Conference Presentation

1. CLINICAL EVIDENCE:
WHY AND HOW TO GENERATE IT
Muhammad Saaiq,
Department of Medical Education,
PIMS, Islamabad.

2. What Constitutes Evidence
and
Evidence based medicine (EBM)

3. Hierarchy of Evidence
1 a Evidence obtained from Meta analysis of RCTs.
1 b Evidence obtained from at least one individual RCT.
1 c Evidence obtained from all on none case-series.
2 a Evidence obtained from Systematic Review of Cohort studies.
2 b Evidence obtained from a single cohort or a poor RCT.
2 c Outcomes research ecological studies.
3 a Systematic Review of Case controlled studies.
3 b Individual case controlled study.
4 Case series. ( including poor quality cohorts and case controls)
5 Evidence obtained from expert committee reports or opinions and /
or clinical experiences of respected authorities without explicit
critical appraisal.

4. SR
CAT
CAP

5. Paradigm Shift

6. Clinical Research
Observational
Experimental

7. Clinical Research
Observational
Experimental
Case Series
Controlled Trials
Cross Sectional
Non-Controlled Trials
Case Controls
Cohorts

8. Case Series Studies

9. Cross Sectional Studies

10. Cohorts and Case Control Studies

11. Clinical Trials/ Experimental Research

12. Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis

13. No Research Without “Search”

14. CONCLUSION
&
MESSAGE

15. Thank You