5. INTRODUCTION
Ability of living organisms to produce
young ones similar to themselves is called
reproduction.
In sexual reproduction testis is the male
sex organ, ovary is the female sex organ.
Formation of gametes for sexual
reproduction is called gametogenesis.
Human reproductive cycle is called
menstrual cycle.
6.
7. Testis are the primary male sex
organ.
They produce sperms and secrete
male sex hormone called
testosterone.
8. Mammalian testis are a pair of
ovoid structure.
They are suspended in a pouch
out side the abdomen called
scrottum.
14. The seminiferous tubules unite to
form several stright tubules which
open in to irregular cavities called
rete testis.
Arising from the rete testis is a
series of fine tubules called vasa
efferentia
15. These are bundled in connective
tissue and jointed together to form
highly convoluted tube called
epidymis.
16. The germinal epithelium of
seminiferous tubules consist of
sertoli cells.
It provide shape and nourishment
to the developing spermatogenic
cells.
21. Central portion of ovary-Medulla.
Outer layer-Cortex.
Cortex contain ovarian follicles.
The mature ovarian follicle of
mammals is called graffian follicle.
22. Microscopically ovary consist of
four regions,
1. Germinal epithelium.
2.Capsule of connective tissue.
3.Stroma of connective tissue
internal to the capsule.
4.Ovarian follicles.
23. The Oogonia undergo
multiplication and the majority of
them differentiate to the prophase
stage as primary oocytes by fourth
or fifth foetal month.
24. After menopause primary oocytes
of the ovary degenerate and
disappear
Degeneration of follicle is known
as atresia
25. PRIMARY FOLLICLE
Primary follicle consist of an
oocyte sarrounded by single layer
of flattened cells called follicular
cells.
27. A fluid filled cavity is called
antrum developed within the
follicle.
The fluid fill the antrum is
known as liquor folliculi.
28. GERM HILL
The ovum is pressed to one side
where it is sarrounded by follicular
cells projecting in to the antrum.
These cells are called germ hill or
cumulus oophorus.
It arrange themselves to form
corona radiata.
29. The antrum has a regular
epithelial lining called Membrane
granulosa.
Which rests on a homogenous
basement membrane called Glassy
membrane.
31. GAMETOGENESIS
Formation of haploid gametes
from the diploid germ cells.
It involves three stages;
1.Multiplication phase.
2.Phase of growth
3.Phase of maturation
34. B.Spermiogenesis
*Metamorphosis of the spermatids in to
sperm by differentiation
*Golgibodies-Acrosome
(Golgibodies→Acroblast→Acrosomal
granules.Acrosomal granules fills the whole
acroblasts)
*Mitochondria, two centrioles→Middle piece
*Whip like posterior part→Tail
35. Oogenesis
Formation of egg or ova from the
primordial germ cells of the
germinial epithelium in ovaries.
37. SPERM
Male gamete.
Activates the egg to initiate
development.
Contribute a haploid set of
chromosomes.
38. It is a tadpole like motile units with long tail.
Discovered Leeuwenhoek in 1677.
MA
MMALI
A
N
SPE
R
M
ST
RUCT
URE
OF
39. OVUM
It is a female gamete
It supplies haploid set of
chromosomes
It contributes allmost all
cytoplasm to the zygote
Supplies food to the developing
embryo
40. SHAPE AND SIZE
Size depends on amount of yolk
Smallest egg –Mouse(0.07mm)
Eggs are spherical or ovoid in
shape
Largest egg-Ostrich(85 mm)
42. SEMINATION AND OVULATION
SEMINATION
Releasing of
mature
spermatozoa
from the testes
OVULATION
Rupture of
graafian follicle
with the release
of ovum in to the
coelom is called
ovulation
44. CORPOUS HAEMORRHAGICUM
●The ruptured follicle gets filled with clotted
blood called corpus
haemorrhagicum.
●The follicular cavity close over the ruptured
part by healing of the wound.
●It becomes filled with serous fibrin
containing fluid replacing the blood cloat
and increase greatly in size. These cells are
called granulosa lutien cells.
45. CORPOUS LUTEUM
Under the influense of lutinizing
hormone grannulosa lutein cells
become deposited with fine lipid
droplets and an yellow carotenoid
pigments wich imparts an yellow
colour to the corpous.
46. LUTENISATION
Formation of corpous luteium from
ruptured follicle.
Corpous luteium function as endocrine
gland wich secreate the hormone
called progesterone.
47. CORPOUS ALBICANS
If pregnancy does not take place the
corpous luteum degenerates to form a
white fibrous mass of tissue known as
corpus albicans.
49. In primates reproductive cycle begins
in the females at the time of puberty
These sexual cycles occur at two levels
in the reproductive system
1. Ovarian cycle
2.menstrual cycle
50. OVARIAN CYCLE
The cyclical changes which occur in
the ovary
Three major phase
1. Follicular phase
2.Ovulation phase
3. Luteal phase
52. 1. FOLLICULAR PHASE
Follicle stimulating hormone
Primary follicle ®Graffian follicle
Graffian follicle secrete oestrogens
Oestrogen stimulate the production of LH
and inhibit the production of FSH.
Follicular antrum
Cumulous oophorous
When follicle mature resumes its meiotic
division
53. 2. Ovulation phase
With the help of luteinizing hormone
graffian follicle ruptures and ovulation
with the help of FSH and LH.
54.
55. 3.Luteal phase
Collapsed follicle→Corpous luteum.
Corpus luteum secrete Progesterone.
Progesterone inhibits FSH production
and prevents further follicular
maturation if pregnancy occurs.
In the absence of pregnancy corpus
luteum degenerates.
56. UTERIN CYCLE
The cyclical changes occurs in the
uterous.
Three major phases
1.Menstrual phase
2.Pre-ovulatory phase
3.Post ovulatory phase
57. 1. Pre ovulatory phase
It is the stage between
menstruation and ovulation
FSH and LH stimulates the
ovarian follicles to produce more
estrogens
Proliferation of endometrial cells
58. 2 Post-ovulatory phase
Corpus luteum disappears,
progesterone secretion stops,
endometrium collapses,
menstruation follows.
Period between ovulation and the
onset of next menses
59. 3.Menstrual phase
Discharge of blood,tissue fluid
mucus and endometrial cells
Menses
Thin endometrium→Thick
vascular and glandular
endometrium.
