1. 339-370/428-S/80023
FOREIGN
RELATIONS
OF THE
UNITED
STATES
1969–1976
VOLUME XXI
CHILE,
1969–1973
DEPARTMENT
OF
STATE
Washington

2. 339-370/428-S/80023
Foreign Relations of the
United States, 1969–1976
Volume XXI
Chile, 1969–1973
Editors James McElveen
James Siekmeier
General Editor Adam Howard
United States Government Printing Office
Washington
2014

3. 339-370/428-S/80023
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Office of the Historian
Bureau of Public Affairs
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800
Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001

4. 339-370/428-S/80023
Preface
The Foreign Relations of the United States series presents the official
documentary historical record of major foreign policy decisions and
significant diplomatic activity of the United States Government. The
Historian of the Department of State is charged with the responsibility
for the preparation of the Foreign Relations series. The staff of the Office
of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, under the direction of the
General Editor of the Foreign Relations series, plans, researches, com-
piles, and edits the volumes in the series. Secretary of State Frank B.
Kellogg first promulgated official regulations codifying specific stand-
ards for the selection and editing of documents for the series on March
26, 1925. These regulations, with minor modifications, guided the series
through 1991.
Public Law 102–138, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, es-
tablished a new statutory charter for the preparation of the series which
was signed by President George H.W. Bush on October 28, 1991. Sec-
tion 198 of P.L. 102–138 added a new Title IV to the Department of
State’s Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 USC 4351, et seq.).
The statute requires that the Foreign Relations series be a thorough,
accurate, and reliable record of major United States foreign policy deci-
sions and significant United States diplomatic activity. The volumes of
the series should include all records needed to provide comprehensive
documentation of major foreign policy decisions and actions of the
United States Government. The statute also confirms the editing prin-
ciples established by Secretary Kellogg: the Foreign Relations series is
guided by the principles of historical objectivity and accuracy; records
should not be altered or deletions made without indicating in the pub-
lished text that a deletion has been made; the published record should
omit no facts that were of major importance in reaching a decision; and
nothing should be omitted for the purposes of concealing a defect in
policy. The statute also requires that the Foreign Relations series be pub-
lished not more than 30 years after the events recorded. The editors are
convinced that this volume meets all regulatory, statutory, and schol-
arly standards of selection and editing.
Structure and Scope of the Foreign Relations Series
This volume is part of a subseries of volumes of the Foreign Rela-
tions series that documents the most important issues in the foreign
policy of Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford. The sub-
series presents in multiple volumes a comprehensive documentary rec-
III

5. 339-370/428-S/80023
IV Preface
ord of major foreign policy decisions and actions of both administra-
tions. This volume documents U.S. policy toward Chile from January
20, 1969 to September 24, 1973, when the Nixon administration an-
nounced its extension of diplomatic recognition to the military junta
under General Augusto Pinochet.
Although intended to stand on its own, this volume should be read
in conjunction with other volumes in the series, in particular the elec-
tronic supplement, Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, volume E–16, Docu-
ments on Chile, 1969–1973. In addition to the electronic supplement,
the reader should consult Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, volume E–10,
Documents on American Republics, 1969–1972 and volume E–11, Doc-
uments on South America, 1973–1976, Part 2, for further documenta-
tion on the role Chile played in the Nixon administration’s overall
policy in Latin America.
Focus of Research and Principles of Selection for Foreign Relations,
1969–1976, Volume XXI
The primary focus of this volume is on the attitudes adopted and
actions taken by the U.S. Government toward the installation of two
successive Chilean presidents: the election and inauguration of Sal-
vador Allende in September 1970 and the military coup d’e´tat of Gen-
eral Augusto Pinochet in September 1973. This volume differs from
most volumes in the Foreign Relations series, however, in two important
ways. First, many of the documents herein have been thoroughly ex-
amined, summarized, and declassified in several other public projects,
in particular: the reports released in the mid-1970s by the Senate Select
Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelli-
gence Activities (the Church Committee); and the documents released
in the late-1990s by the Chile Declassification Project (the Pinochet Proj-
ect). The editors of this volume, while acknowledging what has been
released before, have tried to meet the series’ standard of thorough-
ness, accuracy, and reliability not only by adding to the historical re-
cord but also by presenting a complete documentary account, regard-
less of previous declassification. Second, recognizing both the
importance of the subject and the nature of the documentation, the ed-
itors also compiled an extensive electronic supplement (Foreign Rela-
tions, 1969–1976, volume E–16, Documents on Chile, 1969–1973), which,
when released, will be available online at the Office of the Historian
website. The supplement will include a selection of Presidential tape
recordings, as transcribed by the editors, which adds context and detail
to formal records on President Nixon’s posture toward President Al-
lende; and several documents on human rights in the aftermath of the
Pinochet coup, in particular, the disappearance and death of two U.S.
citizens, Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi. In the latter instance, al-
though Horman and Teruggi both died before September 24 (i.e. the

6. 339-370/428-S/80023
Preface V
last day covered in this volume), the investigation into the circum-
stances surrounding these two tragic cases—and the resulting public
controversy—continued long afterwards. Additional documentation,
therefore, is scheduled for publication in the subsequent compilation
on Chile in Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, volume E–11, Documents on
South America, 1973-1976, Part 2.
Although organized into five chapters, this volume is perhaps best
surveyed in terms of three periods in Allende’s political career: before
his election on September 4, 1970; between his election and inaugura-
tion on November 4, 1970; and after his inauguration until his over-
throw and death on September 11, 1973. The first period also corre-
sponds to the final two years of the administration of President
Eduardo Frei, which, in terms of U.S. policy, continued largely along
lines established during his first four years in office. Frei, for instance,
received substantial political and economic support, including covert
assistance during the 1964 election from the Kennedy and Johnson
administrations. Since the deliberations on whether to provide similar
assistance to any of the major candidates in the 1970 election were
heavily influenced by the decision-making process six years earlier, as
well as by political developments in the intervening years, readers
should consult the compilation on Chile in Foreign Relations, 1964–1968,
volume XXXI, South and Central America; Mexico. Allende’s narrow
victory in the 1970 election represented a decisive break in this contin-
uity, a break that is clearly represented in the pace of documentation, as
the Nixon administration sought to block Allende’s confirmation and
inauguration. The second period, covering these intervening two
months, is the heart of the volume, documenting day-to-day decisions
in a series of meetings, memoranda, and backchannel messages on
Track I and Track II, attempting to block Allende, either by constitu-
tional means or by military coup d’e´tat, respectively. The third period,
which picks up the story after Allende’s inauguration, demonstrates
how the Nixon administration adopted and implemented its “cool and
correct” policy to destabilize the Chilean Government while simultane-
ously strengthening ties with the Chilean military. This policy was
largely determined less through covert operations and more through
the formal interagency process on economic affairs, including discour-
aging favorable terms in international lending and foreign assistance to
Chile, while encouraging a favorable settlement in the nationalization
of copper and other Chilean industries, previously dominated by U.S.
multinational corporations. The volume concludes with the events of
September 1973: the coup d’e´tat under General Pinochet, Allende’s sui-
cide, and U.S. diplomatic recognition of the military junta.
Editorial Methodology
The documents are presented chronologically according to Wash-
ington time. Memoranda of conversation are placed according to the

7. 339-370/428-S/80023
VI Preface
time and date of the conversation, rather than the date the memoran-
dum was drafted.
Editorial treatment of the documents published in the Foreign Rela-
tions series follows Office style guidelines, supplemented by guidance
from the General Editor and the chief technical editor. The documents
are reproduced as exactly as possible, including marginalia or other no-
tations, which are described in the footnotes. Texts are transcribed and
printed according to accepted conventions for the publication of histor-
ical documents within the limitations of modern typography. A
heading has been supplied by the editors for each document included
in the volume. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation are retained as
found in the original text, except that obvious typographical errors are
silently corrected. Other mistakes and omissions in the documents are
corrected by bracketed insertions: a correction is set in italic type; an
addition in roman type. Words repeated in telegrams to avoid garbling
or provide emphasis are silently corrected. Words or phrases under-
lined in the source text are printed in italics. Abbreviations and contrac-
tions are preserved as found in the original text, and a list of abbrevia-
tions is included in the front matter of each volume. In telegrams, the
telegram number (including special designators such as Secto) is
printed at the start of the text of the telegram.
Bracketed insertions are also used to indicate omitted text that
deals with an unrelated subject (in roman type) or that remains classi-
fied after declassification review (in italic type). The amount and,
where possible, the nature of the material not declassified has been
noted by indicating the number of lines or pages of text that were omit-
ted. Entire documents withheld for declassification purposes have been
accounted for and are listed with headings, source notes, and number
of pages not declassified in their chronological place. All brackets that
appear in the original text are so identified in footnotes.
The first footnote to each document indicates the source of the doc-
ument, original classification, distribution, and drafting information.
This note also provides the background of important documents and
policies and indicates whether the President or his major policy ad-
visers read the document.
Editorial notes and additional annotation summarize pertinent
material not printed in the volume, indicate the location of additional
documentary sources, provide references to important related docu-
ments printed in other volumes, describe key events, and provide sum-
maries of and citations to public statements that supplement and eluci-
date the printed documents. Information derived from memoirs and
other first-hand accounts has been used when appropriate to supple-
ment or explicate the official record.

8. 339-370/428-S/80023
Preface VII
The numbers in the index refer to document numbers rather than
to page numbers.
Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documentation
The Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documenta-
tion, established under the Foreign Relations statute, reviews records,
advises, and makes recommendations concerning the Foreign Relations
series. The Advisory Committee monitors the overall compilation and
editorial process of the series and advises on all aspects of the prepara-
tion and declassification of the series. The Advisory Committee does
not necessarily review the contents of individual volumes in the series,
but it makes recommendations on issues that come to its attention and
reviews volumes, as it deems necessary to fulfill its advisory and statu-
tory obligations.
Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Review
Under the terms of the Presidential Recordings and Materials Pres-
ervation Act (PRMPA) of 1974 (44 USC 2111 note), the National Ar-
chives and Records Administration (NARA) has custody of the Nixon
Presidential historical materials. The requirements of the PRMPA and
implementing regulations govern access to the Nixon Presidential his-
torical materials. The PRMPA and implementing public access regula-
tions require NARA to review for additional restrictions in order to en-
sure the protection of the privacy rights of former Nixon White House
officials, since these officials were not given the opportunity to separate
their personal materials from public papers. Thus, the PRMPA and im-
plementing public access regulations require NARA formally to notify
the Nixon estate and former Nixon White House staff members that the
agency is scheduling for public release Nixon White House historical
materials. The Nixon estate and former White House staff members
have 30 days to contest the release of Nixon historical materials in
which they were a participant or are mentioned. Further, the PRMPA
and implementing regulations require NARA to segregate and return
to the creator of files private and personal materials. All Foreign Rela-
tions volumes that include materials from NARA’s Nixon Presidential
Materials Staff are processed and released in accordance with the
PRMPA.
Nixon White House Tapes
Access to the Nixon White House tape recordings is governed by
the terms of the PRMPA and an access agreement with the Office of
Presidential Libraries of the National Archives and Records Adminis-
tration and the Nixon Estate. In February 1971, President Nixon initi-
ated a voice activated taping system in the Oval Office of the White
House and, subsequently, in the President’s Office in the Executive

9. 339-370/428-S/80023
VIII Preface
Office Building, Camp David, the Cabinet Room, and White House and
Camp David telephones. The audiotapes include conversations of Pres-
ident Nixon with his Assistant for National Security Affairs, Henry
Kissinger, other White House aides, Secretary of State Rogers, other
Cabinet officers, members of Congress, and key foreign officials. The
clarity of the voices on the tape recordings is often very poor, but the
editor has made every effort to verify the accuracy of the transcripts
produced here. Readers are advised that the tape recording is the offi-
cial document; the transcript represents an interpretation of that docu-
ment. Through the use of digital audio and other advances in tech-
nology, the Office of the Historian has been able to enhance the tape
recordings and over time produce more accurate transcripts. The result
is that some transcripts printed here may differ from transcripts of the
same conversations printed in previous Foreign Relations volumes.
The most accurate transcripts possible, however, cannot substitute for
listening to the recordings. Readers are urged to consult the recordings
themselves for a full appreciation of those aspects of the conversations
that cannot be captured in a transcript, such as the speakers’ inflections
and emphases that may convey nuances of meaning, as well as the
larger context of the discussion.
Declassification Review
The Office of Information Programs and Services, Bureau of Ad-
ministration, conducted the declassification review for the Department
of State of the documents published in this volume. The review was
conducted in accordance with the standards set forth in Executive
Order 13526, as amended, on Classified National Security Information
and applicable laws.
The principle guiding declassification review is to release all infor-
mation, subject only to the current requirements of national security as
embodied in law and regulation. Declassification decisions entailed
concurrence of the appropriate geographic and functional bureaus in
the Department of State, other concerned agencies of the U.S. Govern-
ment, and the appropriate foreign governments regarding specific doc-
uments of those governments. The declassification review of this vol-
ume, which began in 2000 and was completed in 2013 resulted in the
decision to withhold 1 document in full, excisions of a paragraph or
more in 55 documents, and minor excisions of less than a paragraph in
112 documents.
The Office of the Historian is confident, on the basis of the research
conducted in preparing this volume and as a result of the declassifica-
tion review process described above, that the record presented in this
volume presented here provides an accurate and comprehensive ac-
count of U.S. foreign policy on Chile.

10. 339-370/428-S/80023
Preface IX
Acknowledgments
The editors wish to acknowledge the assistance of officials at the
Nixon Presidential Materials Project of the National Archives and Rec-
ords Administration (Archives) in College Park, Maryland, and at the
Ford Presidential Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan. In addition, they are
grateful to the Richard Nixon Estate for allowing access to the Nixon
Presidential recordings and the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace
for facilitating that access. Research in the Kissinger Papers, including
transcripts of telephone conversations, could not have occurred
without the kind permission of Henry A. Kissinger. The editors would
also like to thank Peter Kornbluh, Senior Analyst and Director of the
Chile Declassification Project at the National Security Archive, for his
expertise and encouragement.
James McElveen and James Siekmeier collected the documents,
made the selections, and annotated them under the direct supervision
of successive chiefs of the Asia and Americas Division, Edward C.
Keefer and Erin R. Mahan, and under the general direction of two suc-
cessive General Editors, David S. Patterson and Edward C. Keefer. Al-
though both contributed to the research and annotation of the entire
volume, McElveen was responsible for compiling the first three
chapters, through Allende’s inauguration in November 1970; and Siek-
meier, for the last two chapters, through Allende’s overthrow (and
formal diplomatic recognition of the military junta under General Pino-
chet). Susan Weetman, Carl Ashley, and Dean Weatherhead coordi-
nated the declassification review. David Geyer assumed responsibility
for resolving substantive issues of compilation and review during the
final stages of production. Kristen Ahlberg, Keri Lewis, Mandy A.
Chalou, and Rita Baker performed the copy and technical editing.
Stephen P. Randolph, Ph.D.Bureau of Public Affairs
The HistorianMay 2014

12. 339-370/428-S/80023
Contents
Preface ................................................................... III
Sources .................................................................. XIII
Abbreviations and Terms ............................................ XXI
Persons .................................................................. XXVII
Note on U.S. Covert Actions ........................................ XXXVII
Chile, 69–73
A “Noisy Democracy”: The Decline of Eduardo Frei,
January–December 1969 ........................................ 1
A Spoiling Operation: The 1970 Chilean Presidential
Election, January 1–September 4, 1970 ...................... 63
Two Tracks: U.S. Intervention in the Confirmation of the
Chilean President, September 5–November 4, 1970 ...... 175
Cool and Correct: The U.S. Response to the Allende
Administration, November 5, 1970–December 31,
1972 ................................................................. 439
“That Chilean Guy May Have Some Problems”: The
Downfall of Salvador Allende, January–September 1973 840
Index ..................................................................... 947
XI

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Sources
Sources for the Foreign Relations Series
The 1991 Foreign Relations statute requires that the published rec-
ord in the Foreign Relations series include all records needed to provide
comprehensive documentation on major U.S. foreign policy decisions
and significant U.S. diplomatic activity. It further requires that govern-
ment agencies, departments, and other entities of the U.S. Government
engaged in foreign policy formulation, execution, or support cooperate
with the Department of State Historian by providing full and complete
access to records pertinent to foreign policy decisions and actions and
by providing copies of selected records. Most of the sources consulted
in the preparation of this volume have been declassified and are avail-
able for review at the National Archives and Records Administration.
The editors of the Foreign Relations series have complete access to
all the retired records and papers of the Department of State: the central
files of the Department; the special decentralized files (“lot files”) of the
Department at the bureau, office, and division levels; the files of the De-
partment’s Executive Secretariat, which contain the records of interna-
tional conferences and high-level official visits, correspondence with
foreign leaders by the President and Secretary of State, and memoranda
of conversations between the President and Secretary of State and for-
eign officials; and the files of overseas diplomatic posts. All the Depart-
ment’s indexed central files through July 1973 have been permanently
transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration at
College Park, Maryland (Archives II). Many of the Department’s de-
centralized office files covering the 1969–1976 period, which the Na-
tional Archives deems worthy of permanent retention, have been trans-
ferred or are in the process of being transferred from the Department’s
custody to Archives II.
The editors of the Foreign Relations series also have full access to the
papers of Presidents Nixon and Ford as well as other White House for-
eign policy records. Presidential papers maintained and preserved at
the Presidential libraries include some of the most significant foreign
affairs-related documentation from the Department of State and other
Federal agencies including the National Security Council, the Central
Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense, and the Joint Chiefs of
Staff. Dr. Henry Kissinger has approved access to his papers at the Li-
brary of Congress. These papers are a key source for the Nixon-Ford
subseries of the Foreign Relations series.
XIII

15. 339-370/428-S/80023
XIV Sources
Research for this volume was completed through special access to
restricted documents at the Nixon Presidential Materials Project, the
Ford Presidential Library, the Library of Congress, and other agencies.
While all the material printed in this volume has been declassified,
some of it is extracted from still classified documents. In the time since
the research for this volume was completed, the Nixon Presidential
Materials have been transferred to the Nixon Presidential Library and
Museum in Yorba Linda, California. The Nixon Presidential Library
staff is processing and declassifying many of the documents used in
this volume, but they may not be available in their entirety at the time
of publication.
Sources for Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXI
In preparing this volume, the editors thoroughly mined the Presi-
dential Papers and other White House records from the Nixon Presi-
dential Materials Project at the National Archives. This research was
conducted when the project was still housed at the facility in College
Park (Archives II); both the project and the collection were subse-
quently moved in 2010 to its permanent home at the Nixon Presidential
Library in Yorba Linda. Whether in Maryland or California, these ma-
terials proved the most valuable source of documentation on the Nixon
administration’s conduct of relations with Chile. Some of the most im-
portant records for this volume were found in the National Security
Council Files, in particular, the Country Files on Chile. These files doc-
ument basic day-to-day decision making within the White House and
National Security Council staff, including memoranda to Kissinger and
Nixon, records of meetings, copies of telegrams, and backchannel mes-
sages. Two folders within the National Security Files are also worth
mentioning here with similar, if more specialized, documentation: one,
entitled Korry File, is part of the Country Files on Chile; and the other,
entitled Chile Wrap and Post-Mortem, is part of the Country Files in
the Kissinger Office Files. Ambassador Korry played a central role in
U.S.-Chilean relations—particularly during the pivotal events of Sep-
tember and October 1970 (between Allende’s election and subsequent
inauguration as President)—until Korry’s replacement in October 1971.
His lengthy backchannel messages are not only concentrated in the
sources cited above but also scattered throughout other repositories. In
the midst of other, more bureaucratic, documents, these “Korrygrams,”
as they were called at the time, are as entertaining to read as they are
essential for following developments in Chile on a daily basis.
The formal policy-making process on Chile is documented in the
National Security Files (H-Files) at the Nixon Library. These files con-
tain minutes, memoranda, and related documentation on the delibera-
tions of the National Security Council itself, the Senior Review Group,
the Washington Special Actions Group, and other interagency com-

16. 339-370/428-S/80023
Sources XV
mittees; also included are records relating to National Security Council
Study and Decision Memoranda (NSSMs and NSDMs), as well as simi-
lar decision-making documents. The H-Files are most useful in docu-
menting interagency discussions on Chile, either before Allende’s elec-
tion in September 1970 or after his inauguration in November 1970;
there is little, if any, documentation in the H-Files, for instance, on
Track II (Project FUBELT) to foment a military coup against Allende in
October 1970. Rather than rely on formal decision papers, Nixon and
Kissinger made many decisions on Chile outside normal bureaucratic
channels, in particular, through a series of one-on-meetings and tele-
phone conversations. The editors, therefore, consulted two other cru-
cial sources: the Kissinger Telephone Conversation Transcripts; and the
Nixon White House Tape Recordings. The Kissinger transcripts pro-
vide a rare glimpse into the role played by the President’s Assistant for
National Security Affairs in regard to Chile, in particular, before Al-
lende’s inauguration but also at the time of his overthrow in September
1973. Installed in February 1971 and removed in July 1973, the White
House taping system was unfortunately not in operation during either
period. The Nixon tapes, nonetheless, include a number of important
deliberations on Chile, notably on Nixon’s policy to adopt a “cool and
correct” posture in relations with Allende; transcripts of these conver-
sations, as transcribed by the editors, are printed in the electronic sup-
plement, Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, volume E–16, Documents on
Chile, 1969–1973.
Given the level of U.S. involvement in Chilean political affairs
during the Nixon administration, intelligence records were essential in
compiling this volume. The editors had access to the records at the Na-
tional Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Depart-
ment of State, and the Department of Defense. The Nixon Intelligence
Files at the National Security Council constitute the most authoritative
record of the meetings of the 303 Committee and its successor, the 40
Committee, which were responsible for decisions on covert operations.
The files of the Central Intelligence Agency, particularly the National
Intelligence Council Registry of NIEs and SNIEs (Job 79R01012A), were
essential for intelligence reports and assessments on which the Nixon
administration based its policy decisions. Although many of its most
important records on covert operations were also found in other repos-
itories, several collections (or “Jobs”) were invaluable at the Central In-
telligence Agency, including the files of Director of Central Intelligence
Helms (Job 80B01285A), 1970 Chile Task Force files (Job 80–000012A),
the Executive Registry Subject Files on Chile (Job 80B01086A), and the
1973 Western Hemisphere Division files (Job 80–00197A). The Bureau
of Intelligence and Research in the Department of State was also an ac-
tive participant on intelligence matters, whether in assessing develop-
ments in Chile or in developing options for U.S. policymakers. The

17. 339-370/428-S/80023
XVI Sources
“historical files” of the Bureau’s Office of Intelligence Coordination
(INR/IL) and the files of James Gardner, who served first as Deputy Di-
rector for Coordination and then as Chief of the Operations Policy Staff,
were particularly useful in this regard, notably the memoranda of re-
gular ARA/CIA meetings on intelligence.
U.S. involvement in Chile was the subject of several congressional
investigations in the 1970s, most notably two chaired by Senator Frank
Church (D-Idaho), the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental
Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, which investigated
U.S. covert operations in Chile, and the Subcommittee on Multinational
Corporations, which investigated allegations against the involvement
of the International Telegraph and Telephone Company (ITT) in Chile;
and the House Select Committee on Intelligence, chaired by Con-
gressman Otis Pike (D-New York). Materials related to these investiga-
tions, including copies of the original documents collected, were found
in at least two archival sources. The most valuable of these was a retired
Department of State office or “lot” file, 81D121, held for reference pur-
poses in the Foreign Affairs Information Management Center (as it was
called at the time) until its transferal to the National Archives in 2004 as
part of Record Group 59 (RG 59). Since the investigations largely took
place during the Ford administration, the records held at the Ford Pres-
idential Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan, are also useful, in particular,
the Intelligence Subject File in the collection of Philip Buchen, who
served as Counsel to the President.
As important as covert operations in Chile may have been, how-
ever, the United States still conducted most of its Chilean policy
through normal channels of diplomacy, in particular, through the De-
partment of State. This role is well reflected in the Department’s rec-
ords, including the central and retired lot files (both RG 59) accessioned
and maintained at the National Archives. A number of records in the
central files’ subject numeric system were useful, including those filed
under POL 7 CHILE (visits and meetings concerning Chile), POL 12
CHILE (political parties in Chile), POL 14 CHILE (elections in Chile),
POL 15 CHILE (Chilean government), POL CHILE-US (relations be-
tween Chile and the United States), and POL 1 CHILE-US (general
policy and background on relations between Chile and the United
States); INCO COPPER CHILE (copper in Chile), and INCO 15–2
CHILE (nationalization/expropriation in Chile). Starting in January
1973, the Department of State switched its central files to an electronic
system; the telegrams for 1973 are available on-line in the Access to Ar-
chival Databases on the National Archives website. Some additional
documentation was also found in the retired post files (RG 84) for San-
tiago, in particular, the Embassy’s classified “Allende file” for
1968–1973 (Lot 78F112).

18. 339-370/428-S/80023
Sources XVII
The Kissinger Papers at the Library of Congress largely replicate
documentation found in other collections. Since this volume was com-
piled, copies of the most important original source—the Kissinger Tele-
phone Conversation Transcripts (see above)—were initially deposited
at the Nixon Presidential Materials Project; they were then relocated to
the Nixon Presidential Library in 2010. Although the citations in this
volume refer to the Kissinger Papers, copies of the transcripts as orga-
nized in the original collection are available to the public at the Nixon
Presidential Library.
The following list identifies the particular files and collections
used in the preparation of the volume. The declassification and transfer
to the National Archives of the Department of State records is in proc-
ess, and many of these records are already available for public review
at the National Archives.
Unpublished Sources
Department of State
Central Files. See Record Group 59 under National Archives and Records Administration
below
Lot Files. See Record Group 59 under National Archives and Records Administration
below
Lot 71D18 Political—Country Team Minutes
Lot 74D416, Executive Secretariat, Briefing Books, 1958–1976
Lot 80D212, S/S Files, NSSM 97
Lot 83D305, S/S Files, NSDM 93
Bureau of Intelligence and Research, INR/L Historical Files
Chile Chronology 1970
Chile January–August 1970
Chile, 40 Committee Action after September 1970
Chile, July–December 1972
Chile 1973–1975
Virtual Reading Room, Document Collections, CIA Chile Declassification Project
National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland
Record Group 59, General Records of the Department of State
Central Files
1967–1969, INCO COPPER CHILE
1967–1969 POL 15 CHILE
1967–1969 POL 23–9 CHILE
1970–1973, POL CHILE-US
1970–1973, POL 2 CHILE
1970–1973, POL 12 CHILE

19. 339-370/428-S/80023
XVIII Sources
1970–1973, POL 14 CHILE
1970–1973, POL 15 CHILE
1970–1973, POL 15–1 CHILE
1970–1973, INCO COPPER CHILE
1970–1973, INCO 15–2 CHILE
1970–1973, DEF 9 US
1970–1973, DEF 9 CHILE
1970–1973, DEF 15 CHILE
1970–1973, E 5 LA
1970–1973, E 14 LA–PC
Central Foreign Policy File, 1973–1976
Part of the online Access to Archival Databases; Electronic Telegrams, P-Reel Index,
P-Reel microfilm
Lot Files
Lot 71D227, Executive Secretariat, Conference Files, 1966–1972
Lot 81D121, Chile–ITT–CIA 1963–1977
Documents Requested by the Department of Justice, 1970–1977
Chile/CIA #1
Chile/CIA #2
Chile ITT (Testimony)
Chile Papers-Church Committee-August 12, 1975
Chile-CIA 1970
Lot 94D565, INR/IL, James Gardner Chronological File
Record Group 84, Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the United States
Santiago, 1968–1973, Classified Allende Files
Santiago Embassy Files, 1968–1973, POL
Santiago Embassy Files, 1971–1975, Subject Files
Santiago Embassy Files, Allende Government July–August 1972
Record Group 218, Records of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
Records of Thomas H. Moorer
Admin (AC) CMS [Chairman’s Memos]
Nixon Presidential Materials Project, National Archives and Records
Administration, College Park, Maryland (now at the Nixon Presidential
Library and Museum, Yorba Linda, California)
National Security Council (NSC) Files
Backchannel Messages: Europe, Mideast, Latin America
Country Files, Latin America
Nixon Intelligence Files
Henry A. Kissinger Office Files
Country Files
303/40 Committee Files, Subject Files, Chile

20. 339-370/428-S/80023
Sources XIX
Senior Review Group Files
Subject Files, Chile
National Security Council, Institutional Files (H-Files)
Meeting Files
Senior Review Group Meetings
Washington Special Action Group Meetings
National Security Council Meetings
Minutes Of Meetings
NSC Meeting Minutes
Senior Review Group
Policy Papers
NSDM 93
Study Memorandums
National Security Study Memorandums
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
Philip Buchen Collection
Intelligence Subject File
Central Intelligence Agency
Director of Central Intelligence Files
Job 80B01285A
Deputy Director for Plans Chronological File
Job 78–0717BA
Deputy Director for Operations Registry Files
Job 79–01440A
Job 80–00012A
Job 80–00197A
Executive Registry Subject Files
Job 80B01086A
Job 80M01066A
National Intelligence Council
Job 79R01012A
Library of Congress
Papers of Henry A. Kissinger
Geopolitical File, 1964–78
Chile
Miscellany, 1968–1976
Record of Schedule
Telephone Records, 1969–1976
Telephone Conversations, Chronological File
National Security Council
Nixon Intelligence Files

21. 339-370/428-S/80023
XX Sources
Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland
OSD Files: FRC 330–76–067
Secret Records of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and the
Special Assistant to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense
Published Sources
Davis, Nathaniel. The Last Two Years of Salvador Allende. London: I.B. Tauris, 1999.
Kissinger, Henry. The White House Years. Boston: Little, Brown, 1979.
The New York Times
United States. Congress. Senate. Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders. An
Interim Report of the Select Committee to Studv Governmental Operations With Respect to
Intelligence Activities. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975.
. Covert Action in Chile, 1963–1973, Staff Report of the Select Committee to Study Gov-
ernmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities. Washington: Government
Printing Office, 1975.
. International Telephone and Telegraph Company and Chile, 1970–1971, Report to the
Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, by the Subcommittee on Multinational Corpo-
ration. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973.
. Department of State. Bulletin, 1969–1973.
. National Archives and Records Administration. Public Papers of the Presidents of
the United States: Richard Nixon, 1969–1973, Washington: Government Printing
Office, 1969–1973.
The Washington Post

22. 339-370/428-S/80023
Abbreviations and Terms
AA/PRR, Office of Private Resources (AID)
ACQ, acquired
AD, Accio´n Democra´tica (Democatic Action Party), Venezuela
ADDO, Assistant Deputy Director for Operations, Central Intelligence Agency
ADDP, Assistant Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence Agency
AEC, Atomic Energy Commission
AFL–CIO, American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations
AFTAC, Air Force Technical Applications Command
AID, Agency for International Development
AIFLD, American Institute for Free Labor Development
AMA, American Medical Association
AP, Associated Press
APRA, Alianza Popular Revolucionario Americana (Popular Revolutionary Alliance), Peru
ARA, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State
ARA/BC, Office of Bolivia-Chile Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department
of State
ARMA, Army Attache´
Backchannel, a method of communication outside normal bureaucratic procedure; the
White House, for instance, used “backchannel” messages to bypass the Department
of State
C–130, high-wing, 4-turboprop-engine aircraft used for rapid transportation of troops
and/or equipment
CAP, Compan˜ı´a Acero Pacifica (Pacific Steel Company), Chilean National Steel Company
CAS, controlled American source
CASP, Country Analysis and Strategy Plan
CCC, Commodity Credit Corporation
CS, Clandestine Services
CECLA, Comisio´n Especial de Coordinacio´n Latinoamericana (Special Latin American Coor-
dinating Commission)
CEN, National Executive Committee of the Partido Radical (Radical Party)
CESEC, Centro de Estudios Socio-Economicos, polling agency
CG, Commanding General
CG, Consul General
CIA, Central Intelligence Agency
CIAP, Comite´ Inter-Americano de la Alianza para Progreso (Inter-American Committee of
the Alliance for Progress) to the Inter-American Economic and Social Council
CIEP, Corporacio´n Instituto de Educacio´n Popular (Institute for Popular Education); also
Council for International Economic Policy
CINC, Commander-in-Chief
CINCSO, CINCSOUTH, Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Southern Command (U.S. Navy)
CLA, Council for Latin America
CNO, Chief of Naval Operations
CODELCO, Corporacio´n del Cobre (Copper Corporation of Chile)
COMUSNAVSO, Commander, U.S. Navy, Southern Command
COPEC, Compan˜ı´a de Petro´leos de Chile (Chilean Petroleum Company)
XXI

23. 339-370/428-S/80023
XXII Abbreviations and Terms
COPEI, Comite´ Organizado por Elecciones Independientes (Social Christian Party), Venezuela
CORFO, Corporacio´n de Fomento (National Development Bank)
COS, Chief of Station
CUT, Central Unitaria Trabajadores de Chile (Confederation of Trade Unions)
D, Deputy Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs
DAO, Defense Attache´ Office
DATT, Defense Attache´
DCI, Director of Central Intelligence
DCM, Deputy Chief of Mission
DDCI, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
DDO, Deputy Director for Operations, Central Intelligence Agency
DDP, Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence Agency
DefAtt, Defense Attache´
DI, Departamento de Investigaciones (Department of Investigations), Chile; also Directorate
for Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency
DIA, Defense Intelligence Agency
Dissem, Dissemination
DO, Directorate of Operations, Central Intelligence Agency
DOI, Date of Information
DOD, Department of Defense
DP, Directorate of Plans, Central Intelligence Agency
E, Bureau of Economic Affairs, Department of State
E&E, Emergency and Evacuation
Embtel, Embassy telegram
E/ORF, Office of International Resources and Food Policy, Bureau of Economic Affairs,
Department of State
ETA, estimated time of arrival
ETD, estimated time of departure
Exdis, Exclusive Distribution
EX–IM, Export-Import Bank
F–5, twin engine, supersonic light tactical fighter with one or two crew members
FAA, Federal Aviation Administration; Foreign Assistance Act
FACh, Fuerza Ae´rea de Chile (Chilean Air Force)
FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigation
FMS, Foreign Military Sales
FonMin, ForMin, Foreign Minister
FRAP, Frente de Accio´n Popular (Popular Action Front)
FRC, Federal Records Center
FSO, Fund for Special Operations (Inter-American Development Bank)
FY, Fiscal Year
G–10, Group of Ten (Belgium, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy,
Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States)
GA, General Assembly of the United Nations
GM, General Motors
GOC, Government of Chile
golpe, coup
Gosplan, State Committee for Planning of the Soviet Union
HAK, Henry A. Kissinger
HQS, Headquarters

24. 339-370/428-S/80023
Abbreviations and Terms XXIII
IADB, Inter-American Defense Board
IBRD, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
IDB, Inter-American Development Bank
IFI, International Financial Institutions
IMF, International Monetary Fund
INR, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State
INR/DDC, Deputy Director of Coordination, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, De-
partment of State
INR/IL, Office of Intelligence Liaison, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department
of State
IPC, International Petroleum Company
ISA, Office of International Security Affairs, Department of Defense
ITT, International Telephone and Telegraph
JCS, Joint Chiefs of Staff
K, Kissinger
LA, Latin America
LAN, Linea Ae´rea Nacional (National Airline of Chile)
L/ARA, Office of the Legal Adviser for Inter-American Affairs, Department of State
LATAM, Latin America
Limdis, limited distribution
MAAG, Military Assistance Advisory Group
MAP, Military Assistance Program
MAPEX, Military assistance program excess
MAPU, Movimiento de Accio´n Popular Unitario (United Popular Action Movement)
MFA, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MilAid, Military Aid
MilGroup, MilGrp, Military Group
MIMEX, Major item material excess
MinAgric, Minister of Agriculture
MinDefense, Minister of Defense
MinEcon, Minister of Economy
MinInt, Minister of Interior
MinJust, Minister of Justice
MIR, Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (Revolutionary Left Movement)
MRII, Movimiento Radical Izquierda Independiente (Independent Radical Movement of the
Left)
NAC, National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Policies
NARA, National Archives and Records Administration
NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NCO, non-commissioned officer
NIE, National Intelligence Estimate
Nodis, No Distribution
Non-com, non-commissioned officer
NSA, National Security Agency
NSC, National Security Council
NSDM, National Security Decision Memorandum
NSF, National Science Foundation

25. 339-370/428-S/80023
XXIV Abbreviations and Terms
NSSM, National Security Study Memorandum
NYT, The New York Times
OAS, Organization of American States
OBE, overtaken by events
OMB, Office of Management and Budget
ONE, Office of National Estimates, Central Intelligence Agency
OPIC, Overseas Private Investment Corporation
para, paragraph
PCCh, Partido Comunista de Chile (Chilean Communist Party)
PDC, Partido Demo´crata Cristiano (Christian Democatic Party)
PDR, Partido Demo´crata Radical (Radical Democatic Party)
PIR, Partido Izquierda Radical (Radical Party of the Left)
PL, Public Law
P&L, Patria y Libertad (Fatherland and Liberty), Chilean right-wing political-military
organization
PN, Partido Nacional (National Party)
POL, political affairs and relations in the Department of State Central Files
PR, Partido Radical (Radical Party)
PS, Partido Socialista (Socialist Party)
PSD, Partido Socialista Demo´crata (Socialist Democrat Party)
RCA, Radio Corporation of America
reftel, reference telegram
RG, Record Group
RTAC, Regional Technical Assistance Center
septel, separate telegram
SFRC, Senate Foreign Relations Committee
SIDUCAM, Sindicato Independiente de Union de Carnionistas (Private Truck Owners’
Confederation)
SIMEX, Secondary material excess
sitrep, Situation Report
SLC, Special Letter of Credit
SNIE, Special National Intelligence Estimate
SOUTHCOM, United States Army, Southern Command
SRG, Senior Review Group
Todep, indicator for telegrams to the Deputy Secretary of State
UN, United Nations
UNCTAD, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP, United Nations Development Program
UNGA, United Nations General Assembly
UNITAS, annual U.S.-South American naval exercise
UP, Unidad Popular (Chilean coalition of Communists, socialists, and leftists)
USAF, United States Air Force
USCINCSO, United States Commander-in-Chief, Southern Command
USG, United States Government
USIA, United States Information Agency
USIS, United States Information Service
USN, United States Navy
USP, Union Socialista Popular (Popular Socialist Union)

26. 339-370/428-S/80023
Abbreviations and Terms XXV
USSR, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
VOA, Voice of America
WH, Western Hemisphere
WHD, Western Hemisphere Division, Directorate of Operations, Central Intelligence
Agency
WSAG, Washington Special Actions Group
Z, Zulu (Greenwich Mean) Time

28. 339-370/428-S/80023
Persons
Alessandri Palma, Arturo, Chilean President from 1920 until 1924 and again from 1932
until 1938; father of Jorge Alessandri Rodriguez
Alessandri Valdez, Gustavo, Deputy, Third District in Santiago
Alessandri Rodriguez, Jorge, Chilean President from 1958 until 1964; Partido Nacional
Presidential candidate in 1970
Allende Gossens, Salvador, leader of the Unidad Popular in Chile; Chilean President
from 1970 until deposed in a coup on September 11, 1973
Almeyda Medina, Clodomiro, Chilean Foreign Minister from 1970 until May 3, 1973; De-
fense Minister from May 3 to August 9, 1973; Foreign Minister from August 9 to Sep-
tember 11, 1973
Altamirano Orrego, Carlos, Chilean Secretary General of the Socialist Party until 1973
Ambrose, Miles J., Commissioner of Customs from 1971 until 1972
Arzac, Daniel N., Jr. Political Counselor, U.S. Embassy in Santiago from September 1971
Aylwin Azo´car, Patricio, Chilean Senator, Partido Demo´crata Cristiano (Christian Dem-
ocatic Party) until 1973; President of the Senate from January 1971 until May 1972
Baltra Corte´s, Alberto, Senator, Radical Party, and later Unidad Popular, until 1973
Benedick, Richard E., Director, Office of Development Finance, International Finance
and Development, Bureau of Economic Affairs, Department of State, from 1972 until
1973
Bennett, Donald V., Lieutenant General, USA; Director of the Defense Intelligence
Agency from September 1969 until August, 1972
Bennett, Jack F., Deputy Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Monetary
Affairs
Bennett, John C., Lieutenant General, USA; Deputy Assistant to the President, White
House Chief of Staff’s Office, 1973
Bergsten, C. Fred, member, National Security Council Operations Staff (International
Economic Affairs), from January 1969 until June 1971
Betancourt, Romulo, member of Accio´n Democritica (Democatic Action Party, Vene-
zuela); Venezuelan President from 1958 until March 11, 1964; Venezuelan politician
from 1972 until 1973
Blee, David H., Central Intelligence Agency
Boeninger, Edgardo, Rector, University of Chile, from 1970 until 1973
Bowdler, William G., U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador from November 1968 until Oc-
tober 1971; Ambassador to Guatemala from October 1971 until June 1973
Bradfield, Michael, Assistant General Counsel, Department of the Treasury until 1973
Brims, John S., Operations Center, Executive Secretariat, Office of the Secretary, Depart-
ment of State from 1971 until 1973
Broe, William V., Western Hemisphere Office Director, Central Intelligence Agency until
1973
Bulnes Sanfuentes, Francisco, Senator, Chilean National Party, from 1961 until 1968
Bush, George H.W., member, U.S. House of Representatives (R-Texas) until January
1971; U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from February 1971 until January 1973;
thereafter, Chairman, Republican National Committee
Butterfield, Alexander P., Deputy Assistant to the President from January 1969 until
1973
XXVII

29. 339-370/428-S/80023
XXVIII Persons
Cadema´rtori, Jose´, Chilean Minster of Finance from July 5 until September 11, 1973
Caldera Rodriguez, Rafael, Venezuelan President from 1969 until 1974
Canales Marquez, Alfredo, General, Chilean Director of Military Instruction from 1970
until 1972
Carey Tagle, Guillermo, Vice President of Anaconda Copper in Chile; also, General
Viaux’s connection with the Christian Democrats
Carillo Flores, Antonio, Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs until 1970
Carmona Peralta, Juan de Dios, Chilean Minister of National Defense of the Government
until 1970
Carvajal Prado, Patricio, Admiral, Chief, Chilean National Defense Staff until 1973
Casse, Marshall L., III, Office of International Finance and Development, Bureau of Eco-
nomic and Business Affairs, Department of State, 1973
Castillo Velasco, Jaime, Vice President, Partido Demo´crata Cristiano, from 1969 until
1973
Castro, Fidel, Cuban Prime Minister
Cesar Ruiz Danayu, Raul Fernando (Cesar), General, Commander-in-Chief of the Chil-
ean Air Force from 1969 until 1973
Chapin, Dwight, Special Assistant to the President from 1969 until 1971
Chapin, Frank M., member and senior CIA Officer, National Security Council Staff, from
1969 until 1971
Chapin, Frederic L., Director, Office of Bolivia-Chile Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American
Affairs, Department of State, from 1970 until 1971; Deputy Assistant Director of
Management, Department of State, 1971; member, National Security Council Staff
Cheyre Toutin, Emilio, General, Chief of Investigations of the Chilean Army from 1970
until 1971; Ambassador to Portugal from 1971 until 1973
Chonchol Chait, Jacques, Director, Instituto de Desarrollo Agropecuario (Agrarian De-
velopment Institute) until 1973
Church, Frank, Senator (D-Idaho); member, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, until
1973; Chairman, Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, 1973; Chairman, U.S.
Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelli-
gence Activities (Church Committee), 1975
Claro Salas, Fernando (Pepe), Chilean Copper Corporation
Cline, Ray S., Director, Office of Intelligence and Research, Department of State
Coerr, Wymberley deR., Director, Office of Research and Analysis for American Re-
publics, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, from 1969 until
1971; Deputy Director for Coordination, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, from
1971 until 1972; Special Adviser, Office of Environmental Affairs, Bureau of Interna-
tional Scientific and Technological Affairs, from 1972 until 1973
Colby, William E., Executive Director-Comptroller, Central Intelligence Agency, from
January 1972 until September 1973; thereafter Director of Central Intelligence
Connally, John B., Secretary of the Treasury from February 1971 until May 16, 1972
Cooper, Charles, member, National Security Council Staff
Corrigan, Robert F., Consul General, U.S. Embassy in Rio de Janeiro from 1968 until
1972; U.S. Ambassador to Rwanda from 1972 until 1973; Deputy Assistant Secretary
of Defense, Office of International Security Affairs, from 1973
Corvalan Lepe, Luis, Secretary General of the Communist Party of Chile from 1969 until
1973
Crimmins, John H., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from
April 1969 until March 1970; Acting Assistant Secretary from March to June 11, 1973;
thereafter, U.S. Ambassador to Brazil
Cushman, Robert E., Jr., Lieutenant General, USMC; Deputy Director of Central Intelli-
gence from May 7, 1969, until December 31, 1971; thereafter Commandant of the Ma-
rine Corps
Cyr, Krest, Vice President of Chilean Operations, Anaconda Copper, until 1973

30. 339-370/428-S/80023
Persons XXIX
Davis, Jeanne W., Director, National Security Council Secretariat, from 1970 until 1971;
thereafter National Security Council Staff Secretary
Davis, Nathaniel, U.S. Ambassador to Chile from October 20, 1971
Del Canto, Hernan, Minister of the Secretary General of the Government of Chile, 1972;
Acting Minister of the Secretary General of the Government of Chile, 1973
Dı´az Casanueva, Humberto, Chilean Ambassador to the United Nations from 1970
Duhalde Vazquez, Alfredo, Chilean Vice President from September 25, 1945, until June
27, 1946; Acting President from June 27, 1946, until August 3, 1946; Vice President
from August 13, 1946, until October 17
Dungan, Ralph A., U.S. Ambassador to Chile until August 2, 1967
Dura´n Neumann, Julio, Senator, Partido Radical until 1969; thereafter Senator, Partido
Demo´crata Radical
Eagleburger, Lawrence S., Executive Assistant to the Assistant to the President for Na-
tional Security Affairs, 1969; Political Adviser, Counselor for Political Affairs, U.S.
Mission to NATO, from 1969 until 1971; Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense from
1971 until 1973; Executive Assistant to the Secretary of State from 1973
Eaton, Samuel D., Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American
Affairs, Department of State from July 1966 until August 1967; thereafter member,
Policy Planning and Coordination Staff, Department of State
Echeverria Alvarez, Luis, Mexican President from 1970
Edwards Eastman, Agustı´n, Chairman of the Board of El Mercurio publishing firm until
1973
Edwards Valdes, Jorge, Chilean Minister in Charge of Relations with Cuba, 1970; Consul
Minister to France from 1971 until 1973
Eliot, Theodore L., Jr., Executive Secretary for the Department of State from August 1969
Erlichman, John D., Counsel to the President from January to November 1969; thereafter
Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs
Emmons, Robert, Operations Center, Executive Secretariat, Office of the Secretary, De-
partment of State, 1971
Feldman, Mark B., Assistant Legal Adviser for Inter-American Affairs, Office of the
Legal Adviser, Department of State, from 1969 until 1972; Acting Deputy Legal Ad-
viser from 1973
Figueroa Serrano, Carlos, Chilean Minister of Economy until 1970
Fisher, John W., Country Director, Office of Andean and Pacific Affairs, Bureau of
Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, from 1970 until 1973
Flanigan, Peter M., Consultant to the President on Administration and Staffing from Jan-
uary to April 1969; thereafter Assistant to the President; Executive Director of the
Council for International Economic Policy
Freeman, Mason B., Rear Admiral, USN; Vice Director and Director, Joint Staff of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1970 until 1972
Frei Montalva, Arturo, member, Chilean Chamber of Deputies until 1973; younger
brother of President Eduardo Frei Montalva
Frei Montalva, Eduardo, Chilean President until 1970
Fuentealba Moena, Rena´n, President, Partido Demo´crata Cristiano
Fulbright, J. William, Senator (D-Arkansas); Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee
Gammon, Samuel R., Executive Assistant to the Deputy Under Secretary of State for
Management, from 1971
Gantz, David A., Staff Member of the Office of the Assistant Legal Adviser for
Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, from 1970

31. 339-370/428-S/80023
XXX Persons
Gardner, James R., Director of Operations Policy Staff and Assistant Deputy for Coordi-
nation, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, from April 1970;
Chief, Operations Policy Staff, Department of State, from 1973
Geneen, Harold S., Chief Operating Officer and Chairman of the Board, International
Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), until 1973
Girdler, Lewis, member, Office of Research and Analysis for American Republics, Bu-
reau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, from 1969 until 1970;
member, Office of Bolivian and Chilean Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs,
Department of State, from 1971
Gonzales, Henry B., member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Texas) from 1969
Gonzalez, Raymond E., Political Officer, U.S. Embassy in Lima from June 1970
Guerraty Villalobos, Carlos, General, Chilean Air Force Commander-in Chief until 1970
Guevara, Ernesto (Che), Argentine revolutionary killed in Bolivia in 1967
Gumucio Vives, Rafael A., President, Partido Demo´crata Cristiano until 1969; President,
Movimiento de Accio´n Popular Unitario (United Popular Action Movement) from
1969
Guthrie, D. Keith, National Security Council Staff Secretariat from 1970 until 1972
Hackett, James T., member, National Security Council Staff, from September 1971
Haig, Alexander M., Jr., Brigadier General, USA; Military Assistant to the President for
National Security Affairs from January 1969 until June 1970; thereafter Deputy
Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
Haldeman, H.R, Assistant to the President and White House Chief of Staff from 1969
until April 30, 1973
Haldeman, Robert, head of Kennecott Copper Corporation’s Chilean operations
Hales Jamarne, Alejandro, Chilean Minister of Mines until 1970
Hartman, Richard J., Brigadier General, USAF; Deputy Director, Joint Continental De-
fense Systems Integration Planning Staff, Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
from February 1970
Helms, Richard M., Director of Central Intelligence until January 23, 1973
Henderson, Douglas, member, Policy Planning Council, Department of State, from 1969
until 1970; Deputy U.S. Representative for Social and Economic Affairs, U.S. Mission
to the Organization of American States, from 1970
Hennessy, John, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Development Finance
from 1971
Herrera Lane, Felipe, President of the Inter-American Bank until 1971; member, United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Commission
for the Study of International Education, 1971; Professor of Political Economy, Uni-
versity of Chile and Catholic University, from 1971
Hewitt, Ashley C., member, National Security Council Operations Staff for Latin Amer-
ica, from 1971
Hickenlooper, Bourke B., Senator (R-Iowa)
Hobbing, Enno, Staff Director, Council for Latin America, Inc., a private organization of
U.S. businessmen in Latin America
Holdridge, John, member, National Security Council Operations Staff, East Asia, from
1970 until 1972
Hormats, Robert, member, National Security Council Operations Staff (International
Economic Affairs), from 1970 until 1972
Houdek, Robert G., Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, Na-
tional Security Council Staff, from January 1969 until July 1971
Hughes, Thomas L., Director of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, until Au-
gust 1969
Huerta Celis, Vincente E., General, Commander-in-Chief of Carabineros (Chile’s uni-
formed police) from 1969

32. 339-370/428-S/80023
Persons XXXI
Hunt, Cecil M., Deputy General Counsel of the Overseas Private Investment Corpora-
tion from March 1971
Hurwitch, Robert A., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs
from September 1969 until August 1973
Iban˜ez Ojeda, Pedro, Senator, Partido Nacional, until 1973
Ingersoll, John, J., Director, Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, Department of
Justice, to 1972; Tropical Products Division, Office of International Commodities, Bu-
reau of Economic and Business Affairs, from 1972
Inostroza Cuevas, Alfonso, head, Central Bank of Chile, from 1970 until 1973
Irwin, John N., II, Under Secretary of State from September 1970 until July 1972; there-
after Deputy Secretary of State
Jarpa Reyes, Sergio O., President, Partido Nacional from 1968; Senator from 1973
Jessup, Peter, Executive Secretary of the 303 Committee and its successor, the 40 Com-
mittee, until 1972
Johnson, U. Alexis, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from February 1969 until
February 2, 1973
Jorden, William J., Deputy Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of State from January
1969 until March 1969; detailed to the National Archives, March, 1969; detailed to the
General Services Administration, June 1970; Deputy Senior Staff Member, National
Security Council Operations Staff, Latin America, from May 1972
Karamessines, Thomas H., Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence Agency, until
1973
Kearns, Henry, President, Export-Import Bank, until 1973
Kendall, Donald M., President of Pepsi Cola Company
Kendall, Maurice W., Brigadier General, USA; Director, Interamerican Region, Office of
International Security Affairs, Department of Defense, from 1971 until 1973; Chief,
U.S. Delegation, Joint Brazilian-U.S. Command, from 1973
Kennedy, Richard T., Colonel, USA; member, National Security Council Staff, from 1969
until 1970; Director of the Planning Group, National Security Council Staff, until
1973
Kirilenko, Andrei P., member, Soviet Politburo and Secretary of the Communist Party of
the Soviet Union until 1973
Kissinger, Henry A., Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from Jan-
uary 1969; also Secretary of State from September 22, 1973
Knowles, Richard T., Lieutenant General, USA; Assistant to the Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff
Korry, Edward M., U.S. Ambassador to Chile until October 20, 1971; President, Associa-
tion of American Publishers until 1973
Kubisch, John B., Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy in Mexico City from May 1969
until December 1971; Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy in Paris from De-
cember 1971 until June 1973; Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs
and U.S. Coordinator, Alliance for Progress, from June 11, 1973
Lagos Matus, Gustavo, Chilean Minister of Justice until 1970
Laird, Melvin, R., Secretary of Defense from January 22, 1969
Lanusse, Alejandro Agustin, General, Commander-in-Chief of the Argentine Army until
1971; Argentine President from March 1971 until March 1973
Latimer, Thomas, Office of the Assistant to the President, National Security Council
Staff, from 1971 until 1972

33. 339-370/428-S/80023
XXXII Persons
Leddy, Raymond G., Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Inter-American
Affairs from 1969 until 1971; Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Inter-Ameri-
can Affairs, Foreign Trade, Disclosure and Military Rights Affairs from 1971
Leigh Guzma´n, Gustavo, General, Commander of the Chilean Air Force from August 20,
1973; member of ruling Military Junta from September 11, 1973
Leighton Guzman, Bernardo, Chilean Deputy from Santiago
Letelier del Solar, Orlando, Chilean Ambassador to the United States from 1970 until
May 5, 1973; Chilean Foreign Minister from May 5 until August 9, 1973; Minister of
Interior from August 9 until August 27, 1973; Minister of Defense from August 27
until September 11, 1973
Levingston, Roberto M., General; Argentine President from 1970 until 1971
Lincoln, George A., Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness from 1969
Linowitz, Sol, U.S. Representative to the Organization of American States until 1969
Lleras Restrepo, Carlos A., Colombian President until 1970
Lord, Winston, member, National Security Council Planning Staff and Group, from Jan-
uary 1969 until 1970; also member, National Security Council Operations Staff
(United Nations Affairs), from September 1969 until 1970; thereafter, Staff member
of the Office of the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
Lynn, Laurence, Assistant for Programs, National Security Council Staff, from 1969 until
1970; Director, Program Analysis Staff, from 1970 until 1971
Maira, Luis, Deputy, Partido Demo´crata Cristiano; member, Chilean delegation to bilat-
eral talks with the United States from December 1972 until September 1973
Marambio, Tulio, General; Chilean Minister of Defense
Mark, David E., Deputy Director for Regional Research, Bureau of Intelligence and Re-
search, Department of State from 1969
Martin, Graham A., Ambassador to Italy from October 30, 1969, until February 10, 1973;
Ambassador to South Vietnam from June 21, 1973
Massad Abud, Carlos, Vice President of the Chilean Central Bank until 1970
McAfee, William, Assistant Deputy Director for Coordination, Bureau of Intelligence
and Research, Department of State, from 1969 until January 1, 1972; Deputy Director
from January 1, 1972
McCone, John, Director of Central Intelligence from 1961 until 1965; Chair, Hendry Inter-
national Company, from 1968; member, Board of Directors of International Tele-
phone and Telegraph (ITT), from 1969
McGee, Gale W., Senator (R-Wyoming); Chairman, Latin American Subcommittee of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, from 1973
McGinnis, John J., Special Assistant for National Security Affairs to the Secretary of the
Treasury from 1972
McNamara, Robert, President, Export-Import Bank (World Bank)
Merino Castro, Jose T., Admiral, Chilean Director of Naval Services, 1969; Naval Squad-
ron Commander from 1970; Intendant at Valparaiso Naval Base from 1972; member
of ruling Military Junta from September 11, 1973
Meyer, Charles A., Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs and U.S. Coor-
dinator, Alliance for Progress, from April 1969 until March 5, 1973; head, Inter
Agency Ad Hoc Working Group on Chile
Meyer, Cord, Jr., Assistant Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence Agency, from
1969
Michaelson, Charles D., President, Metals Mining Division, Kennecott Copper Corpora-
tion, from 1969
Miller, Robert H., Deputy Executive Secretary of the Department of State from 1971
Milliken, Frank R., President, Kennecott Copper Corporation, from 1961
Mills, Bradford, President, Overseas Private Investment Corporation, from 1971
Miranda Ramirez, Hugo, Senator, Partido Radical, from 1969; President, Partido Radical

34. 339-370/428-S/80023
Persons XXXIII
Mitchell, John N., Attorney General from January 1969 until February 1972
Montero, Raul, Admiral, Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Navy until August 9, 1973;
Minister of Finance from August 9 until September 11, 1973
Moorer, Thomas H., Admiral, USN; Chief of Naval Operations until July 1970; thereafter
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Moreno, Rafael, Partido Demo´crata Cristiano candidate who defeated Socialist labor
leader Hector Olivares in the 5th Senatorial District, January 1973 Congressional
elections
Nachmanoff, Arnold, member, National Security Council Operations Staff, Latin Amer-
ica, from February 1969 until November 1970; Senior Staff Member for Latin Ameri-
can Affairs from November 1970
Neruda, Pablo, Nobel Prize winning poet and Chilean Ambassador to France from 1970
Nguyen Van Thieu, President of the Republic of (South) Vietnam
Nixon, Richard M., President of the United States from January 1969
Nolff, Max, Vice President, Chilean Government Copper Corporation, from 1970
Nutter, G. Warren, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs from
March 4, 1969, until 1973
Ortiz Mena, Antonio, President, Inter-American Development Bank, from 1971
Ossa Pretot, Sergio, Chilean Minister of Defense until 1970
Ovando Candı´a, Alfredo, General, Bolivian President from 1969 until 1970
Pablo, Toma´s, President, Chilean Senate
Packard, David, Deputy Secretary of Defense from January 24, 1969, until December 13,
1971; thereafter Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman of the Board, Hewlett-
Packard Company
Parkinson, Jay, Chairman of the Board and Chief Financial Officer, Anaconda Copper,
from 1969
Pedersen, Richard F., Counselor of the Department of State from January 1969 until July
1973
Perez Zujovic, Edmundo, Chilean Minister of Interior until 1970; assassinated June 8,
1971, by the Vanguardia Organizada Popular (VOP)
Peterson, Peter G., Assistant to the President for International Economic Affairs and Ex-
ecutive Director of the Council for International Economic Policy from 1971 until
January 1972; Secretary of Commerce from January 1972 until January 1973
Petty, John R., Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs until February
1972
Phillips, David A., head of the task force on Chilean operations during Track II from
1970; Chief, Western Hemisphere Division, Directorate of Operations, Department
of State, from June 1973
Philpott, Jamie M., Lieutenant General, USAF; Deputy Director of the Defense Intelli-
gence Agency from 1969
Pickering, Thomas R., Deputy Director of the Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, De-
partment of State, from September 1969
Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto, General, Chilean Army; Chairman of the Chilean Military
Junta from September 11, 1973; Chilean President from 1974
Place, John, Chief Executive Officer, President, and Director, Anaconda Copper, from
1969
Plaza Lasso, Galo, Secretary General of the Organization of American States until 1973
Porta Angulo, Fernando, Rear Admiral, Commander-in-Chief, Chilean Navy, from 1968
Porter, William, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from February 2, 1973

35. 339-370/428-S/80023
XXXIV Persons
Prats Gonza´les, Carlos, General, Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Land Forces until
August 23, 1973; also Minister of the Interior from November 2, 1972, through Au-
gust 9, 1973, and Minister of Defense from August 9 through August 23, 1973
Prebisch, Raul, Argentine economist; head of the United Nations Economic Commission
on Latin America from 1969
Quigley, William E., Jr., Vice Chairman of the Board, Anaconda Copper, from 1969
Ratliff, Rob Roy, member, National Security Council Staff, and Executive Secretary of
the 40 Committee from 1972
Richardson, Elliot L., Under Secretary of State from January 1969 until June 1970; Secre-
tary of Health, Education, and Welfare from June 1970 until January 1973; Secretary
of Defense from January until May 1973; Attorney General from May until October
1973
Richardson, John, Jr., Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs
from July 1969; also Acting Secretary of State for Public Affairs from September 1971
Rı´os Valdivia, Alejandro, Chilean Interior Minister, 1972
Rockefeller, Nelson A., Governor of New York
Rodriguez Grez, Pablo, leader of Patria y Libertad until 1973
Rogers, William P., Secretary of State from January 22, 1969, until September 22, 1973
Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul, British professor in Chile from 1970; confidant of Chilean Presi-
dent Frei
Ruı´z, Ce´sar, General, Commander of the Chilean Air Force until August 9, 1973; Minister
of Public Works and Transit from August 9 until September 13, 1973
Rush, Kenneth, U.S. Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany from July 1969
until February 1972; Deputy Secretary of Defense from February 1972 until February
1973; Deputy Secretary of State from February 1973 until September 1973
Samuels, Nathaniel, Deputy Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs from April
1969 until May 1972
Santa Maria Santa Cruz, Domingo, Chilean Ambassador to the United States until 1970
Saunders, Harold H., member, National Security Council Operations Staff (Near East
and South Asia), from January 1969 until 1971
Schneider, Rene´, General, Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army; assassinated by
Chilean officers on October 22, 1970
Scowcroft, Brent, General, USA; Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security
Affairs from 1973 until 1974
Selden, Armistead I., Jr., Deputy Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs
from 1970 until 1972; Consultant, Department of Defense, from 1973
Sepu´lveda Acun˜a, Adonis, Secretary General of the Socialist Party of Chile
Sepu´lveda Galindo, Jose´ Maria, Chilean Director-General of Carabinero Corps until Au-
gust 9, 1973; Minister of Lands and Settlement from August 9 until September 11,
1973
Shackley, Theodore G., Central Intelligence Agency Station Chief, U.S. Embassy in
South Vietnam until February 1972; Chief, Western Hemisphere Division, Direc-
torate of Operations, Central Intelligence Agency, from April 1972 until November
1973
Shakespeare, Frank, Jr., Director of the United States Information Agency from February
1969
Shlaudeman, Harry W., Deputy Chief of Mission in U.S. Embassy in Santiago from June
1969 until August 1973; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Af-
fairs from June 11, 1973
Shultz, George P., Director, Office of Management and Budget, from June 1970 until May
1972

36. 339-370/428-S/80023
Persons XXXV
Silva Espejo, Rene´, director, El Mercurio, until 1973
Silva, Patricio, Chilean Under Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Simon, William, Deputy Secretary of the Treasury from December 1972
Szulc, Tad, U.S. journalist, New York Times
Teitelboim, Volodia, Senator, Chilean Communist Party, until 1973
Toha´ Gonza´les, Jose´, Chilean Minister of Interior from 1970 until 1972; Minister of De-
fense from 1972 until 1973
Tomic Romero, Radomiro, Presidential candidate of Partido Demo´crata Cristiano (PDC)
in the 1970 election; leader of PDC from September 1970
Troncoso Castillo, Rau´l, Chilean Minister of State at the Moneda until 1970
Urrutia Soto, Javier, President, Chilean Development Corporation; economic adviser to
Allende until 1973
Urbina Herrera, Orlando, General, Commander of the Chilean Second Army until 1972;
Inspector General of the Army from 1973
Urzua Merino, Luis, Commander of the Chilean Marine Corps
Vaky, Viron P. (Pete), Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from
January until May 1969; member, National Security Council Operations Staff (Latin
America) from May 1969 until September 1972; thereafter U.S. Ambassador to Costa
Rica
Valdes Phillips, Pablo, Minister Counselor of the Chilean Embassy in the United States
from 1970 until 1973
Valde´s Subercaseaux, Gabriel, Chilean Foreign Minister until 1970
Valenzuela Godoy, Camilo, General, Santiago Garrison Commander, 1970
Velasco Alvarado, Juan, General; Peruvian President
Viaux Marambio, Roberto, General, Commandant of the Chilean First Army Division
from January 1969 until June 1972
Vilarin, Leo´n, President of the Truck Owners’ Federation of Chile until 1973
Volcker, Paul A., Under Secretary of the Treasury for Monetary Affairs from January
1969
Vuskovic Bravo, Pedro, Chilean Minister of Economy from November 4, 1970, until June
12, 1972; Director of the Executive Economic Committee and Vice President of the
State Development Corporation, from June 12, 1972, until September 11, 1973
Walsh, John P., Acting Executive Secretary of the Department of State from September
until February 1969; Acting Special Assistant to the Secretary of State from February
1969 until October 1969
Walters, Vernon A., Lieutenant General, USA; Defense Attache´, U.S. Embassy in Paris
from 1969 until May 1972; Deputy Director of Central Intelligence from May 1972
Weinel, John P., Vice Admiral, USN; member of strategic planning staff of the Depart-
ment of Defense from 1969
Weintraub, Sidney, Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Monetary Affairs, Bu-
reau of Economic Affairs, Department of State, from October 1969 until May 1970;
Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Finance and Development, Bureau of
Economic Affairs, from May 1970
Welander, Robert O., Rear Admiral, USN; Director, Military Liaison Office, National Se-
curity Council Staff, from July 1970
Westmoreland, William, General, USA; Army Chief of Staff until June 1972
Wimert, Paul, Jr., Lieutenant Colonel, USA; Army Attache´ at the U.S. Embassy in San-
tiago until June 1971

37. 339-370/428-S/80023
XXXVI Persons
Zaldivar Larrian, Andres, Chilean Minister of Finance until November 4, 1970; Partido
Demo´crata Cristiano candidate in Senatorial race, April 1971
Ziegler, Ronald, White House Press Secretary from January 1969
Zorrillas Rojas, Ame´rico, Chilean Minister of Finance from November 4, 1970, until June
12, 1972
Zumwalt, Elmo R., Jr., Admiral, USN; Chief of Naval Operations from July 1970 until
June 1974

38. 339-370/428-S/80023
Note on U.S. Covert Actions
In compliance with the Foreign Relations of the United States statute
that requires inclusion in the Foreign Relations series of comprehensive
documentation on major foreign policy decisions and actions, the ed-
itors have identified key documents regarding major covert actions and
intelligence activities. The following note will provide readers with
some organizational context on how covert actions and special intelli-
gence operations in support of U.S. foreign policy were planned and
approved within the U.S. Government. It describes, on the basis of
declassified documents, the changing and developing procedures
during the Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford
Presidencies.
Management of Covert Actions in the Truman Presidency
The Truman administration’s concern over Soviet “psychological
warfare” prompted the new National Security Council to authorize, in
NSC 4–A of December 1947, the launching of peacetime covert action
operations. NSC 4–A made the Director of Central Intelligence respon-
sible for psychological warfare, establishing at the same time the prin-
ciple that covert action was an exclusively Executive Branch function.
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) certainly was a natural choice
but it was assigned this function at least in part because the Agency
controlled unvouchered funds, by which operations could be funded
with minimal risk of exposure in Washington.1
The CIA’s early use of its new covert action mandate dissatisfied
officials at the Departments of State and Defense. The Department of
State, believing this role too important to be left to the CIA alone and
concerned that the military might create a new rival covert action office
in the Pentagon, pressed to reopen the issue of where responsibility for
covert action activities should reside. Consequently, on June 18, 1948, a
new NSC directive, NSC 10/2, superseded NSC 4–A.
NSC 10/2 directed the CIA to conduct “covert” rather than merely
“psychological” operations, defining them as all activities “which are
conducted or sponsored by this Government against hostile foreign
states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but
which are so planned and executed that any US Government responsi-
bility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if un-
1
NSC 4–A, December 17, 1947, is printed in Foreign Relations, 1945–1950, Emer-
gence of the Intelligence Establishment, Document 257.
XXXVII

39. 339-370/428-S/80023
XXXVIII Note on U.S. Covert Actions
covered the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility
for them.”
The type of clandestine activities enumerated under the new direc-
tive included: “propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct ac-
tion, including sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subver-
sion against hostile states, including assistance to underground
resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberations [sic] groups,
and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened
countries of the free world. Such operations should not include armed
conflict by recognized military forces, espionage, counter-espionage,
and cover and deception for military operations.”2
The Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), newly established in the
CIA on September 1, 1948, in accordance with NSC 10/2, assumed
responsibility for organizing and managing covert actions. The OPC,
which was to take its guidance from the Department of State in peace-
time and from the military in wartime, initially had direct access to the
State Department and to the military without having to proceed
through the CIA’s administrative hierarchy, provided the Director of
Central Intelligence (DCI) was informed of all important projects and
decisions.3
In 1950 this arrangement was modified to ensure that policy
guidance came to the OPC through the DCI.
During the Korean conflict the OPC grew quickly. Wartime com-
mitments and other missions soon made covert action the most expen-
sive and bureaucratically prominent of the CIA’s activities. Concerned
about this situation, DCI Walter Bedell Smith in early 1951 asked the
NSC for enhanced policy guidance and a ruling on the proper “scope
and magnitude” of CIA operations. The White House responded with
two initiatives. In April 1951 President Truman created the Psycholog-
ical Strategy Board (PSB) under the NSC to coordinate government-wide
psychological warfare strategy. NSC 10/5, issued in October 1951, reaf-
firmed the covert action mandate given in NSC 10/2 and expanded the
CIA’s authority over guerrilla warfare.4
The PSB was soon abolished by
the incoming Eisenhower administration, but the expansion of the
CIA’s covert action writ in NSC 10/5 helped ensure that covert action
would remain a major function of the Agency.
As the Truman administration ended, the CIA was near the peak
of its independence and authority in the field of covert action. Al-
though the CIA continued to seek and receive advice on specific proj-
ects from the NSC, the PSB, and the departmental representatives origi-
2
NSC 10/2, June 18, 1948, is printed ibid., Document 292.
3
Memorandum of conversation by Frank G. Wisner, “Implementation of
NSC–10/2,” August 12, 1948, is printed ibid., Document 298.
4
NSC 10/5, “Scope and Pace of Covert Operations,” October 23, 1951, is printed in
Foreign Relations, 1950–1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 90.

40. 339-370/428-S/80023
Note on U.S. Covert Actions XXXIX
nally delegated to advise the OPC, no group or officer outside of the
DCI and the President himself had authority to order, approve,
manage, or curtail operations.
NSC 5412 Special Group; 5412/2 Special Group; 303 Committee
The Eisenhower administration began narrowing the CIA’s lati-
tude in 1954. In accordance with a series of National Security Council
directives, the responsibility of the Director of Central Intelligence for
the conduct of covert operations was further clarified. President Eisen-
hower approved NSC 5412 on March 15, 1954, reaffirming the Central
Intelligence Agency’s responsibility for conducting covert actions ab-
road. A definition of covert actions was set forth; the DCI was made re-
sponsible for coordinating with designated representatives of the Sec-
retary of State and the Secretary of Defense to ensure that covert
operations were planned and conducted in a manner consistent with
U.S. foreign and military policies; and the Operations Coordinating
Board was designated the normal channel for coordinating support for
covert operations among State, Defense, and the CIA. Representatives
of the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the President
were to be advised in advance of major covert action programs initi-
ated by the CIA under this policy and were to give policy approval for
such programs and secure coordination of support among the Depart-
ments of State and Defense and the CIA.5
A year later, on March 12, 1955, NSC 5412/1 was issued, identical
to NSC 5412 except for designating the Planning Coordination Group
as the body responsible for coordinating covert operations. NSC
5412/2 of December 28, 1955, assigned to representatives (of the rank of
assistant secretary) of the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense,
and the President responsibility for coordinating covert actions. By the
end of the Eisenhower administration, this group, which became
known as the “NSC 5412/2 Special Group” or simply “Special Group,”
emerged as the executive body to review and approve covert action
programs initiated by the CIA.6
The membership of the Special Group
varied depending upon the situation faced. Meetings were infrequent
until 1959 when weekly meetings began to be held. Neither the CIA nor
the Special Group adopted fixed criteria for bringing projects before the
group; initiative remained with the CIA, as members representing
5
William M. Leary, editor, The Central Intelligence Agency: History and Documents
(The University of Alabama Press, 1984), p. 63; for text of NSC 5412, see Foreign Relations,
1950–1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 171.
6
Leary, The Central Intelligence Agency: History and Documents, pp. 63, 147–148; Final
Report of the Select Committee To Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence
Activities, United States Senate, Book I, Foreign and Military Intelligence (1976), pp. 50–51.
For texts of NSC 5412/1 and NSC 5412/2, see Foreign Relations, 1950–1955, The Intelli-
gence Community, Documents 212 and 250.

41. 339-370/428-S/80023
XL Note on U.S. Covert Actions
other agencies frequently were unable to judge the feasibility of partic-
ular projects.7
After the Bay of Pigs failure in April 1961, General Maxwell Taylor
reviewed U.S. paramilitary capabilities at President Kennedy’s request
and submitted a report in June that recommended strengthening
high-level direction of covert operations. As a result of the Taylor Re-
port, the Special Group, chaired by the President’s Special Assistant for
National Security Affairs McGeorge Bundy, and including Deputy
Under Secretary of State U. Alexis Johnson, Deputy Secretary of De-
fense Roswell Gilpatric, Director of Central Intelligence Allen Dulles,
and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Lyman Lemnitzer, as-
sumed greater responsibility for planning and reviewing covert opera-
tions. Until 1963 the DCI determined whether a CIA-originated project
was submitted to the Special Group. In 1963 the Special Group devel-
oped general but informal criteria, including risk, possibility of success,
potential for exposure, political sensitivity, and cost (a threshold of
$25,000 was adopted by the CIA), for determining whether covert ac-
tion projects were submitted to the Special Group.8
From November 1961 to October 1962 a Special Group (Aug-
mented), whose membership was the same as the Special Group plus
Attorney General Robert Kennedy and General Taylor (as Chairman),
exercised responsibility for Operation Mongoose, a major covert action
program aimed at overthrowing the Castro regime in Cuba. When
President Kennedy authorized the program in November, he desig-
nated Brigadier General Edward G. Lansdale, Assistant for Special Op-
erations to the Secretary of Defense, to act as chief of operations, and
Lansdale coordinated the Mongoose activities among the CIA and the
Departments of State and Defense. The CIA units in Washington and
Miami had primary responsibility for implementing Mongoose opera-
tions, which included military, sabotage, and political propaganda
programs.9
President Kennedy also established a Special Group (Counter-
Insurgency) on January 18, 1962, when he signed NSAM No. 124. The Spe-
cial Group (CI), set up to coordinate counter-insurgency activities separate
from the mechanism for implementing NSC 5412/2, was to confine itself to
establishing broad policies aimed at preventing and resisting subversive
insurgency and other forms of indirect aggression in friendly countries. In
early 1966, in NSAM No. 341, President Johnson assigned responsibility for
the direction and coordination of counter-insurgency activities overseas to
7
Leary, The Central Intelligence Agency: History and Documents, p. 63.
8
Ibid., p. 82.
9
See Foreign Relations, 1961–1963, volume X, Cuba, 1961–1962, Documents 270 and
278.

42. 339-370/428-S/80023
Note on U.S. Covert Actions XLI
the Secretary of State, who established a Senior Interdepartmental Group
to assist in discharging these responsibilities.10
NSAM No. 303, June 2, 1964, from Bundy to the Secretaries of State
and Defense and the DCI, changed the name of “Special Group 5412” to
“303 Committee” but did not alter its composition, functions, or
responsibility. Bundy was the chairman of the 303 Committee.11
The Special Group and the 303 Committee approved 163 covert ac-
tions during the Kennedy administration and 142 during the Johnson
administration through February 1967. The 1976 Final Report of the
Church Committee, however, estimated that of the several thousand
projects undertaken by the CIA since 1961, only 14 percent were con-
sidered on a case-by-case basis by the 303 Committee and its prede-
cessors (and successors). Those not reviewed by the 303 Committee
were low-risk and low-cost operations. The Final Report also cited a
February 1967 CIA memorandum that included a description of the
mode of policy arbitration of decisions on covert actions within the 303
Committee system. The CIA presentations were questioned, amended,
and even on occasion denied, despite protests from the DCI. Depart-
ment of State objections modified or nullified proposed operations, and
the 303 Committee sometimes decided that some agency other than the
CIA should undertake an operation or that CIA actions requested by
Ambassadors on the scene should be rejected.12
The effectiveness of covert action has always been difficult for any
administration to gauge, given concerns about security and the diffi-
culty of judging the impact of U.S. initiatives on events. In October 1969
the new Nixon administration required annual 303 Committee reviews
for all covert actions that the Committee had approved and automatic
termination of any operation not reviewed after 12 months. On Febru-
ary 17, 1970, President Nixon signed National Security Decision Memo-
randum 40,13
which superseded NSC 5412/2 and changed the name of
the covert action approval group to the 40 Committee, in part because
the 303 Committee had been named in the media. The Attorney Gen-
eral was also added to the membership of the Committee. NSDM 40
reaffirmed the DCI’s responsibility for the coordination, control, and
conduct of covert operations and directed him to obtain policy ap-
proval from the 40 Committee for all major and “politically sensitive”
10
For text of NSAM No. 124, see ibid., volume VIII, National Security Policy, Docu-
ment 68. NSAM No. 341, March 2, 1966, is printed ibid., 1964–1968, volume XXXIII, Or-
ganization and Management of U.S. Foreign Policy; United Nations, Document 56.
11
For text of NSAM No. 303, see ibid., Document 204.
12
Final Report of the Select Committee To Study Governmental Operations With Respect
to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate, Book I, Foreign and Military Intelligence, pp.
56–57.
13
For text of NSDM 40, see Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, volume II, Organization
and Management of U.S. Foreign Policy, 1969–1972, Document 203.

43. 339-370/428-S/80023
XLII Note on U.S. Covert Actions
covert operations. He was also made responsible for ensuring an an-
nual review by the 40 Committee of all approved covert operations.
The 40 Committee met regularly early in the Nixon administration,
but over time the number of formal meetings declined and business
came to be conducted via couriers and telephone votes. The Committee
actually met only for major new proposals. As required, the DCI sub-
mitted annual status reports to the 40 Committee for each approved op-
eration. According to the 1976 Church Committee Final Report, the 40
Committee considered only about 25 percent of the CIA’s individual
covert action projects, concentrating on major projects that provided
broad policy guidelines for all covert actions. Congress received
briefings on only a few proposed projects. Not all major operations,
moreover, were brought before the 40 Committee: President Nixon in
1970 instructed the DCI to promote a coup d’ etat against Chilean Presi-
dent Salvador Allende without Committee coordination or approval.14
Presidential Findings Since 1974 and the Operations Advisory Group
The Hughes-Ryan amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act of
1974 brought about a major change in the way the U.S. Government ap-
proved covert actions, requiring explicit approval by the President for
each action and expanding Congressional oversight and control of the
CIA. The CIA was authorized to spend appropriated funds on covert
actions only after the President had signed a “finding” and informed
Congress that the proposed operation was important to national
security.15
Executive Order 11905, issued by President Ford on February 18,
1976, in the wake of major Congressional investigations of CIA activ-
ities by the Church and Pike Committees, replaced the 40 Committee
with the Operations Advisory Group, composed of the President’s
Assistant for National Security Affairs, the Secretaries of State and De-
fense, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the DCI, who re-
tained responsibility for the planning and implementation of covert op-
erations. The OAG was required to hold formal meetings to develop
recommendations for the President regarding a covert action and to
conduct periodic reviews of previously-approved operations. EO 11905
also banned all U.S. Government employees from involvement in polit-
ical assassinations, a prohibition that was retained in succeeding ex-
ecutive orders, and prohibited involvement in domestic intelligence
activities.16
14
Final Report of the Select Committee To Study Governmental Operations With Respect
to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate, Book I, Foreign and Military Intelligence,
pp. 54–55, 57.
15
Public Law 93–559.
16
Executive Order 11905, “United States Foreign Intelligence Activities,” Weekly
Compilation of Presidential Documents, Vol. 12, No. 8, February 23, 1976.

44. 378-376/428-S/80023
Chile, 1969–1973
A “Noisy Democracy”: The Decline of
Eduardo Frei, January–December 1969
1. National Intelligence Estimate1
NIE 94–69 Washington, January 28, 1969.
[Omitted here are the Table of Contents and a map of Chile.]
CHILE
The Problem
To examine the likely political and economic developments in
Chile over the next year or so, with particular reference to the congres-
sional election of March 1969, and to the general outlook for the presi-
dential election in September 1970.
Conclusions2
A. Over the past four years the administration of Eduardo Frei has
been endeavoring to carry out a social, economic, and political revolu-
tion by peaceful, constitutional means. He has made considerable
progress in some important fields, but in others has fallen far short
of his goals. An important faction of his Christian Democratic Party
(PDC) is insisting that the scope of reform be widened and its tempo
quickened.
B. Economic prospects for the short run are bleak, and we see little
chance for much further progress on basic problems over the next year
1
Source: Central Intelligence Agency, National Intelligence Council, Job
79R01012A, NIE 94–69. Secret; Controlled Dissem. According to the covering sheet, the
CIA and the intelligence organizations of the Departments of State and Defense, and the
National Security Agency participated in the preparation of the estimate. All members of
the U.S. Intelligence Board concurred in the estimate except the Atomic Energy Commis-
sion and the FBI, on the grounds that the subject was outside their jurisdiction. For the
full text of the NIE, see Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, vol. E–16, Documents on Chile,
1969–1973, Document 1.
2
See footnote of dissent on page 3 following these Conclusions. [Footnote is in the
original. See footnote 3 below.]
1

45. 378-376/428-S/80023
2 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXI
or so. There are a few favorable aspects, notably the new US invest-
ments under the copper expansion agreement and the likely continua-
tion of substantial foreign assistance over the next year. But the Frei ad-
ministration is already caught in a quandary of economic stagnation
with rapid inflation. As the elections approach, pressures for gov-
ernment spending on wages and welfare will almost certainly inten-
sify, and business confidence will probably reach a new low.
C. The outcome of the congressional elections of March 1969 will
have an important bearing on the selection of candidates and the for-
mation of political coalitions for the presidential election in 1970. The
PDC has some chance of winning a majority in the Senate and is likely
to retain a sizable plurality in the lower house. Nonetheless, faction-
alism within the PDC, the maneuvering of other parties for political ad-
vantage in the 1970 election, and Frei’s lameduck status will weaken his
influence over the new Congress.
D. Until the final choice of candidates and of political party align-
ments is made, it is not feasible to attempt to estimate the outcome of
the presidential election in more than the most general terms. Among
many possible outcomes, the current odds are that there will be three
major candidates for the presidency in 1970, that no one of them will se-
cure a majority, and that the Congress will select as president the candi-
date with the largest vote. If the Communist, Socialist, and Radical
parties could set aside their differences to agree on a candidate, he
would be a strong contender, especially in a three-man race.
E. Even if a Communist-supported candidate won in 1970 we do
not believe that the Chilean Armed Forces would intervene to prevent
his inauguration. They would maintain a constant surveillance over the
new administration, but would plan to move against it only if Chilean
institutions, particularly their own, were threatened.
F. The relations of any new Chilean administration with the US are
likely to be under repeated strains. Whoever succeeds Frei in the presi-
dency is likely to continue to stress Chilean independence; to be less co-
operative with the US on many issues than Frei has been; and to ex-
plore somewhat broader relationships with Communist countries. An
administration elected with Communist support almost certainly
would take steps aimed at moving Chile away from the US and closer
to the Communist countries. We believe, however, that for a variety of
reasons, including fear of a reaction from the military, such an adminis-
tration would be deterred from precipitate or drastic action.
G. Because Frei himself has gone on record as opposing outright
expropriation of the US copper companies, we see it as unlikely while
he is still in power. In our judgment, however, further steps toward
greater government participation in or even outright nationalization of
these holdings are inevitable. The manner, the terms, and the timetable