Powerpoint for Communities & Ecosystems

1. Chapter 37:Communities & Ecosystems Communities and Ecosystems

3. Biotic Interactions…parasitic fungi A dead carpenter ant attached to leaf in the understory of a Thai forest. Before killing the ant, the fungus growing from ant's head changed the ant's behavior, causing it to bite into the leaf vein. (Credit: David Hughes) Attack of the zombie ant! Though it may seem like the perfect title for a cheesy horror movie, scientists have discovered more about a parasitic fungus that essentially takes over the brain and body of tropical carpenter ants -- ultimately causing its host to die at a spot where the fungus has the best chance of reproducing.

8. Figure 1.1. Species richness and abundance of termites collected from transects in seven land-use types in Jambi Province, Central Sumatra http://www.asb.cgiar.org/data/dataset/8.htm Link to data: Species richness is the number of different species in a given area S = species richness n = total number of species present in sample population k = number of "unique" species (of which only one organism was found in sample population : Species abundance is the study of how common a particular species is in a given community.

9. Temperate Biome, Wetland Ecosystem

13. LE 37-2b

16. Biston betularia

25. Coevolution…

28. Mutualism The obligate pollinating seed-consuming mutualism between senita cacti and senita moths is a mutualism that entails both benefits and costs to both the plant and pollinator. Senita cacti benefit from pollination, but incur costs due to larval fruit consumption. Senita moths benefit from fruit food resources, but incur costs to larval survival from fruit abortions.

38. The cyclic flow of nutrients within an ecosystem. The arrows show the paths of nutrient flow between the living and non- living players.

39. The sun's energy is converted by green plants to food energy. Red arrows: Light energy absorbed and utilized byplants. This includes blue and small amounts of green (1), red and small quantities of near infrared (2), and some far red (3) wavelengths. Green outline and arrow: net potential food energy produced through photosynthesis. Blue arrows: Energy reflected as light or heat into space.

40. The path of energy flow through a prairie ecosystem. Red arrow : sunlight energy coming in; Green arrows : food energy being passed from plants to animals Blue arrows : heat energy being dispersed to space.

41. LE 37-9 Trophic level Quaternary consumers Tertiary consumers Hawk Snake Mouse Grasshopper Plant A terrestrial food chain An aquatic food chain Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Phytoplankton Zooplankton Herring Tuna Killer whale

43. LE 37-10 Quaternary, tertiary, and secondary consumers Tertiary and secondary consumers Secondary and primary consumers Primary consumers Producers (plants)

45. LE 37-11 Energy flow Light energy Chemical cycling Chemical energy Chemical elements Heat energy

47. LE 37-12 Open ocean Estuary Algal beds and coral reefs Desert and semidesert scrub Tundra Temperate grassland Cultivated land Boreal forest (taiga) Savanna Temperate deciduous forest Tropical rain forest 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Average net primary productivity (g/m 2 /yr)

48. LE 37-13 Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers 10 kcal 100 kcal 1,000 kcal 10,000 kcal 1,000,000 kcal of sunlight

51. LE 37-14 Trophic level Secondary consumers Primary consumers Human vegetarians Producers Corn Corn Cattle Human meat-eaters

54. Consumers Producers Nutrients available to producers Detritivores Abiotic reservoir General BGC….

56. LE 37-16 Solar energy Net movement of water vapor by wind Evaporation from ocean Precipitation over ocean Evaporation and transpiration from land Transport over land Precipitation over land Percolation through soil Runoff and groundwater

58. LE 37-17 Cellular respiration Photosynthesis CO 2 in atmosphere Burning of fossil fuels and wood Primary consumers Higher-level consumers Detritus Carbon compounds in water Decomposition

60. The complex nitrogen cycle is a marvelous example of how microbes are important to life itself (parts of cycle illustrated by red or green arrows); this cycle also includes abiotic processes (blue arrows).

61. Some representatives of the many groups of microorganisms, primarily bacteria, that are involved in the five steps of the nitrogen cycle.

62. LE 37-18 Nitrogen in atmosphere (N 2 ) Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes Detritivores Decomposition Assimilation by plants Denitrifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria Nitrates (NO 3 – ) Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Ammonium (NH 4  )

64. LE 37-19 Rain Plant uptake of PO 4 3– Plants Weathering of rocks Geologic uplift of rocks Runoff Consumption Sedimentation Soil Leaching Decomposition

70. LE 37-20c Control Deforested Completion of tree cutting 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Nitrate concentration in runoff (mg/L) 1965 1966 1967 1968

73. Figure 37-21b 0