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7

7-1

The
Manager as a
Planner and
Strategist
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-2

The Planning Process
Planning is the process used by managers to
identify and select goals and courses of
action for the organization.
The organizational plan that results from
the planning process details the goals to be
attained.
The pattern of decisions managers take to
reach these goals is the organization’s
strategy.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-3

Three Stages of the Planning Process

Figure 7.1

Determining the Organization’s
mission and goals
(Define the business)

Strategy formulation
(Analyze current situation &
develop strategies)

Strategy Implementation
(Allocate resources & responsibilities
to achieve strategies)
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-4

Planning Process Stages
Organizational

mission: defined in the
mission statement which is a broad
declaration of the overriding purpose.


The mission statement identifies product, customers and
how the firm differs from competitors.

Formulating

strategy: managers analyze
current situation and develop strategies
needed to achieve the mission.
Implementing strategy: managers must decide
how to allocate resources between groups to
ensure the strategy is achieved.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-5

Figure 7.2

Levels of Planning

Goal
Setting
Strategy
Formulation

Strategy
Implementation
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

Corporatelevel Plan
Corporate
mission & goals

Corporatelevel strategy

Design of
Corporate
Structure
Control

Businesslevel Plan
Divisional
goals

Businesslevel strategy

Design of
Business-unit
Structure
Control

Functional
level Plan
Functional
goals

Functionallevel strategy

Design of
Functional
Structure
Control
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-6

Figure 7.3

Planning at General Electric

Corporate
Corporate
Level
Level

Business
Business
Level
Level

Functional
Functional
Level
Level

CEO
Corporate Office

GE
Aircraft

GE
Lighting

GE
Motors

Manufacturing
Marketing

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

GE
Plastics

NBC

Accounting
R&D
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-7

Planning Levels
Corporate-level:



decisions by top managers.

Considers on which businesses or markets to be in.
Provides a framework for all other planning.

Business-level:

details divisional long-term
goals and structure.



Identifies how this business meets corporate goals.
Shows how the business will compete in market.

Functional-level:

actions taken by managers
in departments of manufacturing, marketing,
etc.


These plans state exactly how business-level strategies
are accomplished.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-8

Characteristics of Plans
Time

horizon: refers to how far in the future
the plan applies.





Long-term plans are usually 5 years or more.
Intermediate-term plans are 1 to 5 years.
 Corporate and business level plans specify long and
intermediate term.
Short-term plans are less than 1 year.
 Functional plans focus on short to intermediate term.

Most

firms have a rolling planning cycle to
amend plans constantly.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-9

Types of Plans
Standing


plans: for programmed decisions.

Managers develop policies, rules, and standard operating
procedures (SOP).
 Policies are general guides to action.
 Rules are a specific guide to action.

Single-use

plans: developed for a one-time,
nonprogrammed issue. Usually consist of
programs and projects.



Programs: integrated plans achieving specific goals.
Project: specific action plans to complete programs.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-10

Who Plans?
Corporate

managers.



level planning is done by top

Also approve business and functional level plans.
Top managers should seek input on corporate level issues
from all management levels.

Business

and functional planning is done by
divisional and functional managers.




Both management levels should also seek information
from other levels.
Responsibility for specific planning may lie at a given
level, but all managers should be involved.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-11

Why Planning is Important
Planning determines where the organization
is now and where it will be in the future.
Good planning provides:








Participation: all managers are involved in setting
future goals.
Sense of direction & purpose: Planning sets goals and
strategies for all managers.
Coordination: Plans provide all parts of the firm with
understanding about how their systems fit with the
whole.
Control: Plans specify who is in charge of
accomplishing a goal.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-12

Scenario Planning
Scenario

Planning: generates several
forecasts of different future conditions and
analyzes how to effectively respond to them.






Planning seeks to prepare for the future, but the future
is unknown.
By generating multiple possible “futures” we can see
how our plans might work in each.
 Allows the firm to prepare for possible surprises.
Scenario planning is a learning tool to improve
planning results.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-13

Determining Mission and Goals
This

is the first step of the planning process
and is accomplished by:
A. Define the business: seeks to identify our customer and
the needs we can and should satisfy.
 This also pinpoints competitors.
B. Establishing major goals: states who will compete in
the business.
 Should stretch the organization to new heights.
 Goals must also be realistic and have a time period in
which they are achieved.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-14

Figure 7.4

Mission Statements

Company

Mission Statement

Compaq

Compaq, along with our partners, will
deliver compelling products and services of
the highest quality that will transform
computing into an intuitive experience that
extends human capability on all planes -communication, education, work, and play.

AT&T

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

We are dedicated to being the world’s best at
bringing people together -- giving them easy
access to each other and to the information
and services they want and need -- anytime,
anywhere.
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-15

Strategy Formulation
Managers

analyze the current situation to
develop strategies achieving the mission.
SWOT analysis: a planning to identify:




Organizational Strengths and Weaknesses.
 Strengths: manufacturing ability, marketing skills.
 Weaknesses: high labor turnover, weak financials.
Environmental Opportunities and Threats.
 Opportunities: new markets.
 Threats: economic recession, competitors

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-16

Planning & Strategy Formulation
Figure 7.5

SWOT analysis
identifies strengths &
weaknesses inside the
firm and opportunities
& threats in the
environment.

Corporate-level strategy
develop a plan of action
maximizing long-run value

Business-level strategy
a plan of action to take
advantage of opportunities
and minimize threats
Functional-level strategy
a plan of action improving
department’s ability to
create value

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-17

The Five Forces Model
Potential
Potential
for Entry
for Entry

Power of
Power of
Buyer
Buyer

Rivalry
Among
Organizations

Power of
Power of
Supplier
Supplier

Substitute
Substitute
Products
Products
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-18

The Five Forces
1. Level of Rivalry in an industry: how intense is the
current competition with competitors?
Increased competition results in lower profits.
2. Potential for entry: how easy is it for new firms to enter
the industry?
Easy entry leads to lower prices and profits.
3. Power of Suppliers: If there are only a few suppliers of
important items, supply costs rise.
4. Power of Buyers: If there are only a few, large buyers,
they can bargain down prices.
5. Substitutes: More available substitutes tend to drive
down prices and profits.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-19

Corporate-Level Strategies
Concentrate

in single business: McDonalds
focuses in the fast food business.


Can become very strong, but can be risky.

Diversification:

Organization moves into new
businesses and services.
Related diversification: firm diversifies in similar areas to
build upon existing divisions.
Synergy: two divisions work together to obtain more than
the sum of each separately.
Unrelated diversification: buy business in new areas.
 Build a portfolio of unrelated firms to reduce risk or
trouble in one industry. Very hard to manage.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-20

International Strategy
To

what extent do we customize products
and marketing for different national
conditions?




Global strategy: a single, standard product and
marketing approach is used in all countries.
 Standardization provides for lower cost.
 Ignore national differences that others can address.
Mulitdomestic strategy: products and marketing are
customized for each country of operation.
 Customization provides for higher costs.
 Embraces national differences and depends on them
for success.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-21

Vertical Integration
When

the firm is doing well, managers can
add more value by producing its own inputs
or distributing its products.




Backward vertical integration: the firm produces its
own inputs.
 McDonalds grows its own potatoes.
 Can lower the cost of supplies.
Backward vertical integration: the firm distributes its
outputs or products.
 McDonalds owns the final restaurant.
 Firm can lower costs and ensure final quality.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-22

Figure 7.6

Vertical Value Chain

Raw
Raw
Materials
Materials
Intermediate
Intermediate
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Assembly
Assembly
Distribution
Distribution

Backward
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

Customer
Forward
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-23

Business-level Strategies
Number of
market segments

Table 7.2

Many

Low-Cost

Differentiation

Few

Focused
Low-Cost

Focused
Differentiated

Low Cost

Differentiation

Strategy
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-24

Business Strategies






Low-cost: gain a competitive advantage by driving
down organizational costs.
 Managers manufacture at lower cost, reduce waste.
 Lower costs than competition mean lower prices.
Differentiation: gain a competitive advantage by
making your products different from competitors.
 Differentiation must be valued by the customer.
 Successful differentiation allows you to charge more for
a product.
Stuck in the middle: It is difficult to simultaneously
become differentiated and low cost.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-25

Business Strategies
Firms

also choose to serve the entire market
or focus on a few segments.




Focused low-cost: try to serve one segment of the
market but be the lowest cost in that segment.
 Cott Company seeks to achieve this in large retail
chains.
Focused differentiated: Firm again seeks to focus on one
market segment but is the most differentiated in that
segment.
 BMW provides a good example.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-26

Functional-level Strategies
Seeks

to have each department add value
to a good or service.
Marketing, service, production all add
value to a good or service.




Value is added in two ways:
1. lower the operational costs of providing the value
in products.
2. add new value to the product by differentiating.
Functional strategies must fit with business level
strategies.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
7-27

Goals for successful functional strategies:
1. Attain superior efficiency: the measure of
outputs for a given unit of input.
2. Attain superior quality: products that
reliably do the job they were designed for.
3. Attain superior innovation: new, novel
features about the product or process.
4. Attain superior responsiveness to
customers: Know the customer needs and fill
them.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

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Business Math Chapter 7

  • 1. 7 7-1 The Manager as a Planner and Strategist Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 2. 7-2 The Planning Process Planning is the process used by managers to identify and select goals and courses of action for the organization. The organizational plan that results from the planning process details the goals to be attained. The pattern of decisions managers take to reach these goals is the organization’s strategy. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 3. 7-3 Three Stages of the Planning Process Figure 7.1 Determining the Organization’s mission and goals (Define the business) Strategy formulation (Analyze current situation & develop strategies) Strategy Implementation (Allocate resources & responsibilities to achieve strategies) Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 4. 7-4 Planning Process Stages Organizational mission: defined in the mission statement which is a broad declaration of the overriding purpose.  The mission statement identifies product, customers and how the firm differs from competitors. Formulating strategy: managers analyze current situation and develop strategies needed to achieve the mission. Implementing strategy: managers must decide how to allocate resources between groups to ensure the strategy is achieved. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 5. 7-5 Figure 7.2 Levels of Planning Goal Setting Strategy Formulation Strategy Implementation Irwin/McGraw-Hill Corporatelevel Plan Corporate mission & goals Corporatelevel strategy Design of Corporate Structure Control Businesslevel Plan Divisional goals Businesslevel strategy Design of Business-unit Structure Control Functional level Plan Functional goals Functionallevel strategy Design of Functional Structure Control ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 6. 7-6 Figure 7.3 Planning at General Electric Corporate Corporate Level Level Business Business Level Level Functional Functional Level Level CEO Corporate Office GE Aircraft GE Lighting GE Motors Manufacturing Marketing Irwin/McGraw-Hill GE Plastics NBC Accounting R&D ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 7. 7-7 Planning Levels Corporate-level:   decisions by top managers. Considers on which businesses or markets to be in. Provides a framework for all other planning. Business-level: details divisional long-term goals and structure.   Identifies how this business meets corporate goals. Shows how the business will compete in market. Functional-level: actions taken by managers in departments of manufacturing, marketing, etc.  These plans state exactly how business-level strategies are accomplished. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 8. 7-8 Characteristics of Plans Time horizon: refers to how far in the future the plan applies.    Long-term plans are usually 5 years or more. Intermediate-term plans are 1 to 5 years.  Corporate and business level plans specify long and intermediate term. Short-term plans are less than 1 year.  Functional plans focus on short to intermediate term. Most firms have a rolling planning cycle to amend plans constantly. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 9. 7-9 Types of Plans Standing  plans: for programmed decisions. Managers develop policies, rules, and standard operating procedures (SOP).  Policies are general guides to action.  Rules are a specific guide to action. Single-use plans: developed for a one-time, nonprogrammed issue. Usually consist of programs and projects.   Programs: integrated plans achieving specific goals. Project: specific action plans to complete programs. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 10. 7-10 Who Plans? Corporate managers.   level planning is done by top Also approve business and functional level plans. Top managers should seek input on corporate level issues from all management levels. Business and functional planning is done by divisional and functional managers.   Both management levels should also seek information from other levels. Responsibility for specific planning may lie at a given level, but all managers should be involved. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 11. 7-11 Why Planning is Important Planning determines where the organization is now and where it will be in the future. Good planning provides:     Participation: all managers are involved in setting future goals. Sense of direction & purpose: Planning sets goals and strategies for all managers. Coordination: Plans provide all parts of the firm with understanding about how their systems fit with the whole. Control: Plans specify who is in charge of accomplishing a goal. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 12. 7-12 Scenario Planning Scenario Planning: generates several forecasts of different future conditions and analyzes how to effectively respond to them.    Planning seeks to prepare for the future, but the future is unknown. By generating multiple possible “futures” we can see how our plans might work in each.  Allows the firm to prepare for possible surprises. Scenario planning is a learning tool to improve planning results. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 13. 7-13 Determining Mission and Goals This is the first step of the planning process and is accomplished by: A. Define the business: seeks to identify our customer and the needs we can and should satisfy.  This also pinpoints competitors. B. Establishing major goals: states who will compete in the business.  Should stretch the organization to new heights.  Goals must also be realistic and have a time period in which they are achieved. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 14. 7-14 Figure 7.4 Mission Statements Company Mission Statement Compaq Compaq, along with our partners, will deliver compelling products and services of the highest quality that will transform computing into an intuitive experience that extends human capability on all planes -communication, education, work, and play. AT&T Irwin/McGraw-Hill We are dedicated to being the world’s best at bringing people together -- giving them easy access to each other and to the information and services they want and need -- anytime, anywhere. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 15. 7-15 Strategy Formulation Managers analyze the current situation to develop strategies achieving the mission. SWOT analysis: a planning to identify:   Organizational Strengths and Weaknesses.  Strengths: manufacturing ability, marketing skills.  Weaknesses: high labor turnover, weak financials. Environmental Opportunities and Threats.  Opportunities: new markets.  Threats: economic recession, competitors Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 16. 7-16 Planning & Strategy Formulation Figure 7.5 SWOT analysis identifies strengths & weaknesses inside the firm and opportunities & threats in the environment. Corporate-level strategy develop a plan of action maximizing long-run value Business-level strategy a plan of action to take advantage of opportunities and minimize threats Functional-level strategy a plan of action improving department’s ability to create value Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 17. 7-17 The Five Forces Model Potential Potential for Entry for Entry Power of Power of Buyer Buyer Rivalry Among Organizations Power of Power of Supplier Supplier Substitute Substitute Products Products Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 18. 7-18 The Five Forces 1. Level of Rivalry in an industry: how intense is the current competition with competitors? Increased competition results in lower profits. 2. Potential for entry: how easy is it for new firms to enter the industry? Easy entry leads to lower prices and profits. 3. Power of Suppliers: If there are only a few suppliers of important items, supply costs rise. 4. Power of Buyers: If there are only a few, large buyers, they can bargain down prices. 5. Substitutes: More available substitutes tend to drive down prices and profits. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 19. 7-19 Corporate-Level Strategies Concentrate in single business: McDonalds focuses in the fast food business.  Can become very strong, but can be risky. Diversification: Organization moves into new businesses and services. Related diversification: firm diversifies in similar areas to build upon existing divisions. Synergy: two divisions work together to obtain more than the sum of each separately. Unrelated diversification: buy business in new areas.  Build a portfolio of unrelated firms to reduce risk or trouble in one industry. Very hard to manage. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 20. 7-20 International Strategy To what extent do we customize products and marketing for different national conditions?   Global strategy: a single, standard product and marketing approach is used in all countries.  Standardization provides for lower cost.  Ignore national differences that others can address. Mulitdomestic strategy: products and marketing are customized for each country of operation.  Customization provides for higher costs.  Embraces national differences and depends on them for success. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 21. 7-21 Vertical Integration When the firm is doing well, managers can add more value by producing its own inputs or distributing its products.   Backward vertical integration: the firm produces its own inputs.  McDonalds grows its own potatoes.  Can lower the cost of supplies. Backward vertical integration: the firm distributes its outputs or products.  McDonalds owns the final restaurant.  Firm can lower costs and ensure final quality. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 22. 7-22 Figure 7.6 Vertical Value Chain Raw Raw Materials Materials Intermediate Intermediate Manufacturing Manufacturing Assembly Assembly Distribution Distribution Backward Irwin/McGraw-Hill Customer Forward ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 23. 7-23 Business-level Strategies Number of market segments Table 7.2 Many Low-Cost Differentiation Few Focused Low-Cost Focused Differentiated Low Cost Differentiation Strategy Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 24. 7-24 Business Strategies    Low-cost: gain a competitive advantage by driving down organizational costs.  Managers manufacture at lower cost, reduce waste.  Lower costs than competition mean lower prices. Differentiation: gain a competitive advantage by making your products different from competitors.  Differentiation must be valued by the customer.  Successful differentiation allows you to charge more for a product. Stuck in the middle: It is difficult to simultaneously become differentiated and low cost. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 25. 7-25 Business Strategies Firms also choose to serve the entire market or focus on a few segments.   Focused low-cost: try to serve one segment of the market but be the lowest cost in that segment.  Cott Company seeks to achieve this in large retail chains. Focused differentiated: Firm again seeks to focus on one market segment but is the most differentiated in that segment.  BMW provides a good example. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 26. 7-26 Functional-level Strategies Seeks to have each department add value to a good or service. Marketing, service, production all add value to a good or service.   Value is added in two ways: 1. lower the operational costs of providing the value in products. 2. add new value to the product by differentiating. Functional strategies must fit with business level strategies. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
  • 27. 7-27 Goals for successful functional strategies: 1. Attain superior efficiency: the measure of outputs for a given unit of input. 2. Attain superior quality: products that reliably do the job they were designed for. 3. Attain superior innovation: new, novel features about the product or process. 4. Attain superior responsiveness to customers: Know the customer needs and fill them. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000