2. 5 . Understand the binary arithmetic operations used in computers and other digital systems. 6 . Interconnect logic gates of various types to implement a given logic function. 7 . Use Karnaugh maps to minimize the number of gates needed to implement a logic function. 8 . Understand how gates are connected together to form flip-flops and registers.

6. Advantages of the Digital Approach Provided that the noise amplitude is not too large, the logic values represented by a digital signal can still be determined after noise is added. With modern IC technology, it is possible to manufacture exceedingly complex digital circuits economically containing 10s of millions of transistors.

7. Definitions Positive versus Negative Logic Digital Words In parallel transmission , an n -bit word is transferred on n wires, one wire for each bit, plus a common or ground wire. In serial transmission , the successive bits of the word are transferred one after the other with a single pair of wires.

8. Binary Numbers

15. Gray Code

19. Complement Arithmetic The one’s complement of a binary number is obtained by replacing 1s by 0s, and vice versa. 01001101 10110010 (one’s complement)

20. The two’s complement of a binary number is obtained by adding 1 to the one’s complement, neglecting the carry (if any) out of the most significant bit. Complements are useful for representing negative numbers and performing subtraction in computers.

21. Subtraction Using Two’s-Complement Arithmetic

22. Overflow and Underflow In performing arithmetic using two’s-complement arithmetic, we must be aware of the possibility of overflow in which the result exceeds the maximum value that can be represented by the word length in use.

32. Boolean algebra expressions can be implemented by interconnection of AND gates, OR gates, and inverters.

35. De Morgan’s Laws If the variables in a logic expression are replaced by their inverses, the AND operation is replaced by OR, the OR operation is replaced by AND, and the entire expression is inverted, the resulting logic expression yields the same values as before the changes.

38. NMOS AND PMOS TRANSISTORS

39. MOSFET Summary

40. The Fixed- Plus Self-Bias Circuit

43. The Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit In small-signal midband analysis of FET amplifiers, the coupling capacitors, bypass capacitors, and dc voltage sources are replaced by short circuits. The FET is replaced with its small-signal equivalent circuit. Then, we write circuit equations and derive useful expressions for gains, input impedance, and output impedance (like earlier BJTs).

45. CMOS Inverter

47. CMOS NAND Gate

49. CMOS NOR Gate

51. NAND, NOR, and XOR Gates

54. Sum-of-Products Implementation Product terms that include all of the input variables (or their inverses) are called minterms . In a sum-of-products expression, we form a product of all the input variables (or their inverses) for each row of the truth table for which the result is logic 1. The output is the sum of these products.

57. Product-of-Sums Implementation Sum terms that include all of the input variables (or their inverses) are called maxterms . In a product-of-sums expression, we form a sum of all the input variables (or their inverses) for each row of the truth table for which the result is logic 0. The output is the product of these sums.

63. Many useful combinatorial circuits known as decoders , encoders , or translators are available as integrated circuits.

66. Karnaugh Maps

91. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

93. Conversion of Signals from Analog to Digital Form If a signal contains no components with frequencies higher than f H , the signal can be exactly reconstructed from its samples, provided that the sampling rate f s is selected to be more than twice f H .

96. Digital Lowpass Filter

102. Chapter 8 Microcomputers 1 . Identify and describe the functional blocks of a microcomputer. 2 . Select the type of memory needed for a given application.

103. An embedded computer is part of a product, such as an automobile, printer, or bread machine, that is not called a computer. A microcomputer or microcontroller is a complete computer containing the CPU, memory, and I/O on a single silicon chip.

105. This computer, in which the instructions and data are stored in the same memory, has von Neumann architecture (also known as Princeton architecture).

110. Selection of Memory 1. The trade-off between speed and cost 2. Whether the information is to be stored permanently or must be changed frequently 3. Whether data are to be accessed in random order or in sequence

113. ASSEMBLY-LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING In general, assembly language statements take the form: LABEL INSTRUCTION/DIRECTIVE OPERAND COMMENT Directives are used to give commands to the assembler.