4. “ the sum of all human knowledge ”
Source: http://www.knowledge-management-tools.net/different-types-of-knowledge.html
5. Reliability ?
Shannon-Weaver communication model - by Einar Fannes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Communication_shannon-weaver2.svg
Reputation: based on creator, content and publisher
10. Information Literacy
old roots
Knowledge is of two kinds.
We know a subject ourselves, or
we know where we can find information on it...
- Samuel Johnson (1791)
11. Information Literacy
If I have seen further
it is by standing
on the shoulders of giants
- Isaac Newton, 1676
other version from at least
the 12th century
In Greek mythology the blind giant Orion
carried his servant Cedalion on his shoulders.
Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Library_of_Congress,_Rosenwald_4,_Bl._5r.jpg
13. Searching
Search engines
not semantic
incomplete - deep web (>90% of Internet - not indexed)
People are resources
specialist sites, email list-servers, other groups
Not all information is in soft format
OCR-ed material often error prone
Published sources
Sometimes inaccessible
Sometimes expensive
Author archives
Find and contact authors
Source: http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Oct07/NoMoreCards.ws.html
14. Search engines
Google currently considered the best
Advanced usage
•Site specification
•Filetype specification
•Using Google Scholar
•The Internet Archive
17. Internet resources
Digital libraries
Journal websites
Subject specific websites
databases / bibliographies
Finding experts
Email listservers
Social networking
Facebook, LinkedIn, Google+
18. Evaluating
Primary / secondary and tertiary sources
Author credibility
Publisher
Reviews
Citation of others - quality of scholarship
Citations by others
Recognize quality indicators or their lack
Identify plagiarism or copyright violations
Contact and interact with authors
19. Using
Research material, keep notes
Bibliographic tools - Zotero, Mendeley
Cite authors inline
Know the copyright law - rise above it
License openly esp. if you are govt. funded
Avoid plagiarism including close paraphrasing
20. Sharing
Share bibliographies and reviews
Archive your own publications online
Share your knowledge, media
Interact online with the public
without discrimination
Learning and teaching
indistinguishable
continuous processes Image: http://novatonft.blogspot.com/
21. Questions
L. Shyamal < LSHYAMAL @ GMAIL.COM >
muscicapa.blogspot.com
Wikipedia editor : User:Shyamal
22.
23.
24. Pick a topic
Under Wikiproject India -
preferably a topic that is unfamiliar and one that
deals with something outside of popular culture
25. Research the topic
Locate books, journals, websites
Identify the type of source
Comment on reliability
Use Zotero to create bibliography
Make notes
Install Zotero for Firefox from www.zotero.org
This session is aimed to introduce some research skills for Wikipedia editors particularly those working in India, with the constraints of poor libraries, on India related articles. The ideas introduced here are independent of language but for many fields, especially in science and technology, the best sources continue to be those that are published in English.
We are bombarded by information all the time. We take in information via our senses. We process information and convert into knowledge and wisdom that can be used at a later point of time. Information sources include the physical and biological environment, the people we interact with and media - writings, video and audio. Only a tiny fraction of the information around us is processed by each one of us.
Here is a visual representation that attempts to show what data, information, knowledge and wisdom are. Data and information are what computers deal with while knowledge and wisdom are largely human constructs.
Although Wikipedia has an expansive vision statement, the actual content that can go into Wikipedia is just a small fraction. And even the fraction of explicit knowledge is largely inaccessible in places like India.
We constantly evaluate the reliability of information that we receive. There are questions of reliability that arise at the point at which they are produced ( is the author reliable ?) the message that is being produced (is the content reliable ?) the medium / publisher (is someone else vouching for reliability ?) the receiver (are we getting the information right ?) Naturally there are too many places where mistakes can be made.
Our senses themselves can be unreliable. Here is the famous checkerboard illusion. Are the grey shades of A & B the same?
Incredible is it not ? Nothing is quite black and white is it.
The only difference between the two images is in the level of contrast between the greys. The processes behind our perception are subtle.
An illustration by Hungarian artist Istvan Orosz which perhaps captures the dangers of taking the printed word for granted.
Information literacy is just a new term for a rather old idea. Some of the roots were established by the famous dictionary compiler Samuel Johnson in 1791.
The idea of building upon the ideas of others through scholarship is older still.
The key components of information literacy. It starts with the need to know which begins from recognizing ignorance.
Libraries made use of card indexes - which are rapidly going out of date. Searching the Internet is not easy. It is easy to miss content and sometimes it can be very hard to find relevant content. Search engines are not semantic - cannot distinguish a man-eating tiger from a man eating a tiger.
Learn to use search engines. Know when to use the negative sign - Know the search operators site: filetype:
Libraries are still of value.
Indian Libraries are not particularly known for being accessible. They are poorly funded in most cases and there is no mandate to provide service to ordinary citizens. Librarians in India are largely gate-keepers and book-maintainers.
Get to know the kinds of sources in your area of interest.
Learn to evaluate sources.
Learn to keep notes, be ethical, know what is right and what is wrong. Ethics is mostly about putting yourself in the place of the other person who is affected in a decision and seeing if you would approve of it if you were in the other person’s place. Laws exist to catch you when your ethics fail, stay above it.
Making the process of research transparent is good. The line between learning and teaching is blurry. We learn far more from our peers (horizontally) than from teachers (vertically).
Comment on the reliability and appropriateness in citing the following books in an article related to the Indian economy. Feel free to search for information on the author/editor, subject and the publishers.
Identify the nature of the sources in the images above. Comment on their reliability. Are there any situations where you would accept them as sources to be cited? Where would you accept them? Where would you not accept them?