   3.  Evaluation as administration - appraisal or
       judgement of the worth and effectiveness of all the
       processes (e.g. planning, organising, staffing, etc.)
       designed to ensure that the organisation
       accomplishes its objectives.
      23




Purpose:
                   Areas of Evaluation!
•  The review the objectives of the organisation/programme and how far these are
   being fulfilled.
Programmes:
•  Aspects like number of beneficiaries, nature of services rendered to them, their
   reaction to the services, effectiveness and adequacy of services, etc. may be
   evaluated.
Staff:
•  The success of any programme depends upon the type of the staff an organisation
   employs. Their attitude, qualifications, recruitment policy, pay and other benefits and
   organisational environment. These are the areas which help to understand the
   effectiveness of the organization/programme.
Financial Administration:
•  The flow of resources and its consumption is a crucial factor in any organisation.
   Whether the money is rightly consumed, any over spending in some headings,
   appropriation and misappropriation. These are some of the indicators that reveal the
   reasons for the success or failures of organisations.
General:
•  Factors like public relations strategies employed by the organisation, the constitution
   of the organisation or governing body and their contribution to future plans of the
   organisation are important to understand the success or failures of an organisation.
      24                                                                 24




                                                                                                    12
2012/02/10




  KZN - Need to plan for and manage
 curriculum development and delivery!
1.   Ensure that the implementation of the curriculum is an effective and smooth process;
2.   Create a safe and empowering environment for teacher and learning;
3.   Create effective quality management and monitoring systems;
4.   Contextualise curriculum issues within the broader school management and
      governance context;
5.  Align the school s development plan with the curriculum;
6.  Make learning relevant to the context of the learners;
7.  Manage the resources optimally (physical site, human, financial resources, learners
      and support materials);
8.  Ensure clarity of focus;
9.  Accommodate the diversity of needs and demographics of the school;
10.  Reduce the risk of non-delivery;
11.  Prevent curriculum overload;
12.  Integrate planning vertically, across and within learning programmes; and
13.  Reflect OBE principles by modelling them in all aspects of school life.
      25                                                                        25




                    Focus on Teaching!




      26




                                                                                                   13
2012/02/10




     Misguided Indicators!




27




      Focus on Learning!




28




                                    14
2012/02/10




 New Teaching and Learning Process!




  29




Model of the Teaching-Learning Process!




  30




                                                 15
2012/02/10




 Learning orientated Teaching (LoT) - !
                              Ten Cate et al 2004!

  The main characteristics of the model are:
  1. (1) The components of learning:
  • cognition (what to learn),
  • affect (why learn), and
  • Meta-cognition (how to learn); and
  • (2) The amount of guidance learners need.
  2. If education aims at fostering one's ability to function independently in
  society, an important general objective should be that one learns how to
  fully and independently regulate his or her own learning; i.e., the ability to
  pursue one's professional life independently.
  3. This implies a transition from external guidance (from the teacher)
  through shared guidance (by the learner together with the teacher) to
  internal guidance (by the learner alone).
  4. This transition pertains not only to the cognitive component of learning
  (content) but also to the affective component (motives) and the meta-
  cognitive component (learning strategies).

  31




       Features of the Teaching
          and Learning Cycle!
The main purpose is learner learning.
1. Expectations for learning change from the most capable
learners to all learners.
2. The pace of instruction is determined by learner learning.
3. The process begins with assessment rather than ending
with it.
4. Assessment data is used to inform instruction instead of
only for grading.
5. Learner progress toward learning targets is continuously
monitored and documented.
6. Differentiated instruction based on flexible grouping
replaces whole class instruction.
  32




                                                                                          16
2012/02/10




          Teaching-Learning Cycle!

1.                                        2.




     33




     Improving Classroom Effectiveness!




     34




                                                      17
2012/02/10




                 Activity!
•  On the provided sheet reflecting the
   eight School Readiness Components,
   please indicate at what level your school
   is functioning, given the fact that you
   have collected them all in your portfolio.
•  On an A4, indicate what the next level
   forward from where you are, would look
   like, for each of the 8 components.
•  See example on next slide!
  35




                                          36




                                                       18
2012/02/10




           Example of activity 6!

School Readiness Components           0     1    2    3   4        5          Diff.




                                    Dysfunctionalit
1. Attendance (T&L)




                                                              Functionality
2. Teacher Information
3. Learner Information
4. Annual Planning
5. Timetable
6. Quarterly Teaching Schedule
7. Organogram
8. Teaching and Learning Support
                                    y
Materials
    37




8.Systemic location of the 8 Components
           Input                    Process                   Output
Who?       1.Teacher and            4. Annual Planning
               learner attendance     Schedule
What?
           2.Learner information 5. Timetabling

Where?     3.Teacher                6. Quarterly
               information            Teaching
           8.Learner Support          Schedule
When?
               Material             7. Organogram
How?




                                                                                             19
2012/02/10




                               Example 1:
Child-headed households in SA                                 (2001 = July 2007)
                                    0 - 14 yrs       15 - 19 yrs         Total
Eastern Cape                            3,870            38,886        42,756
Free State                                 771           15,463        16,234
Gauteng                                 1,175            31,313        32,488
Kwazulu Natal                           4,303            38,052        42,355
Limpopo                                 5,232            53,229        58,461
Mpumalanga                              1,466            19,621        21,087
Northern Cape                              344            3,443         3,787
North West                               1,119           19,070        20,189
Western Cape                               429           10,638        11,067
                                       18,709          229,715        248,424
Source: Dept of Social Development - 7 July 2007




                                3.System
   INPUT              PROCESS OUTPUT                               IMPACT
     Dysfunctional Schools

                             Low-functional Schools


                                                   High-functional Schools




                                                                                          20
2012/02/10




         Model for Engaging Parents!




                           Personal Disclosure
  Leadership,        5%




                                                           Few Parents

                                                                          Intensive commitment
                                                 Active
   Policy and
   Advocacy
Parent Education     10%
  Collaborative      20%
  support from
school community




                                                           vs
  Collaborative      40%
support for school                               vs
   programme




                                                           Most Parents
                           vs




                                                                          vs
  Information-       60%
sharing activities
                                                 Passive
                           Public




Information-giving 100%




                                                                          Brief
     activities
   41




                Activity!
      Download and reflect on the
   following Models of Teaching and
           Learning processes!

  1. John Carrol s Model;
  2. Proctor s Model;
  3. Cruickshank s Model;
  4. Gage and Berliner s Model; and
  5. Huitt s Model.
   42




                                                                                                        21
2012/02/10




             Quote
 No man (or woman) can be a
 good teacher unless he (she)
has feelings of warm affection
   toward his pupils and a
  genuine desire to impart to
them what he himself believes
         to be of value.
 43
      • Bertrand Russell




Video - Turning around a school
              5:53




                                 44




                                             22

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Instructional leadership workshop Session 3

  • 1. 2012/02/10 Instructional Leadership Workshop - How should we change our current practice in order to attain Quality Education for All? - Presenter: Dr Muavia Gallie (PhD) Session 3 1 1.  Teaching to fish is better than providing fish; 2.  Leadership is a decision, not a position or set of skills; 3.  Leaders breed leaders, not follower; and 4.  You don t need me (anyone else) to be a Quality Principal! 2 1
  • 2. 2012/02/10 There is no management without monitoring and evaluation 3 Monitor! 4 2
  • 3. 2012/02/10 Evaluate! 5 What is Monitoring and Evaluation? "  Monitoring is the systematic, regular collection and occasional analysis of information to identify and possibly measure changes over a period of time. "  Evaluation is the analysis of the effectiveness and direction of an activity and involves making a judgment about progress and impact. "  The main differences between monitoring and evaluation are the timing and frequency of observations and the types of questions asked. However, when monitoring and evaluation are integrated, the line between the two becomes rather blurred. "  Participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) is the joint effort or partnership of two or more stakeholders to monitor and evaluate, systematically, one or more research or development activities (Vernooy et al., 2003). 6 3
  • 4. 2012/02/10 Why should we M&E?! In general, the purpose of monitoring & evaluation can be: •  To assess results - to find out if and how objectives are being met and are resulting in desired changes. •  To improve management and process planning - to better adapt to contextual and risk factors such as social and power dynamics that affect the research process. •  To promote learning - to identify lessons of general applicability, to learn how different approaches to participation affect outcomes, impact, and reach, to learn what works and what does not, and to identify what contextual factors enable or constrain the participatory research. •  To understand different stakeholders' perspectives - to allow, through direct participation in the monitoring and evaluation process, the various people involved in the organisation to better understand each others views and values and to design ways to resolve competing or conflicting views and interests. •  To ensure accountability - to assess whether the organisation is effectively, appropriately, and efficiently executed to be accountable to they key agencies (Estrella and Gaventa, 1998). 7 Methods and Techniques of Monitoring! Programmes even with a good planning, adequate organisational machinery and sufficient flow of resources cannot automatically achieve the desired result. •  There must be some warning mechanism, which can alert the organisation about its possible success and failures, off and on. •  Constant watching not only saves wastage of scarce resources but also ensure speedy execution of the programmes. •  Thus monitoring enables a continuing critique of the programme implementation. 8 4
  • 5. 2012/02/10 Defining Monitoring! Monitoring means keeping a track of implementation process. •  Monitoring involves watching the progress of a project against time, resources and performance schedules during the execution of the project and identifying lagging areas requiring timely attention and action. •  Monitoring is defined as a management function to guide in the intended direction and to check performance against pre – determined plans. •  Monitoring means periodic checking of progress of works against the targets laid down 9 in order to ensure timely completion of the programme. Reasons for Monitoring! • Efficiency refers to the amount of time and resources put into the programme relative to the outputs and outcomes. A programme evaluation may be designed to find out if there was a less expensive, more appropriate, less time-consuming approach for reaching the same objectives. • Effectiveness describes whether or not the organisational process was useful in reaching programme goals and objectives, or resulted in positive outcomes. • Relevance or appropriateness describes the usefulness, ethics, and flexibility of a programme within the particular context. Combined, these criteria enable judgment about whether the outputs and outcomes of the programme are worth the costs of the inputs. Effectiveness, efficiency and appropriateness can be considered for the different methods, tools and approaches rather than questioning the value of the approach as a whole. 10 5
  • 6. 2012/02/10 Purpose of Monitoring! Programme monitoring helps to provide constructive suggestions like. • Re-scheduling the programme (if the programme run behind the schedule) • Re-budgeting the programme (appropriating funds from one head to another; avoiding expenses under unnecessary heading). • Re–assigning the staff (shifting the staff from one area to other; recruiting temporary staff to meet the time schedule). 11 What to Monitor! Understanding the conditions before the programme was initiated is useful in order to provide a point of comparison for monitor and evaluating changes that occur during the programme. • Baseline survey conducted at the beginning of the programme can provide a point of reference for comparison and for understanding changes. • It is useful to distinguish between the different kinds of results generated from the programme: outputs, processes, outcomes, impact and reach. 12 6
  • 7. 2012/02/10 Different kinds of Results in Monitoring! These can be briefly defined as follows: • Outputs describe the concrete and tangible products of the organisation as well as the occurrence of the activities themselves. • Processes describe the methods and approaches used for the programme. • Outcomes describe the changes that occur that can be attributed, at least in part, to the programme process and outputs. • Impact describes overall changes that occur which the programme is one of many contributing factors. • Reach describes who is influenced by the programme and who acts because of this influence. 13 Steps in Monitoring! Identifying the different units involved in planning & implementation •  Identifying items on which feedback is required. •  Developing pro-forma for reporting. •  Determining the periodicity of reporting. •  Fixing the responsibility of reporting at different levels. •  Processing and analysing the reports. •  Identifying the critical / unreliable areas in implementation. •  Providing feedback to corrective measures. 14 7
  • 8. 2012/02/10 Meaning of Evaluation! Evaluation has its origin in the Latin word Valupure which means the value of a particular thing, idea or action. Evaluation, thus, helps us to understand the worth, quality, significance amount, degree or condition of any intervention desired to tackle a social problem. •  Finding out the value of something. •  The procedures of fact finding •  Assessments whether or not certain activities, treatment and interventions are in conformity with generally accepted professional standards. •  Is any information obtained by any means on either the conduct or the outcome of interventions, treatment or of social change programme. •  To provide systematic, reliable and valid information on the conduct, impact and effectiveness of the projects. •  The study and review of past operating experience. 15 Purpose of Evaluation! 1. From an accountability perspective: •  To make the best possible use of funds by the programme managers who are accountable for the worth of their programmes. •  Measuring accomplishment in order to avoid weaknesses and future mistakes. -Observing the efficiency of the techniques and skills employed -Scope for modification and improvement. -Verifying whether the benefits reached the people for whom the programme was meant. 2. From a knowledge perspective: •  To establish new knowledge about social problems and the effectiveness of policies/programmes designed to alleviate them. •  Understanding people s participation & reasons for the same. •  Evaluation helps to make plans for future work. 16 8
  • 9. 2012/02/10 Money taken by Administration 17 Principles of Evaluation! 1. Evaluation is a continuous process (continuity). 2. Evaluation should involve minimum possible costs (inexpensive). 3. Evaluation should be done without prejudice to day to day work (minimum hindrance to day to day work). 4. Evaluation must be done on a co-operative basis in which the entire staff and the board members should participate (total participation). 5. As far as possible, the organisation should evaluate its programme but occasionally outside evaluation machinery should also be made use of (external evaluation). 6. Total overall examination of the organisation will reveal strength and weaknesses (organisation/programme totality). 7. The result of evaluation should be shared with all in the organisation (sharing). 18 9
  • 10. 2012/02/10 Criteria for Developing Evaluation Assistance! 19 Steps in Evaluation! 1.  Learning about the programme; 2.  Creating an evaluation plan and indicators; 3.  Brief the concerned people about the evaluation plan and indicators; 4.  Revising and elaborating on the evaluation plan; 5.  Initiating evaluation, and; 6.  Utilising/ sharing the information. 20 10
  • 11. 2012/02/10 Phases in Evaluation! 21 Types of Evaluation! 1.  By timing (when to evaluate?) " Formative evaluation •  Done during the programme (development stages) " Summative evaluation •  Done at the end of the programme (assessment) 2.  By organization (who is evaluating?) " Internal evaluation •  It is a process/impact, done by management " External evaluation •  Unbiased,objective detailed assessment by outsider 3.  By stage (how frequent?) " On going (during the implementation) " Terminal (at the end of or immediately after completion) " Ex-post (after a time lag from completion) 22 11
  • 12. 2012/02/10 Views about Evaluation! Evaluation primarily perceived from three perspectives. 1.  Evaluation as an analysis - determining the merits or deficiencies of a programme, methods and process. 2.  Evaluation as an audit - systematic and continuous enquiry to measure the efficiency of means to reach their particular preconceived ends. 3.  Evaluation as administration - appraisal or judgement of the worth and effectiveness of all the processes (e.g. planning, organising, staffing, etc.) designed to ensure that the organisation accomplishes its objectives. 23 Purpose: Areas of Evaluation! •  The review the objectives of the organisation/programme and how far these are being fulfilled. Programmes: •  Aspects like number of beneficiaries, nature of services rendered to them, their reaction to the services, effectiveness and adequacy of services, etc. may be evaluated. Staff: •  The success of any programme depends upon the type of the staff an organisation employs. Their attitude, qualifications, recruitment policy, pay and other benefits and organisational environment. These are the areas which help to understand the effectiveness of the organization/programme. Financial Administration: •  The flow of resources and its consumption is a crucial factor in any organisation. Whether the money is rightly consumed, any over spending in some headings, appropriation and misappropriation. These are some of the indicators that reveal the reasons for the success or failures of organisations. General: •  Factors like public relations strategies employed by the organisation, the constitution of the organisation or governing body and their contribution to future plans of the organisation are important to understand the success or failures of an organisation. 24 24 12
  • 13. 2012/02/10 KZN - Need to plan for and manage curriculum development and delivery! 1.  Ensure that the implementation of the curriculum is an effective and smooth process; 2.  Create a safe and empowering environment for teacher and learning; 3.  Create effective quality management and monitoring systems; 4.  Contextualise curriculum issues within the broader school management and governance context; 5.  Align the school s development plan with the curriculum; 6.  Make learning relevant to the context of the learners; 7.  Manage the resources optimally (physical site, human, financial resources, learners and support materials); 8.  Ensure clarity of focus; 9.  Accommodate the diversity of needs and demographics of the school; 10.  Reduce the risk of non-delivery; 11.  Prevent curriculum overload; 12.  Integrate planning vertically, across and within learning programmes; and 13.  Reflect OBE principles by modelling them in all aspects of school life. 25 25 Focus on Teaching! 26 13
  • 14. 2012/02/10 Misguided Indicators! 27 Focus on Learning! 28 14
  • 15. 2012/02/10 New Teaching and Learning Process! 29 Model of the Teaching-Learning Process! 30 15
  • 16. 2012/02/10 Learning orientated Teaching (LoT) - ! Ten Cate et al 2004! The main characteristics of the model are: 1. (1) The components of learning: • cognition (what to learn), • affect (why learn), and • Meta-cognition (how to learn); and • (2) The amount of guidance learners need. 2. If education aims at fostering one's ability to function independently in society, an important general objective should be that one learns how to fully and independently regulate his or her own learning; i.e., the ability to pursue one's professional life independently. 3. This implies a transition from external guidance (from the teacher) through shared guidance (by the learner together with the teacher) to internal guidance (by the learner alone). 4. This transition pertains not only to the cognitive component of learning (content) but also to the affective component (motives) and the meta- cognitive component (learning strategies). 31 Features of the Teaching and Learning Cycle! The main purpose is learner learning. 1. Expectations for learning change from the most capable learners to all learners. 2. The pace of instruction is determined by learner learning. 3. The process begins with assessment rather than ending with it. 4. Assessment data is used to inform instruction instead of only for grading. 5. Learner progress toward learning targets is continuously monitored and documented. 6. Differentiated instruction based on flexible grouping replaces whole class instruction. 32 16
  • 17. 2012/02/10 Teaching-Learning Cycle! 1. 2. 33 Improving Classroom Effectiveness! 34 17
  • 18. 2012/02/10 Activity! •  On the provided sheet reflecting the eight School Readiness Components, please indicate at what level your school is functioning, given the fact that you have collected them all in your portfolio. •  On an A4, indicate what the next level forward from where you are, would look like, for each of the 8 components. •  See example on next slide! 35 36 18
  • 19. 2012/02/10 Example of activity 6! School Readiness Components 0 1 2 3 4 5 Diff. Dysfunctionalit 1. Attendance (T&L) Functionality 2. Teacher Information 3. Learner Information 4. Annual Planning 5. Timetable 6. Quarterly Teaching Schedule 7. Organogram 8. Teaching and Learning Support y Materials 37 8.Systemic location of the 8 Components Input Process Output Who? 1.Teacher and 4. Annual Planning learner attendance Schedule What? 2.Learner information 5. Timetabling Where? 3.Teacher 6. Quarterly information Teaching 8.Learner Support Schedule When? Material 7. Organogram How? 19
  • 20. 2012/02/10 Example 1: Child-headed households in SA (2001 = July 2007) 0 - 14 yrs 15 - 19 yrs Total Eastern Cape 3,870 38,886 42,756 Free State 771 15,463 16,234 Gauteng 1,175 31,313 32,488 Kwazulu Natal 4,303 38,052 42,355 Limpopo 5,232 53,229 58,461 Mpumalanga 1,466 19,621 21,087 Northern Cape 344 3,443 3,787 North West 1,119 19,070 20,189 Western Cape 429 10,638 11,067 18,709 229,715 248,424 Source: Dept of Social Development - 7 July 2007 3.System INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT IMPACT Dysfunctional Schools Low-functional Schools High-functional Schools 20
  • 21. 2012/02/10 Model for Engaging Parents! Personal Disclosure Leadership, 5% Few Parents Intensive commitment Active Policy and Advocacy Parent Education 10% Collaborative 20% support from school community vs Collaborative 40% support for school vs programme Most Parents vs vs Information- 60% sharing activities Passive Public Information-giving 100% Brief activities 41 Activity! Download and reflect on the following Models of Teaching and Learning processes! 1. John Carrol s Model; 2. Proctor s Model; 3. Cruickshank s Model; 4. Gage and Berliner s Model; and 5. Huitt s Model. 42 21
  • 22. 2012/02/10 Quote No man (or woman) can be a good teacher unless he (she) has feelings of warm affection toward his pupils and a genuine desire to impart to them what he himself believes to be of value. 43 • Bertrand Russell Video - Turning around a school 5:53 44 22