The document discusses cellular metabolism, including the two main types of metabolic reactions - anabolism which builds molecules and requires energy, and catabolism which breaks down molecules and releases energy. It describes the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis which are involved in anabolism and catabolism respectively. The roles of enzymes, cofactors, vitamins, and metabolic pathways in facilitating these reactions are also explained.
3. Metabolic reactions are of two types
Anabolism
• Synthesizes smaller molecules into larger molecules
• Provides materials for growth and repair
• Consumes energy
Catabolism
• Large molecules decompose into smaller molecules
• Releases energy for cellular use
ATP = energy
4. Dehydration Synthesis
• Type of anabolic reaction
• Joins triglycerides, polysaccharides, and proteins
• Water is formed from dehydration synthesis
Dehydration synthesis joining
amino acids together
5. Dehydration Synthesis
• Synthesizes polysaccharides from monosaccharides
• Synthesizes proteins from amino acids
• Joins fatty acids to glycerol, forming form fats
• Synthesizes nucleic acids from nucleotides
6. Catabolism
• Reverse of Anabolism
• Breaks down molecules
• Releases energy from chemical bonds
• Example: Hydrolysis
7. Hydrolysis
• Type of Catabolic reaction
• Reverse of dehydration synthesis
• Requires water to break bonds
8. Hydrolysis
• Decomposes Polysaccharides into
monosaccharides & disaccharides
• Decomposes proteins into amino acids
• Decomposes Fats into fatty acids & glycerol
• Decomposes Nucleic Acids into nucleotides
9. Anabolism & Catabolism are reversible reactions
Enzymes control direction & rate of reactions
10. Enzyme Actions
Enzymes
• Are biological catalyst
• They greatly reduce the activation energy required to start
a reaction.
Substrate
• Target molecule of an enzyme
• Each enzyme acts on a specific substrate
11. Enzyme Characteristics
• Most all are Proteins
• Catalyze reactions - Increases the rate of reactions
• Reusable - Not consumed by reaction
• Specificity – Able to “recognize” a specific substrate
12. Enzyme Names
• Named for substrate they act upon
• Usually end with ____ ase.
• Examples:
• Lipase: decomposes lipids
• Protease: decomposes proteins
• Nuclease: decomposes nucleic acids
• ATP Synthase: synthesizes ATP molecules
13. b. Enzyme-
Enzyme releases
a. Active site Substrate
product
Complex
• Region of enzyme • Enzyme temporarily binds to • Enzyme is reused
that binds to substrate to join new
substrate substrates
15. Rates of reactions are limited by:
• The concentration of substrate
• The concentration of enzyme
• The efficiency of enzymes
• Some enzymes handle 2-3 molecules per second
• Other enzymes handle thousands per second
16. Metabolic Pathways
• Complex series of reactions leading to a product
• Pathways are controlled by several enzymes
Example: Catabolic pathway for
the breakdown of glucose
17. Metabolic Pathways
• The product of each reaction becomes the substrate
of next reaction.
• Each step requires its own enzyme
• “Rate-Limiting Enzyme”
• Least efficient enzyme in group
• Rate-limiting enzyme is usually first in sequence
• Enzyme A = Rate-limiting Enzyme
18. Negative Feedback in Metabolic Pathway
• Product of reaction often inhibits the rate-limiting enzyme.
• Negative feedback prevents the overproduction of a product.
19. Cofactor
• Combines with and activates some enzymes
• Exposes the active site of enzyme to substrate
• Cofactors are non-proteins
• Include ions (zinc, iron, copper) and coenzymes
Coenzymes = organic cofactors
• Coenzymes include Vitamins (Vitamin A, B, D)
• Reusable – required in small amounts
20. Vitamins
• Essential organic molecules that humans cannot
synthesize - must come from diet
• Many vitamins are coenzymes
• Vitamins can function repeatedly, so can be used in
small amounts.
• Example: Coenzyme A
21. Energy for Metabolic Reactions
Energy: is the capacity to change something, or
ability to do work.
Common forms of energy:
Heat
Light
Sound
Chemical energy
Mechanical energy
Electrical energy
22. Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Only transferred from one form to another
Think of a combustion engine
Fuel (chemical energy)
= Kinetic Energy + CO2 + H2O
+
Oxygen
23. Cellular Respiration
• Cell Respiration: is the transfer of energy from
food to make available for cellular use
• Energy is stored in the electrons of food molecules
• Oxidation: “controlled burning” of food molecules
to release their energy
• Cellular respiration requires enzymes
24. Cellular Respiration
Glucose (C6H12O6) + 6O2 → Energy for ATP + H2O + CO2
ATP
Energy from foods such as glucose is used to make ATP
End of Section 1, Chapter 4
31. ATP provides energy
For metabolic reactions
Cell Respiration Figure 4.8
Regenerates ATP
32. Cell Respiration
Anaerobic Aerobic
• No oxygen required • Requires oxygen
• Yields little energy • Much greater energy yield
• Yields 2 ATP per glucose • Up to 38 ATP per glucose
33. glycolysis
Acetyl CoA synthesis
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
34. Glycolysis
• Series of 10 reactions
• Breaks down glucose into 2 Pyruvic Acid molecules
• Occurs in Cytoplasm of Cell
• Anaerobic Reaction (no oxygen required)
• Yields
• 2 ATP (net gain) per glucose
• 2 NADH molecule
• 2 Pyruvic Acid molecules
35. • 2 Phosphates are added to end of glucose
• Glucose is a 6-carbon sugar
• Primes glucose for further reactions
• Consumes 2 ATP
36. • 6-Carbon glucose is split into 2 3-carbon Pyruvic Acid molecules
• Produces 4 ATP total
• Produces 2 NADH molecules
41. Without Oxygen, NADH donates its electrons to pyruvic acid
This regenerates NAD+, which is used again for glycolysis
Lactic Acid is formed as waste
2 electrons
Pyruvic Acid + NADH Lactic Acid + NAD+
42. Once oxygen is available:
Lactic Acid is converted back to glucose by the liver
Anaerobic Respiration
• Inefficient reaction; yields only 2 ATP
• Consumes a great deal of glucose
• Quick source of energy; for intense exercise
44. If Oxygen is available, pyruvic acid can continue through
aerobic respiration inside the mitochondria
Pyruvic Acid
(3 Carbon)
Aerobic Pathways Include:
1. Acetyl CoA synthesis
Mitochondria
2. Citric Acid Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
45. Mitochondria
• Powerhouse of cell
• Synthesizes ATP
• 2 layers
– Outer Membrane
– Inner Membrane
• Cristae
• highly folded inner membrane
• Greatly increases surface area for reactions
46. Synthesis of Acetyl CoA
Pyruvic Acid is converted into Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA = substrate for Citric Acid Cycle
47. Synthesis of Acetyl CoA
Pyruvic Acid
(3 Carbon)
1 carbon is lost as CO2 CO2
(waste)
Acetic Acid
CoA
(2 Carbon)
(coenzyme A)
Acetyl CoA
(Enters Citric Acid Cycle)
49. Citric Acid Cycle
Begins when Acetyl CoA combines with
Oxaloacetic Acid to form Citric Acid.
Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetic Acid → Citric Acid
(2 carbons) (4 carbons) (6 carbons)
Citric Acid = Oxaloacetic acid =
Start molecule of cycle end molecule of cycle
Citric Acid is converted back to Oxaloacetic acid
through a series of 8-9reactions
51. Products of Citric Acid Cycle
• 2 ATP
• 3 NADH = transports electrons to ETC
• 1 FADH2 = transports electrons to ETC
• 2 CO2
52. Electron transport chain (ETC)
• Occurs on inner membrane of mitochondria
• ATP synthase (enzyme): phosphorylates ADP → ATP
• Involves a chain of 3 enzymes (protein complexes)
• Produces 32-34 ATP per glucose
• Requires Oxygen to accept electrons
53. Enzyme Complexes in ETC
• Transport Complex Proteins
– 3 Membrane proteins on inner membrane of Mitochondria
– NADH & FADH2 transfer electrons to complex proteins
– Electrons are passed from one complex to the next complex
– Transfer of electrons releases energy to power ATP Synthase
• ATP Synthase
– Phosphorylates ADP into ATP
– Powered by Transport Complex Proteins
54. ADP + P ATP Synthase
ATP
2 electrons
energy
NADH
energy
Complex I
energy
Complex II
NAD+ 2H+
(reused) Complex III
+ ½ O2 H2O
(final electron acceptor)
Without Oxygen to accept electrons, ETC would grind to a halt!
56. Lipids & Proteins
can also be broken down
for ATP synthesis
Summary of catabolism
of proteins, fats, & carbohydrates
Most common entry point to
aerobic respiration is into citric
acid cycle as acetyl coA
63. Complementary Base Pairs
Purine pairs with Pyrimidine:
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Guanine pairs with Cytosine
A & T = complimentary base pair
G & C = complementary base pair
65. H-bonds stabilize
complimentary
base pairs
DNA is twisted into a
double helix
66. Overview of DNA Replication
• Occurs during S-phase
• Original DNA strand is used as a template to
synthesize a new complimentary DNA strand.
• Catalyzed by DNA Polymerase
– Synthesizes new DNA strand
• Semi-Conservative – One strand of the replicated
DNA is new, the other is the original molecule.
67. Original DNA strand
Strand 1
sugar phosphate backbone
A C T A A T A A C G G A T G A T C
T G A T T A T T G C C T A C T A G
Strand 2
Hydrogen Bonds
68. Step 1. Hydrogen bonds break, and strands separate
T A A C G G A T
DNA
A C T A A Polymerase G A T C
T G A T T DNA C T A G
Polymerase
A T T G C C T A
Replication bubble
Step 2. DNA Polymerases attach to open strands
69. Step 3. DNA Polymerase adds new bases
T A A C G G A T
A T T G C C T A
A C T A A G A T C
T G A T T T A A C G G A T C T A G
H bonds continue to break A T T G C C T A
Replication bubble
70. Step 3. DNA Polymerase adds new bases
A C T A A T A A C G G A T G A T C
T G A T T A T T G C C T A C T A G
A C T A A T A A C G G A T T T T C
T G A T T A T T G C C T A C T A G
71. A C T A A T A A C G G A T G A T C
T G A T T A T T G C C T A C T A G
A C T A A T A A C G G A T T T T C
T G A T T A T T G C C T A C T A G
2 Complete DNA molecules
Each with 1 original strand & 1 new strand
72. The two DNA molecules separate during mitosis
End of Section 4, Chapter 4
76. 3 RNA Molecules
• Messenger RNA (mRNA):
• Transcribed from DNA in nucleus
• Transfer RNA (tRNA):
•Translates a codon of MRNA into an amino acid
•Carries amino acids to mRNA
•Anticodons on tRNA are complimentary to codons of mRNA
•
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):
• Provides structure and enzyme activity for ribosomes
76
79. Step 1. RNA Polymerase attaches to DNA strands
& breaks Hydrogen bonds
Strand 1
A C T A C T A A C G G A T G A T C
RNA
Polymerase
T G A T G A T T G C C T A C T A G
Strand 2
80. Step 2. Strands Separate
T A C C G G A T G A T C
RNA
A U G G C C U A C U A G
A C T A A Polymerase
mRNA
T G A T T
A T G G C C T A C T A G
Replication bubble
Step 3. RNA Polymerase synthesizes mRNA
using DNA strand as a template
81. T A C C G G A T G A T C
RNA
A U G G C C U A C U A G
A C T A A Polymeras
mRNA
T G A T T
A T G G C C T A C T A G
Step 4. RNA Polymerase releases mRNA
& DNA resumes original structure
82. A C T A A T A C C G G A T G A T C
T G A T T A T G G C C T A C T A G
A U G G C C U A C U A G
mRNA
Step 5. mRNA is undergoes further processing & leaves nucleus
83. • Codon = 3 letter sequence that encodes for an amino acid
• All mRNA begin with AUG “Start Codon”
Start Codon
A U G G C C U A C U A G
mRNA
84. Note:
• Codons are redundant - Each amino acid corresponds to more than
one codon
• e.g. UCU, UCC, and UCA all encode for Serine
•Start Codon (AUG)
initiates translation
•Stop Codons terminate
translation
87. 2. Amino acid
tRNA binding site
Clover-leaf shape
RNA with 2
important regions
1. Anticodon
88. Ribosomes
• Small particle of protein & ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• Ribosomes have 2 subunits
• Small subunit binds to mRNA
• Large subunit holds tRNA & amino acids
• Small subunit has 2 binding sites for adjacent mRNA codons
• Ribosomes link amino acids by peptide bonds
89. Ribosomes
Peptide bond forming
large subunit
anticodons
small subunit
Binding sites with codons
90. 1. mRNA binds to the small subunit of a Ribosome.
2. The ribosome „reads‟ the mRNA sequence
3. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes,
aligning their anticodons with mRNA codons
4. The Ribosome links the amino acids together
5. Polypeptide chain lengthens
94. After translation Chaperone proteins
fold protein into its configuration
Enzymes may further modify proteins
after translation = post-translational modification
• Phosphorylation – adding a phosphate to the protein
• Glycosylation – adding a sugar to the protein
Custom animation effects: object spins on end(Advanced)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in theSlides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and then select Solid fill in the Fill pane. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).To reproduce the rectangle on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rounded Rectangle (second option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rounded rectangle.Select the rectangle. Drag the yellow diamond adjustment handle to the left to decrease the amount of rounding on the corners. With the rounded rectangle still selected, under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 3.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 0.25”.Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Solid fill, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left).Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane. In the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, under Outer select Offset Bottom (first row, second option from the left), and then do the following:In the Transparency box, enter 0%.In the Sizebox, enter 100%.In the Blur box, enter 8.5 pt.In the Angle box, enter 90°.In the Distance box, enter 1 pt.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane. In the 3-D Format pane, do the following:Under Bevel, click the button next to Top, and then under Bevel click Circle (first row, first option from the left). Next to Top, in the Width box, enter 5 pt, and in the Height box, enter 5 pt.Under Surface, click the button next to Material, and then under Standard clickMatte (first row, first option from the left).Click the button next to Lighting, and then under Neutral click Soft (first row, third option from the left).On the slide, select the rounded rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate.Select the duplicate rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, do the following:Click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then click No Fill.Click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.Drag the second rectangle above the first rectangle until the lower edge overlays the top edge of the first rectangle. (Note: When the spinning animation effect is created later for these rectangles, the spin will center where the edges of the rectangles meet.)Press and hold CTRL, and then select both rectangles. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and do the following:Point to Align, and then click Align Selected Objects.Point to Align, and then click Align Center.Click Group. On the slide, drag the group until it is centered horizontally on the left edge of the slide (straddling the edge).On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Middle.To reproduce the dashed arc on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Basic Shapes click Arc (third row, 12th option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw an arc.Select the arc. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.In the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”.With the arc still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline,and then do the following:Under Theme Colors, click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left).Point to Dashes, and then click Dash (fourth option from the top).On the slide, drag the yellow diamond adjustment handle on the right side of the arc to the bottom of the arc to create a half circle.Drag the arc until the yellow diamond adjustment handles are on the left edge of the slide.With the arc still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. To reproduce the half circle on this slide, do the following:On the slide, select the arc. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate.Select the duplicate arc. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 3.33”.In the Shape Width box, enter 3.33”.With the second arc still selected, under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 5% (second row, first option from the left).Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline,and then click No Outline.Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Effects, point to Shadow, and then click ShadowOptions. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane. In the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, under Inner click Inside Right (second row, third option from the left), and then do the following:In the Transparency box, enter 86%.In the Blur box, enter 24 pt.In the Angle box, enter 315°.In the Distance box, enter 4 pt.On the slide, drag the second arc until the yellow diamond adjustment handles are on the left edge of the slide. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then do the following:Point to Align, and then click Align to Slide. Point to Align, and then click Align Middle. Click Send to Back.To reproduce the button shapes on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Basic Shapes click Oval (first row, second option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw an oval.Select the oval. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 0.34”.In the Shape Width box, enter 0.34”.Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click More, and then click Light 1 Outline, Colored Fill – Dark 1 (third row, first option from the left).Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane. In the Fill pane, select Solid Fill. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Olive Green, Accent 3, Lighter 80°(second row, seventh option from the left).Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane. In the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, under Outer click Offset Bottom (first row, second option from the left), and then do the following:In the Transparency box, enter 0%.In the Size box, enter 100%.In the Blur box, enter 8.5 pt.In the Angle box, enter 90°.In the Distance box, enter 1 pt.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and then do the following in the 3-D Format pane:Under Bevel, click the button next to Top, and then under Bevel click Art Deco (third row, fourth option from the left). Next to Top, in the Width box, enter 5 pt, and in the Height box, enter 5 pt.UnderContour, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). In the Size box, enter 3.5 pt.Under Surface, click the button next to Material, and then under Standard click Matte (first row, first option from the left). Click the button next to Lighting, and then under Neutral click Soft (first row, third option from the left).On the slide, select the oval. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Position tab, do the following:In the Horizontal box, enter 2.98”.In the Vertical box, enter 1.5”.Select the oval. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate.Select the duplicate oval. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Position tab, do the following:In the Horizontal box, enter 3.52”.In the Vertical box, enter 2.98”. Repeat step 9 two more times, for a total of four ovals. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Size and Position dialog box, on the Position tab, do the following to position the third and fourth ovals:Select the third oval on the slide, and then enter 3.52” in theHorizontal box and 4.27” in the Vertical box.Select the fourth oval on the slide, and then enter 2.99” in theHorizontal box and 5.66” in the Vertical box.To reproduce the text on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box, and then on the slide, drag to draw the text box. Enter text in the text box and select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following: In the Font list, select Corbel.In the Font Size list, select 22.Click the arrow next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 50% (sixth row, first option from the left).On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Left to align the text left in the text box.On the slide, drag the text box to the right of the first oval.Select the text box. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Click in the text box and edit the text. Drag the second text box to the right of the second oval.Repeat steps 5-7 to create the third and fourth text boxes, dragging them to the right of the third and fourth ovals. To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation.On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the rectangle group. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Emphasis, and then click More Effects. In the Add Emphasis Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Spin. Select the animation effect (spin effect for the rectangle group). Under Modify: Spin, do the following:In theStart list, selectWith Previous. In the Amount list, in the Custom box, enter 123°,and then press ENTER. Also in the Amount list, clickCounterclockwise.In the Speedlist, select Fast. On the slide, select the first oval. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Emphasis, and then click More Effects. In the Add Emphasis Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Change Fill Color. Select the second animation effect (change fill color effect for the first oval). Under Modify: Change Fill Color, do the following:In the Startlist, select After Previous. In the Fill Color list, click More Colors. In the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 130, Green: 153, Blue: 117. In the Speedlist, select Very Fast.On the slide, select the first text box. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click Add Effect, point to Entrance,and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Subtle, clickFade. Select the third animation effect (fade effect for the first text box). Under Modify: Fade, do the following:In theStart list, selectWith Previous.In the Speed list, select Very Fast. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the rectangle group. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Emphasis, and then click More Effects. In the Add Emphasis Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Spin. Select the fourth animation effect (spin effect for the rectangle group). Under Modify: Spin, do the following:In theStart list, selectOn Click. In the Amount list, in the Custom box, enter 22°, and then press ENTER. Also in the Amount list, click Clockwise.In the Speed list, select Very Fast.On the slide, select the second oval. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Emphasis, and then click More Effects. In the Add Emphasis Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Change Fill Color. Select the fifth animation effect (change fill color effect for the second oval). Under Modify: Change Fill Color, do the following:In the Startlist, select After Previous. In the Fill Color list, click More Colors. In the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 130, Green: 153, Blue: 117. In the Speedlist, select Very Fast.On the slide, select the second text box. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click Add Effect, point to Entrance and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Subtle, clickFade. Select the sixth animation effect (fade effect for the second text box). Under Modify: Fade, do the following:In theStart list, selectWith Previous.In the Speed list, select Very Fast. On the slide, select the third oval. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Emphasis, and then click More Effects. In the Add Emphasis Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Change Fill Color. Select the seventh animation effect (change fill color effect for the third oval). Under Modify: Change Fill Color, do the following:In the Startlist, select After Previous. In the Fill Color list, click More Colors. In the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 130, Green: 153, Blue: 117. In the Speedlist, select Very Fast.On the slide, select the third text box. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click Add Effect, point to Entrance and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Subtle, clickFade. Select the eighth animation effect (fade effect for the third text box). Under Modify: Fade, do the following:In theStart list, selectWith Previous.In the Speed list, select Very Fast. On the slide, select the fourth oval. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Emphasis, and then click More Effects. In the Add Emphasis Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Change Fill Color. Select the ninth animation effect (change fill color effect for the fourth oval). Under Modify: Change Fill Color, do the following:In the Startlist, select After Previous. In the Fill Color list, click More Colors. In the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 130, Green: 153, Blue: 117. In the Speedlist, select Very Fast.On the slide, select the fourth text box. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click Add Effect, point to Entrance,and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Subtle, clickFade. Select the 10th animation effect (fade effect for the fourth text box). Under Modify: Fade, do the following:In theStart list, selectWith Previous.In the Speed list, select Very Fast.
Custom animation effects: rise up and shrink(Basic)To reproduce the rectangle on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in theSlides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 3”. In the Shape Width box, enter 10”.With the rectangle still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, do the following:Click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 5% (sixth row, second option from the left).Click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Top.Click Align Center. To reproduce the text on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box, and then on the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box and select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following:In the Font list, select Arial Black.In the Font Size box, enter 38.Click Bold. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Center to center the text in the text box.Select the text box. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the WordArt Styles group, click the Format Text Effects dialog box launcher. In the Format Text Effects dialog box,click Text Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Text Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until threestops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 255,Green: 214, Blue: 63.Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 75%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 255, Green: 192, Blue: 0.Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 255, Green: 162, Blue: 96.Also in the Format Text Effects dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane. In the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, under Outer click Offset Bottom (first row, second option from the left), and then do the following:In the Transparency box, enter 70%.In the Size box, enter 100%.In the Blur box, enter 6.3 pt.In the Angle box, enter 84°.In the Distance box, enter 3.2 pt.Also in the Format Text Effects dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and then do the following in the 3-D Format pane:Under Bevel, click the button next to Top, and then under Bevel click Circle (first row, first option from the left). Next to Top, in the Width box, enter 2 pt, and in the Height box, enter 2 pt.Under Contour, click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 215, Green: 130, Blue: 60. In the Size box, enter 1 pt. Under Surface, in the Material list, under Standard,select WarmMatte (second option from the left). In the Lighting list, under Special, select Glow (third option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 90°.On the slide, drag the text box just above the bottom edge of the rectangle.With the text box still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center. To reproduce the line on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left). On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, horizontal line.Select the line. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Width box, enter 10”.Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane. In the Line Color pane, select Solid fill, click the button next to Color, and then select More Colors. In the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 255, Green: 232, Blue: 63.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane. In the Line Style pane, in the Width box, enter 4.5 pt.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane. In the 3-D Format pane, under Bevel, do the following:Click the button next to Top, and then under Bevel click Circle (first row, first option from the left). Next to Top, in the Width box, enter 3 pt. Next to Top, in the Height box, enter 6 pt.On the slide, drag the line until the top edge touches the bottom edge of the rectangle.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center. To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation.On the slide, select the text box. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Exit, and then click More Effects. In the Add Exit Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Disappear.Select the animation effect (disappear effect for the text box). Under Modify: Disappear, in theStart list, selectAfter Previous.On the slide, select the text box. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Emphasis, and then click More Effects. In the Add Emphasis Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Grow/Shrink.Select the second animation effect (grow/shrink effect for the text box). Click the arrow to the right of the effect, and then click Effect Options. In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, do the following:On the Effect tab, in the Size list, in the Custom box, enter 400%, and then press ENTER. Also in the Size list, click Vertical. On the Timing tab, do the following:In theStart list, selectAfter Previous. In the Speed box, enter 0.01 seconds.On the slide, select the text box. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the AddEntrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Appear.Select the third animation effect (appear effect for the text box). Under Modify: Appear, in theStart list, selectAfter Previous.On the slide, select the text box. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Emphasis, and then click More Effects. In the Add Emphasis Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Grow/Shrink.Select the fourth animation effect (grow/shrink effect for the text box). Click the arrow to the right of the effect, and then click Effect Options. In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, do the following:On the Effect tab, in the Size list, in the Custom box, enter 25%, and then press ENTER. Also in the Size list, click Vertical. On the Timing tab, do the following:In theStart list, selectWith Previous. In the Speed list, select 1 seconds (Fast).On the slide, select the text box. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, click Rise Up.Select the fifth animation effect (rise-up effect for the text box). Under Modify: Rise Up, do the following:In theStart list, selectWith Previous. In the Speed list, selectFast.On the slide, press and hold CTRL, and then select the rectangle and the line. In the CustomAnimation task pane, do the following:Click AddEffect, point to Entrance, and then click More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, click Descend.Press and hold CTRL, and then select the sixth and seventh animation effects (descend effects for the rectangle and the line). Under Modify: Descend, do the following:In theStart list, selectWith Previous. In the Speed list, selectFast.To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Up (second row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 15% (fifth row, second option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors clickBlack, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left).