SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 83
Descargar para leer sin conexión
ICS I
I NSTITUTE FOR C LINICAL
S Y S T E M S I M P ROV E M E N T
                                    Health Care Guideline:
                                    Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents


  Sixteenth Edition
   September 2010

                 The information contained in this ICSI Health Care Guideline is intended primarily for health profes-
                 sionals and the following expert audiences:
                       •      physicians, nurses, and other health care professional and provider organizations;
                       •      health plans, health systems, health care organizations, hospitals and integrated health care
                              delivery systems;
                       •      health care teaching institutions;
                       •      health care information technology departments;
                       •      medical specialty and professional societies;
                       •      researchers;
                       •      federal, state and local government health care policy makers and specialists; and
                       •      employee benefit managers.
                 This ICSI Health Care Guideline should not be construed as medical advice or medical opinion related to
                 any specific facts or circumstances. If you are not one of the expert audiences listed above you are urged
                 to consult a health care professional regarding your own situation and any specific medical questions
                 you may have. In addition, you should seek assistance from a health care professional in interpreting
                 this ICSI Health Care Guideline and applying it in your individual case.
                 This ICSI Health Care Guideline is designed to assist clinicians by providing an analytical framework
                 for the evaluation and treatment of patients, and is not intended either to replace a clinician's judgment
                 or to establish a protocol for all patients with a particular condition. An ICSI Health Care Guideline
                 rarely will establish the only approach to a problem.
                 Copies of this ICSI Health Care Guideline may be distributed by any organization to the organization's
                 employees but, except as provided below, may not be distributed outside of the organization without
                 the prior written consent of the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement, Inc. If the organization is
                 a legally constituted medical group, the ICSI Health Care Guideline may be used by the medical group
                 in any of the following ways:
                       •      copies may be provided to anyone involved in the medical group's process for developing and
                              implementing clinical guidelines;
                       •      the ICSI Health Care Guideline may be adopted or adapted for use within the medical group
                              only, provided that ICSI receives appropriate attribution on all written or electronic documents;
                              and
                       •      copies may be provided to patients and the clinicians who manage their care, if the ICSI Health
                              Care Guideline is incorporated into the medical group's clinical guideline program.
                 All other copyright rights in this ICSI Health Care Guideline are reserved by the Institute for Clinical
                 Systems Improvement. The Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement assumes no liability for any
                 adaptations or revisions or modifications made to this ICSI Health Care Guideline.
ICS I
I NSTITUTE FOR C LINICAL
S Y S T E M S I M P ROV E M E N T
                                    Health Care Guideline:
                                    Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents

                                                                                                                      A = Annotation
    Sixteenth Edition
     September 2010                                           1                                                        4a
                                                                                                                   Level III
                                        Use a patient-centered team-based system                  •   Alcohol use screening and counseling
                                      and appropriate shared decision making for the              •   Blood lead screening
                                             delivery of preventive services                      •   Clinical breast exam screening
                                                                                                  •   Developmental/behavioral assessment
                                                                                                      screening
                                                                                                  •   Domestic violence and abuse
                                                                                                      screening and counseling
                                                                                                  •   Dyslipidemia screening
                                                                                                  •   Dysplasia of the hip screening
                                                                                                  •   Household and recreational injury
                                                                                                      prevention screening
                                                                                                  •   Hyperbilirubinemia
                                                                                                  •   Infectious disease prevention
                                                                                                      counseling
                                                              2                            A
                                                          Level I
                                                                                                  •   Iron deficiency screening
                                       Preventive services that providers                         •   Nutritional counseling
                                       and care systems must assess the need for                  •   Preconception counseling
                                       and offer to each patient. These have the                  •   Pregnancy prevention counseling
                                       highest priority value (see Table 1)                       •   Scoliosis screening
                                       • Childhood immunization series                            •   Secondhand smoke exposure
                                       • Chlamydia screening (sexually active
                                                                                                      counseling
                                          age 25 and younger)
                                                                                                  •   Sexually transmitted infection
                                       • Neonatal screening
                                                                                                       counseling
                                       • Vision impairment screening (age four
                                          years and younger)                                      •   Sexually transmitted infection
                                                                                       A               screening (other than chlamydia)
                                                                                                  •   Skin cancer screening and counseling
                                                                                                  •   Undescended testicle screening
                                                              3
                                                          Level II                                                                      A
                                       Preventive services that providers
                                       and care systems should assess the need for
                                       and offer to each patient. These have value
                                       but less than those in Level I (see Table 2)
                                       • Breastfeeding counseling                                                    5
                                       • Depression screening                                                    Level IV
                                       • Folic acid chemoprophylaxis counseling
                                                                                                 Preventive services that are not
                                       • Hearing screening
                                                                                                 supported by evidence and not
                                       • Infant sleep positioning and SIDS
                                                                                                 recommended
                                         counseling
                                       • Motor vehicle safety screening and                       • Blood chemistry screening
                                         counseling                                               • Cervical cancer screening
                                       • Obesity screening                                        • Child maltreatment screening
                                       • Oral health counseling and treatments                    • Hemoglobin (for anemia screening age
                                       • Tobacco use screening, prevention                          five years and older)
                                          and intervention in adolescents                         • Tuberculin screening (for average
                                                                                                    risk)
                                                                                                  • Urinalysis
                                                                                       A
                                                                                                                                       A
                                                             4
                                                         Level III
                                            Preventive services for which the
                                         evidence is currently incomplete and/or
                                         high burden of disease and low cost of
                                                delivering care. Providing
                                         these services is left to the judgment of
                                          individual medical groups, clinicians
                                          and their patients (see box #4a for list
                                                         of topics)
                                                                                   A


                                                             6

                                               Care coordination
                                               • Reinforce healthy lifestyle
                                               • Schedule follow-up visits
                                                                               A
                                                                                                                       www.icsi.org
                                      Copyright © 2010 by Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                         1
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
                                                                                              Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

Table 1: Child Preventive Services That Providers and Care
Systems Must Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient. These
Have the Highest Priority Value (Level I)
Level I preventive services are worthy of attention at every opportunity. Busy clinicians cannot deliver this many services
in any single encounter. However, with systems in place to track whether or not patients are up to date with the high-priority
preventive services recommended for their age group, clinicians can offer the high-priority services as opportunities present.
Childhood Immunizations Series
Routine Immunization Schedule for Infants, Children and Adolescents




                                                                                                             www.icsi.org
                                                                                              5
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                  2
Table I: Child Preventive Services that Providers and Care   Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Systems Must Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient                       Sixteenth Edition/September 2010




                                                                                                  7
                                                                                                www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                     3
Table I: Child Preventive Services that Providers and Care   Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Systems Must Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient                       Sixteenth Edition/September 2010




                                                                                                   8
                                                                                                www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                     4
Table I: Child Preventive Services that Providers and Care          Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Systems Must Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient                               Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

 Service               0-2 years             2-6 years                      7-12 years         13-18 years

 Chlamydia                                                                                     All sexually active
 Screening (sexually                                                                           women age 25 years
 active age 25 years                                                                           and younger
 and younger)
 Neonatal Screening    Screen for hemoglobinopathies, phenylketonuria, hypothyroidism
                       in the first week of life.
 Vision Impairment                           Recommended for
 Screening (age four                         children age four years
 years and younger)                          and younger. By age five,
                                             should be performed in
                                             the clinic or school as part
                                             of preschool screening.




                                                                                                        www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                             5
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
                                                                                                  Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

Table 2: Child Preventive Services That Providers and Care
Systems Should Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient.
These Have Value but Less Than Those in Level I. (Level II)
Level II services have been shown to be effective and should be provided whenever possible. If systems/care manage-
ment teams are successful in keeping patients on time with high-priority services during illness and disease management
visits, preventive services in the second group can be delivered.

 Service                         0-2 years                   2-6 years     7-12 years         13-18 years
 Breastfeeding Counseling        Promote and support
                                 breastfeeding.
 Depression Screening                                        Screen adolescents ages 12-18 for major depressive
                                                             disorder when systems are in place for accurate
                                                             diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.
 Folic Acid                                                                                 Counsel women to
 Chemoprophylaxis                                                                           consume 400-800
 Counseling                                                                                 micrograms of folic
                                                                                            acid per day from food
                                                                                            sources or supplements.
 Hearing Screening               Screen for congenital
                                 hearing loss before age
                                 one month.
 Infant Sleep Positioning and    Ask about the child’s
 SIDS Counseling                 sleep environment.
                                 Inform parents to place
                                 infants on their back to
                                 sleep.
 Motor Vehicle Safety            Ask about the use of car seats, booster seats and seat belts in the family. Ask about
 Screening and Counseling        helmet use in recreational activities.
 Obesity Screening                                           Record height, weight and calculate BMI annually.

 Oral Health Counseling and      Fluoride should be provided to prevent caries and cavities. Risk assessment
 Treatment                       including oral screening and referral for dental care should be provided for those at
                                 high risk. Counseling on oral health preventive measures should be provided.
 Tobacco Use Screening,          Establish tobacco use and secondhand exposure, offer tobacco cessation on a
 Prevention and Intervention     regular basis. Provide brief intervention.
 in Adolescents




                                                                                                                  www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                      6
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
                                                                                                   Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

Preventive Services for Which the Evidence Is Currently Incomplete and/
or High Burden of Disease and Low Cost of Delivering Care. Providing
These Services Is Left to the Judgment of Individual Medical Groups,
Clinicians and Their Patients (Level III)
           Level III services either have insufficient evidence to prove their effectiveness, have important harms, or both.
           For these preventive services in particular, decisions about offering the service should be based on Shared
           Decision Making. It is important to remember that insufficient evidence does not mean the service is not
           effective, but rather that the current literature is not sufficient to say whether or not the service is effective.
               •    Alcohol use screening and counseling
               •    Blood lead screening
               •    Clinical breast exam screening
               •    Developmental/behavioral assessment screening
               •    Domestic violence and abuse screening and counseling
               •    Dyslipidemia screening
               •    Dysplasia of the hip screening
               •    Household and recreational injury prevention screening
               •    Hyperbilirubinemia
               •    Infectious disease prevention counseling
               •    Iron deficiency screening
               •    Nutritional counseling
               •    Preconception counseling
               •    Pregnancy prevention counseling
               •    Scoliosis screening
               •    Secondhand smoke exposure counseling
               •    Sexually transmitted infection counseling
               •    Sexually transmitted infection screening (other than chlamydia)
               •    Skin cancer screening and counseling
               •    Undescended testicle screening




                                                                                                                    www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                       7
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
                                                                                              Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

     Preventive Services That Are Not Supported by Evidence and Not
     Recommended (Level IV)
           Level IV services are those with low predictive value and/or uncertain beneficial action for true positives.
               •   Blood chemistry screening
               •   Cervical cancer screening
               •   Child maltreatment screening
               •   Hemoglobin (for anemia screening age five years and older)
               •   Tuberculin screening (for average risk)
               •   Urinalysis




                                                                                                              www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                  8
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
                                                                                                                             Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

Table of Contents
Work Group Leader                Algorithms and Annotations ........................................................................................1-49
Lawrence Morrissey, MD              Algorithm ............................................................................................................................1
Pediatrics, Stillwater Medical
Group                               Table 1: Child Preventive Services That Providers and Care Systems Must Assess
                                       the Need for and Offer to Each Patient. These Have the Highest
Work Group Members
Advanced Practitioner                  Priority Value. (Level I)...............................................................................................2-5
Leslie C. Milteer, PA-C             Table 2: Child Preventive Services That Providers and Care Systems Should Assess
University of Minnesota                the Need for and Offer to Each Patient. These Have Value but Less
Physicians                             Than Those in Level I. (Level II) ................................................................................... 6
Jessica Morgan, FNP                 Preventive Services for Which the Evidence Is Currently Incomplete and/or High
Superior Health Center                 Burden of Disease and Low Cost of Delivering Care. Providing These Services Is
Family Medicine                        Left to the Judgment of Individual Medical Groups, Clinicians and Their Patients
Don Pine, MD                           (Level III) ....................................................................................................................... 7
Park Nicollet Health Services
                                    Preventive Services That Are Not Supported by Evidence and Not Recommended
Leif Solberg, MD
HealthPartners Medical
                                       (Level IV) ....................................................................................................................... 8
Group                               Disclosure of Potential Conflict of Interest ....................................................................... 10
John M. Wilkinson, MD               Description of Evidence Grading ...................................................................................... 10
Mayo Clinic
                                    Foreword
Health Education
Lisa Harvey, RD, MPH                   Introduction ............................................................................................................. 11-14
Park Nicollet Health Services          Scope and Target Population........................................................................................ 14
Internal Medicine/                     Aim .............................................................................................................................. 14
Geriatrics                             Clinical Highlights ....................................................................................................... 14
Peter Rothe, MD, FACP                  Implementation Recommendation Highlights ............................................................. 15
HealthPartners Medical                 Related ICSI Scientific Documents ............................................................................. 15
Group                               Annotations .................................................................................................................. 16-49
Internal Medicine
                                 Quality Improvement Support ..................................................................................50-59
Susan Diem, MD, MPH
University of Minnesota             Aims and Measures ........................................................................................................... 51
Physicians                             Measurement Specifications ...................................................................................52-53
Nursing                             Implementation Recommendations ................................................................................... 54
Pamela R. Stultz, RN                Resources........................................................................................................................... 55
Fairview Health Services            Resources Table ............................................................................................................56-59
OB/GYN
Sheila Goodman, MD               Supporting Evidence.....................................................................................................60-78
Obstetrics and Gynecology              References ....................................................................................................................61-71
Associates, PA
                                       Appendices ................................................................................................................... 72-78
Pediatrics                                Appendix A – Counseling Messages....................................................................... 72-73
Melissa Hessel, MD
Marshfield Clinic
                                          Appendix B – Visit Schedule ........................................................................................74
Carolyn McKay, MD
                                          Appendix C – Body Mass Index-for-Age Percentiles ............................................ 75-76
Fairview Health Services                  Appendix D – Injury Prevention Counseling Messages ......................................... 77-78
Research                         Document History, Development and Acknowledgements ...............................79-82
Michael Maciosek, PhD
                                       Document History ....................................................................................................... 79-81
HealthPartners Medical
Group                                  ICSI Document Development and Revision Process ........................................................82
Facilitators
Melissa Cella, MHA, MPA
ICSI
Gail Hunt, BA
ICSI
Melissa Marshall, MBA
ICSI                                                                                                                                                www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                                                                9
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
                                                                                                Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

      Disclosure of Potential Conflict of Interest
           In the interest of full disclosure, ICSI has adopted a policy of revealing relationships work group members
           have with companies that sell products or services that are relevant to this guideline topic. It is not assumed
           that these financial interests will have an adverse impact on content. They are simply noted here to fully
           inform users of the guideline.
           Larry Morrissey, MD declared that Stillwater Medical Group received funding for shared decision-making
           implementation from The Foundation for Informed Medical Decision Making.
           Michael Maciosek, PhD declared that HealthPartners Research Foundation received research funding from
           the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and WellPoint Foundation.
           Melissa Hessel, MD declared receipt of an honorarium from Harris Interactive Physician Poll for comple-
           tion of several online surveys.
           No other work group members have potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

      Evidence Grading
           A consistent and defined process is used for literature search and review for the development and revision
           of ICSI guidelines. Literature search terms for the current revision of this document include: breastfeeding
           counseling, hyperbilirubinemia, kernicterus, oral health counseling, oral health treatment, fluoride varnish,
           fluoride, fluorosis, cervical cancer screening, depression screening, children/child, adolescents.
           Individual research reports are assigned a letter indicating the class of report based on design type: A, B,
           C, D, M, R, X.
           Evidence citations are listed in the document utilizing this format: (Author, YYYY [report class]; Author,
           YYYY [report class] – in chronological order, most recent date first). A full explanation of ICSI's Evidence
           Grading System can be found on the ICSI Web site at http://www.icsi.org.

              Class     Description
              Primary Reports of New Data Collections
                 A      Randomized, controlled trial
                 B      Cohort-study
                 C      Non-randomized trial with concurrent or historical controls
                          Case-control study
                          Study of sensitivity and specificity of a diagnostic test
                          Population-based descriptive study
                 D      Cross-sectional study
                          Case series
                          Case report
              Reports that Synthesize or Reflect upon Collections of Primary Reports
                M       Meta-analysis
                          Sytematic review
                          Decision analysis
                          Cost-effectiveness analysis
                 R      Consensus statement
                          Consensus report
                          Narrative review
                 X      Medical opinion


                                                                                                                www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                   10
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
                                                                                                 Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

Foreword
      Introduction
           This guideline encompasses preventive services including screening maneuvers, health behavior counseling
           and disease screening for average-risk asymptomatic children. It represents a synthesis of recommenda-
           tions from other ICSI guidelines, primary evidence through literature reviews, recommendations from other
           organizations (particularly the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force) and work group consensus.
           Insofar as possible, the work group have relied on their judgment of the best scientific evidence, but when
           the scientific data are lacking or the evidence is equivocal, the work group has provided a preference-based
           approach, allowing patients/parents and providers to use shared decision making about specific preventive
           interventions.
           For pediatric care, the majority of preventive services are often centered around well-child visits. While
           these visits can serve as a framework for recommended interventions, it is important to recognize that any
           encounter can be used as an opportunity for initiating preventive services. Because there is limited evidence
           for many interventions in pediatrics, those services that have direct evidence should be given highest priority.
           Other interventions and counseling should be done on a discretionary basis, determined by the risks and
           needs identified for that individual.

           Organizing a Practice for Delivery of Preventive Services
           It is our assumption that this guideline will primarily serve as a guide for medical groups to develop prac-
           tice systems for their delivery. While individual clinicians are welcome to refer to this guide, we do not
           expect that to be common; it certainly is not the best way to provide important services at high rates. Such
           an achievement clearly requires the establishment of systems that rely on standing orders, task delegation,
           reminders and other automatic ways to identify needs and provide the services.

           Patient-Centered Care: Shared Decision Making and Patient Activation
           Shared decision making is an approach that relies on a more structured process and specific tools to provide
           patients to encourage them to actively participate in decision making. Patients and families should have
           the opportunity to understand the risks and benefits of various preventive services. Personal values and
           preferences should also be considered in making health care choices. There is good evidence that well-
           designed decision aids can improve patient knowledge (O'Connor, 2007 [M]). These tools can help with
           decisional conflicts patients face. They help clarify the decision, identify decision-making needs, explore
           needs and how values relate to the decision, and plan next steps. Patients and families should be encouraged
           to actively participate in the process of decision making to the extent that they desire (Institute of Medicine,
           2001 [NA]). The extent to which a preventive service is supported by the medical evidence should be clearly
           and consistently communicated to all patients.

           Prioritization among Preventive Services
           Virtually all clinical preventive services that are known to be effective address diseases of high health and
           financial burden. However, it may not be feasible to deliver all effective preventive services in the current
           health care system. It has been estimated that providing all clinical preventive services recommended by
           the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force would require 7.4 hours of primary care clinician time each day
           (Yarnall, 2003 [M]). Therefore, health systems, large medical groups and small primary care practices must
           decide which of the effective preventive services to emphasize. To assist in the decision making, the work
           group has prioritized the services, which are ranked by evidence of effectiveness, based upon the sum of
           their clinically preventable burden and cost effectiveness.

                                                                                                                 www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                    11
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Foreword                                                                                             Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

           Although most preventive services target high-burden conditions, not all are equally effective in reducing
           disease, and each service has its own cost. A 2006 study ranked the 25 clinical preventive services and
           groups of services recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force or the Advisory Committee
           on Immunization Practices for the U.S. general population based on the services' health impact and cost
           effectiveness (Maciosek, 2006 [M]).
           By focusing on services with relatively high health impact and favorable cost effectiveness, health care
           decision-makers can direct limited resources to a set of preventive services that produce the largest health
           improvements. The services in this guideline are organized into four groups, based on their evidence of
           effectiveness and their priority ranking, then listed alphabetically within the group. The levels are as follows:
               Level I              Preventive Services that providers and care systems must assess the need for and
                                    offer to each patient. These have the highest priority value. (Annotation #2)
               Level II             Preventive Services that providers and care systems should assess the need for and
                                    offer to each patient. These have value but less than those in Level I. (Annotation
                                    #3)
               Level III            Preventive Services for which the evidence is currently incomplete and/or high
                                    burden of disease and low cost of delivering the care. Providing these services is
                                    left to the judgment of individual medical groups, clinicians and their
                                    patients. (Annotation #4)
               Level IV             Preventive services that are not supported by evidence and not recommended.
                                    (Annotation #5)
           Level I preventive services are worthy of attention at every opportunity. Busy clinicians may not be able
           to deliver this many services in any single encounter. However, with systems in place to track whether
           or not patients are up to date with the high-priority preventive services recommended for their age group,
           clinicians can offer the high-priority services as opportunities present.
           Level II services have been shown to be effective and should be provided whenever possible. If systems/
           care management teams are successful in keeping patients up to date with high-priority services during illness
           and disease management visits, preventive services in the second group can be delivered at any opportunity
           once Level I services are complete.
           Level III services could be left to the judgment of individual medical groups, clinicians and their patients.
           These services either have insufficient evidence to prove their effectiveness and/or have important harms.
           For these preventive services in particular, decisions about offering the service should be made based on
           shared decision making. It is important to remember that insufficient evidence does not mean the service is
           not effective, but rather that the current literature is not sufficient to say whether or not the service is effective.
           Level IV services are those with low predictive value and/or uncertain beneficial action for true positives.
           They may also be a combination of insufficient evidence, potential for harm in treatment, no defined benefit
           and/or overuse.

           Counseling Services
           While there is good evidence that modifying certain behaviors has positive health benefits (unsafe sex,
           accidents and safety, nutrition, physical activity), there is minimal evidence at present that screening for
           these conditions or asking about them in the context of a risk assessment, even if followed by advice from
           a physician or other provider, will result in a change in behavior or positive outcomes. Therefore, this
           guideline includes:
               •    minimal recommendations for risk assessment to drive counseling for what are largely lifestyle
                    issues,
                                                                                                        www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                           12
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Foreword                                                                                         Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

               •   specific recommendation that risk assessment and counseling about lifestyle not be considered
                   suitable parameters for systematic implementation measures, and
               •   counseling messages for those clinicians who want to provide such counseling or whose patients
                   express an interest in receiving this information.
           Nevertheless, there is no question that the elimination of the unhealthy behaviors addressed in this document
           would significantly reduce morbidity and mortality in the general population. Modifiable health behav-
           iors account for up to 50% of premature deaths in this country (Flegal, 2005 [C]). Furthermore, the main
           problem is the lack of good controlled trials of such counseling, not that there are trials showing mixed or
           no effects. Therefore, clinicians may choose to provide such counseling, even though we do not yet have
           a solid evidentiary basis for it.
           See also Appendix A, "Counseling Messages."

           Systematic Delivery of Care: Use Every Opportunity for Prevention
           Achieving the goal of most effectively providing preventive services requires a coordinated effort of the
           patient and all individuals providing care to that patient. Standing orders, task delegation, patient reminders
           and other automated systems are essential to ensuring the consistent delivery of preventive services; this
           cannot be done by individual clinicians relying solely on memory and good intentions.
           Nearly every patient contact for any reason should be used as an opportunity for prevention. All team
           members, at every visit, must be aware of those preventive services that are due and be able to easily facilitate
           their delivery. Reliance upon routine "checkup" appointments for the delivery of these services will result
           in many patients being missed, often those who may need these services the most. Continuity of care has
           been shown to improve the consistency with which services are delivered (Flores, 2008 [B]).

           Physical Exam
           The Preventive Services work group has begun a more thorough analysis of the evidence surrounding the
           use of the physical exam during the provision of preventive services for children. In many areas, there is
           insufficient evidence surrounding individual components of the physical exam. There are expert recommen-
           dations supporting individual components, but study of these elements has been limited by several factors,
           including the technical difficulty of consistent performance of some exam components, the relatively low
           frequency of the diseases that screening is searching for and lacking, and inconclusive or inadequate evidence
           of the effectiveness of intervention. We have begun a breakout of individual components of the exam in a
           separate section of this document. We plan to expand that section in future revisions to more completely
           visit all of the components of physical examination. We recognize that changing these elements will be
           difficult for some providers and some patients. Therefore, we leave the inclusion of specific components
           to the desires of individual medical groups. We encourage medical groups to focus on the provision of
           services that clearly have strongest evidence supporting their delivery.

           Prevention Visit Schedules
           The work group acknowledges that there are many visit schedules offered by both national (e.g., American
           Academy of Pediatrics [AAP]) and local advisory bodies, such as the Minnesota Cover All Kids Coalition.
           It is important to note that there is a paucity of data to support any particular visit schedule. The federal
           government requires individual states to provide preventive services as part of their participation in feder-
           ally funded health care programs. Each state is responsible for setting up its own recommended schedule.
           Most states use the American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendations for preventive pediatric health care
           as the basis for their requirements. Providers should take into consideration the frequency of required visits
           by their own individual state for this population as they design their system of care.


                                                                                                                  www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                     13
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Foreword                                                                                         Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

           There is insufficient evidence to recommend one schedule over another in terms of lowering mortality and
           morbidity; recognizing disability; promoting optimal growth and development; or helping patients achieve
           longer, more productive lives. Many services can be provided during routine visits. Similarly, an assess-
           ment of preventive services needs can be incorporated into any visit. The visit schedules recommended in
           these guidelines may augment a clinic's ability to assure provision of preventive services, but this may be
           unnecessary over time as effective clinic systems allow the services to be incorporated into other clinic visits.
           There have been no studies comparing the efficacy of various scheduled frequencies of preventive services
           visits. All existing schedules are attempts to combine various medical opinions with the frequency required
           for certain preventive services, especially immunizations.
           Please see Appendix B, "Visit Schedule," for a sample of well-child visits.

     Scope and Target Population
           The scope of this guideline is to provide a comprehensive approach to the provision of preventive services,
           counseling, education and disease screening for average-risk, asymptomatic individuals from birth through
           age 18. There are occasional exceptions to this for high-risk populations where noted.
           This guideline targets asymptomatic children seeking health care who would benefit from preventive services.
           This resource is intended to assist in the prioritization of screening maneuvers, testing and counseling oppor-
           tunities. It is not intended to diagnose or treat any condition. Consequently, once a health issue or condition
           has been uncovered, other guidelines (such as the ICSI Prevention and Management of Obesity [Mature
           Adolescents and Adults] guideline) will take precedence during any further diagnosis and management.

     Aim
           1. Increase the rate of pediatric patients on time with Level I preventive services. (Annotation #2)

     Clinical Highlights
           •   All clinic contacts – whether acute, chronic or for preventive service – are opportunities for prevention.
               Incorporate appropriate preventive services at every opportunity. (Annotation #1)
           •   Address or initiate child preventive services that providers and care systems must assess the need for
               and offer to each patient. These have the highest priority value. (Level I) (Annotation #2; Aim #1)
               -   Childhood immunization series
               -   Chlamydia screening (sexually active age 25 years and younger)
               -   Neonatal screening
               -   Vision impairment screening (age four years and younger)
           •   Provide timely feedback, appropriate interventions and optimal follow-up. (Annotation #6)




                                                                                                                  www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                     14
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Foreword                                                                                       Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

      Implementation Recommendation Highlights
           The following system changes were identified by the guideline work group as key strategies for health care
           systems to incorporate in support of the implementation of this guideline.
               1. The results of the health risk assessment questionnaire are used to identify needs for counseling
                  and other preventive services.
               2. Prioritization and implementation of preventive services should be part of the overall system and
                  should include the following:
                   •    Practice preventive services at every clinic opportunity while addressing high-priority services.
                   •    Individualize preventive services; regularly assess patient risk factors.
                   •    Provide education to patients/parents/guardians.
               3. Develop a plan for staff and provider education around preventive services and organizational goals
                  for implementation of preventive services (should also include education around "level" of service
                  and the rationale behind each level).
               4. Develop decision support processes in electronic medical record or for paper medical records to
                  support physicians and staff in delivery of specific components of Level 1 services.
               5. For those organizations with a paper medical record, create a "tickler" system that will generate
                  reminders for preventive services in order to support completion of recommended Level I services.
               6. Develop a "catch-up" plan for those patients who are on time with services by creating a tracking
                  system that allows for periodic medical record audits to identify patient gaps in preventive services.
               7. Develop a collaborative relationship with patients/parents/guardians in order to activate/motivate
                  them to practice preventive health while staying on time.
               8. Place throughout the facility patient education materials that focus on preventive services and the
                  importance of each. Materials may include, but are not limited to, posters, pamphlets, videos and
                  available Web sites, as well as services available in the community.

      Related ICSI Scientific Documents
           Guidelines
               •   Diagnosis of Breast Disease
               •   Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Illness in Children and Adults
               •   Immunizations
               •   Initial Management of Abnormal Cervical Cytology (Pap Smear) and HPV Testing
               •   Prevention and Management of Obesity (Mature Adolescents and Adults)
               •   Preventive Services for Adults
               •   Routine Prenatal Care




                                                                                                               www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                  15
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
                                                                                                 Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

Algorithm Annotations
      1. Use a Patient-Centered, Team-Based System and Appropriate
         Shared Decision Making for the Delivery of Preventive Services
           In order to provide consistent, high-quality care, the identification and delivery of preventive services needed
           by each patient requires a systematic care team-based approach rather than relying solely on the memory
           and actions of individual clinicians. Components of system support include not only standing orders, task
           delegation, and automatic reminders, but also concepts such as previsit planning, postvisit or between-visit
           outreach, decision support, system alerts, shared decision making, patient activation, and care management
           (Bodenheimer, 2003 [R]).
           In order to provide preventive services, it is first necessary to know which services are needed for individual
           patients. This includes both knowing when the last services were provided and an evaluation of individual
           risk factors. The ICSI guideline Primary Prevention of Chronic Disease can be a helpful starting point. As
           the dates of latest service and risk factors are identified, they should be recorded in the medical record in a
           way that facilitates visualization and action during visits.
           In order to facilitate the necessary prioritization of services when time is limited, we have separated effec-
           tive services into two groups so that those services that have the largest impact and are most cost effective
           can be addressed first. The "must" versus "should" wording is meant to separate Level I and II services in
           terms of clinical actions and level of evidence. This prioritization can be used during individual patient
           visits, as well as by the clinic or medical group in developing or improving practice systems for addressing
           the needs of whole clinic populations.

           Incorporate Patient Preferences and Value, and Appropriate Shared Decision Making
           Shared decision making is a key part of patient-centered care. Patient-centered care is one of the six aims
           of the Institute of Medicine in Crossing the Quality Chasm and is defined as "care that is respectful of and
           responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values and ensuring that patient values guide all
           clinical decisions" (Institute of Medicine, 2001 [NA]).
           The decisions that people face in health care systems are complex and important. There is a need to balance
           potential benefits and risks. In many situations, there is not one best alternative based on medical evidence.
           Personal values and preferences play a large part in what an individuals' best choice might be.
           Shared decision making uses a structured process and specific tools to provide information to people and
           to encourage them to actively participate in decision making.
           Shared decision making has been shown to improve patient knowledge and clarity about preferences. It also
           may increase patient trust, compliance, and satisfaction with the decision process and the ultimate decision.
           Shared decision making may increase appropriate utilization of preventive services.
           Shared decision making has intrinsic value. Patient preferences matter, especially when making preference-
           sensitive decisions, where the best choice for the patient depends on his or her values and preferences.
           The medical evidence is clear; physicians generally do not know their patient's preferences unless they
           specifically ask about them. Therefore, in many situations, a "shared" rather than a "delegated" model for
           decision making is desirable.
           The final goal is to ensure that medical decisions are well-informed by the best available evidence and
           consistent with patient preferences and values.



                                                                                                                 www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                    16
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Algorithm Annotations                                                                         Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

      2. Preventive Services That Providers and Care Systems Must
         Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient. These Have the
         Highest Priority Value. (Level I)
           Level I preventive services are worthy of attention at every opportunity. Busy clinicians cannot deliver this
           many services in any single encounter. However, with systems in place to track whether or not patients are
           up to date with the high-priority preventive services recommended for their age group, clinicians can offer
           the high-priority services as opportunities present.

           Childhood Immunizations Series (Level I)
           Service
           Providers must screen and immunize infants, children and adolescents for age-appropriate vaccines.




                                                                                                              www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                 17
                                                                                             25
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Algorithm Annotations                                                                    Sixteenth Edition/September 2010




           Counseling messages                                                                             7
           Educate parents to immunize children according to age-appropriate schedule.
           Related guidelines
           See the ICSI Immunizations guideline.

                                                                                                        www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                           18
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Algorithm Annotations                                                                               Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

           Chlamydia Screening (Sexually Active Age 25 Years and Younger) (Level I)
           Services
           Routine screening for chlamydia must be performed for all sexually active women aged 25 years and younger
           (Meyers, 2007 [M]; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002 [R]).
           Risk factors include:
               •     having new or multiple sex partners,
               •     having a prior history of a sexually transmitted infection (STI), and
               •     not using condoms consistently and correctly.
           Burden of suffering
           Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United States. An estimated
           three million new cases occur annually, with the majority being asymptomatic when initially infected. If
           left untreated, chlamydia infections can lead to serious complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease
           (PID), infertility and increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It has been shown
           that having a process to identify, test and treat women at risk for cervical chlamydia infections is associated
           with a decreased incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (Scholes, 1996 [A]).
           Efficacy
           The sensitivity of available screening tests for chlamydia infection is 80% and higher (Cook, 2005 [M]).
           The U.S. Preventive Service Task Force does not recommend a specific screening test as studies have gener-
           ally been performed in ideal circumstances in small populations with high prevalence rates. However, they
           concluded that nucleic acid amplification tests had higher sensitivities and specificities than older antigen
           detection tests and better sensitivities than culture (Meyers, 2007 [M]). Following detection, treatment with
           antibiotics approaches 100% efficacy. Two randomized studies have observed a decrease in pelvic inflam-
           matory disease following chlamydia screening (Østergaard, 2000 [C]; Scholes, 1996 [A]).

           Neonatal Screening (Level I)
           Service
           Screening in the first week of life for conditions that are initially asymptomatic but that result in serious health
           issues in the first month of life must be performed for hemoglobinopathies (Lin, 2007 [M]), phenylketonuria
           (Mabry-Hernandez, 2008 [M]) and hypothyroidism (Meyers, 2008 [M]) and other conditions according to
           state law.
           Efficacy
           Newborn screening for metabolic and other disorders is designed to detect infants with serious health condi-
           tions that are initially asymptomatic like inborn errors of metabolism and hypothyroidism. Early identification
           in many cases can avert a poor outcome for a child with various interventions, depending on the condition.
           There is strong evidence to support screening for hemoglobinopathies (Lin, 2007 [M]), phenylketonuria
           (Mabry-Hernandez, 2008 [M]) and hypothyroidism (Meyers, 2008 [M]). Approximately 4,000 infants per
           year are identified with a condition through the newborn metabolic screening program. Each state varies on
           the test required to be done by law, but a uniform approach with all states using mass spectrometry is being
           promoted by various national groups (http://www.mchb.hrsa.gov/screening). There is fair evidence that
           false positive results are not a burden for parents (Prosser, 2008 [D]). There is fair evidence that screening
           appears to be cost effective (Norman, 2009 [M]; Insigna, 2002 [M]).


                                                                                                                     www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                        19
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Algorithm Annotations                                                                            Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

           Counseling message
           All infants should receive a newborn metabolic screening test prior to hospital discharge, ideally when
           greater than 24 hours of age. Infants who receive screening before 24 hours of age should receive a repeat
           test before the second week of life.
           System alerts should provide notice of positive results. Appropriate follow-up services must be provided
           for any child with a positive test.

           Vision Impairment Screening (Age Four Years and Younger) (Level I)
           Service
           Vision screening must be performed for children age four years old and younger. Screening should be
           used to detect amblyopia, strabismus and defects in visual acuity. By age five, vision screening should be
           performed in the clinic or school as part of preschool screening (Kemper, 2004 [M]).
           Efficacy
           No direct evidence demonstrates that vision screening and early treatment in children lead to improved
           visual acuity and or other outcomes such as school performance. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
           concluded that effectiveness of screening in preschool children is supported by indirect evidence that screening
           is effective in identifying strabismus and amblyopia, treatment of strabismus and amplyopia is effective,
           and more intensive screening leads to improved visual acuity compared to usual screening (Kemper, 2004
           [M]). A single randomized control trial demonstrated that children randomized to more intensive screening
           between 8 and 37 months of age had a lower prevalence of severe amblyopia, and at 7.5 years of age, lower
           prevalence of amblyopia after treatment (Williams, 2001 [A]).
           A prospective study of two matched cohorts of over 700 preschool children each in Ontario found that 3%
           of children screened before entry to school had moderate to severe vision impairment (visual acuity 20/50
           or greater) compared to 6% of children in the matched cohort screened 6-12 months later, indicating that
           effectiveness of treatment is approximately 50% (Feldman, 1980 [B]). Those found to have vision problems
           using the illiterate E screening instrument were referred to their family doctor.
           Counseling messages
           Normal objective vision screening performed at schools need not be repeated by clinics for average-risk,
           asymptomatic children (Williams, 2001 [A]).

     3. Preventive Services That Providers and Care Systems Should
        Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient. These Have Value
        but Less than Those in Level I. (Level II)
           Level II services have been shown to be effective and should be provided whenever possible. If systems/
           care management teams are successful in keeping patients on time with high-priority services during illness
           and disease management visits, preventive services in the second group can be delivered.

           Breastfeeding Counseling (Level II)
           Service
           Promotion and support of breastfeeding should be provided (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2008 [R]).




                                                                                                                 www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                    20
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Algorithm Annotations                                                                          Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

           Efficacy
           Breastfeeding promotion interventions have resulted in significantly increased rates of short-term (one to
           three months) and long-term (six to eight months) exclusive breastfeeding. Additionally, combined pre-
           and postnatal breastfeeding interventions have a larger effect on breastfeeding durations than either alone.
           Lay support (peer support or peer counseling) has shown to increase short-term breastfeeding rates (Chung,
           2008 [M]).
           Breastfeeding has been shown to decrease the number of ear and gastrointestinal infections. The incidence
           of asthma, type 2 diabetes and obesity has also been shown to decrease with breastfeeding (U.S. Preven-
           tive Services Task Force, 2008 [R]). In the first study to look at the duration of breastfeeding and child
           maltreatment, the results found the odds ratio for maternal maltreatment decreases as breastfeeding duration
           increases (Strathearn, 2009 [B]).
           Counseling messages
           Birth-2 years
           Encourage:           •   Breastfeeding exclusively for the first six months, and up to one year
                                •   Supplementing breastfed infants with iron no later than age six months with iron-
                                    fortified cereals
                                •   Supplementing for breastfeeding with 400 IU/day vitamin D within two months for
                                    infants (Wagner, 2008 [R])
                                •   Pacifier use has not shown to affect breastfeeding duration or exclusivity (O'Connor,
                                    2009, [M])

           Depression Screening (Level II)
           Service
           Screen adolescents (ages 12-18) for major depressive disorder (MDD), but only when systems are in place in
           their organization to ensure accurate diagnosis, careful selection of treatment and close follow-up. There is
           insufficient evidence to recommend such screening for children ages 7-11 and no evidence about the optimal
           frequency of screening for any age group (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2009 [R]).
           Only two instruments have been specifically validated for use in screening adolescents in primary care
           settings – the PHQ-A and the BDI, with sensitivities of 73% and 94%, respectively, and specificities of
           91% and 91% (Johnson, 2002 [C]; Winter, 1999 [C]). However, the PHQ-A is modified from the PHQ-9
           by only asking for a Yes/No response to whether each symptom is present nearly every day. Therefore,
           it seems unlikely to be useful for monitoring severity over time and hasn't been tested for that purpose.
           Therefore, despite the absence of testing specifically among adolescents, the work group recommends the
           original PHQ-9 as a better choice for adolescents, as well.
           Efficacy
           The systems needed to provide evidence-based, more effective depression care include evaluation, registry,
           regular severity score assessment, tracking, treatment intensification, care manager, pre-arranged routine
           psychiatry consultation, and relapse prevention counseling. Unless these systems are functioning well,
           benefits from screening are unlikely to be realized.
           There is adequate evidence that treating adolescents with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
           (especially fluoxitine and citalopram), psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral or interpersonal) and combined
           therapy decreases major depressive disorder symptoms more than in controls. There are at least 18 fair or
           good-quality randomized controlled trials demonstrating efficacy (Williams, 2009 [M]. However, nearly all
           of these trials have taken place outside a primary care setting, so we are also relying on the assumption that

                                                                                                               www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                  21
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Algorithm Annotations                                                                         Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

           the very good evidence for efficacy in primary care in adults should apply to adolescents, as well (Williams,
           2007 [M]; Gilbody, 2003 [M]). There is inadequate evidence about harms from screening or psychotherapy,
           but there is convincing evidence for a small risk of increased suicidality from antidepressant treatments
           and an increased risk of conversion from a unipolar depressive disorder to a bipolar disorder. The U.S.
           Preventive Services Task Force meta-analysis of evidence from nine good-quality randomized control trials
           found an absolute risk of suicide-related adverse events (suicidal ideation, suicide attempts or preparatory
           actions for imminent suicide) of about 1% greater than in controls. However, no suicidal deaths occurred
           among the 2,000 adolescents involved in these trials (Williams, 2009 [M]). The U.S. Preventive Services
           Task Force concluded that because of this risk, SSRIs in adolescents "should only be considered if judicious
           clinical monitoring is possible" (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2009 [R]).
           Counseling messages
           There is no evidence that simple, brief messages have any effect.
           Related guidelines
           ICSI Preventive Services for Adults guideline.
           ICSI Major Depression in Adults in Primary Care guideline.
           See the "Resources Table" section of the guideline for example of screening instruments.

           Folic Acid Chemoprophylaxis Counseling (Level II)
           Services
           Providers could counsel women of reproductive age to consume 400-800 micrograms of folic acid per day
           from food sources and/or supplements (Wolff, 2009b [M]).
           Efficacy
           Neural tube defects (NTDs) are common birth defects that affect approximately 3,000 pregnancies each
           year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004 [R]). The occurrence of neural tube defects is
           reduced by 50%-70% with the daily periconceptional consumption of 400-800 micrograms of folic acid
           (Medical Research Council Vitamin Study Research Group, 1991 [A]). Not all women receive adequate
           levels of folic acid in their diets, and the 2005 March of Dimes Gallup survey indicated the number taking
           daily supplements is declining. When asked what would motivate them to take a supplement, the most
           common reported needs were being sick or a doctor's recommendation (Centers for Disease Control and
           Prevention, 2005 [R]).
           Counseling messages
               •   Eat folic acid-rich foods and fortified foods such as dark green leafy vegetables; dried beans and
                   peas; whole grain, fortified enriched grain products and breakfast cereals; and citrus fruits and
                   berries.
               •   Take a vitamin supplement containing folic acid.
           Related guideline
           See the ICSI Routine Prenatal Care guideline.




                                                                                                              www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                 22
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Algorithm Annotations                                                                          Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

           Hearing Screening (Level II)
           Service
           Universal screening of infants for congenital hearing loss should be performed before one month of age
           (Nelson, 2008 [M]).
           Efficacy
           There is good evidence to recommend newborn hearing screening by otoacoustic emissions (OAE) and/or
           auditory brainstem response (ABR) prior to one month of age (Nelson, 2008 [M]). Screening for asymp-
           tomatic hearing impairment beyond age three is not recommended, although thorough follow-up should be
           provided for potential cases identified by symptoms or through school-based screening programs (Nelson,
           2008 [M]).
           The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force found good evidence to recommend universal newborn hearing
           screening. The testing methodology of a one- or two-step validated protocol showed high sensitivity (0.92)
           and specificity (0.98) for the two-step protocol (otoacoustic emissions followed by auditory brainstem
           response for those who failed otoacoustic emissions) (Kennedy, 2005 [C]). There is good evidence that
           screening improves outcomes (Wessex Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening Trial Group, 1998 [C]).
           Harms of screening in this age group were felt to be minimal.
           After age three, undetected hearing problems are rare, and the majority of cases can be identified by thorough
           examination of children with otitis media with effusion. There is insufficient evidence on the effectiveness
           of early detection in asymptomatic children (Nelson, 2008 [M]).

           Infant Sleep Positioning and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Counseling (Level
           II)
           Service
           Providers should ask about the child's sleep environment. Inform parents of importance of back sleeping
           position. Demonstrate the appropriate sleeping position when the patient is under medical care.
           Efficacy
           Stomach and side sleeping have been identified as a major risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome in
           various studies (Taylor, 1996 [C]). Since 1992, the frequency of stomach sleeping has decreased from over
           70% to 20% in U.S. infants and in that time, the sudden infant death syndrome rate has decreased by over
           50% (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005b [R]). Sudden infant death syndrome does continue to occur,
           and there is evidence that some populations of patients (Schlaud, 1999 [D]) and some health care providers
           (Bullock, 2004 [D]) have not received adequate information about proper sleeping position. There is good
           evidence that counseling about sleeping position and demonstration of appropriate sleeping position by
           health care providers increase the percentage of parents who choose to place their child in a back sleeping
           position (Moon, 2008 [D]; Colson, 2002 [D]; Schlaud, 1999 [D]). There is fair evidence that exclusive
           breastfeeding decreases the rate of sudden infant death syndrome (Vennemann, 2009a [C]). Other modifi-
           able environmental risk factors have been identified. This has led to further recommendations, including
           sleeping in the same room with parents but not in the same bed, avoiding head covering and loose soft objects
           around the infant, and the offering of pacifiers during sleep (Vennemann, 2009b [C]; Mitchell, 2008 [C];
           American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005b [R]). There has been evidence to support that pacifier use has not
           shown to have an affect on breastfeeding duration or exclusivity (O'Connor, 2009 [M]).
           Burden of suffering
           According to the annual summary of Vital Statistics: 2004, sudden infant death syndrome is one of five
           causes attributing to more than half of all infant deaths in 2002 (Hoyert, 2006 [M]). In 1993 an estimated
                                                                                                             www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                  23
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Algorithm Annotations                                                                         Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

           58% of infants in the United States were placed to sleep on their stomachs (Taylor, 1996 [C]). Infants who
           sleep on their stomachs or side are at increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome. There has been a
           noted rise in the number of children who experience accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed. This
           mechanism continues to be a major contributor to death in infancy (Shapiro-Mendoza, 2009 [C]).
           Counseling message
           Infants should be placed on their back for sleep. Side sleeping is no longer recognized as an alternative
           position.
           Sleep position education should start in the newborn nursery. Health care workers should be careful to
           place babies on their back to demonstrate to parents the appropriate sleeping position. Continued work to
           educate all potential caregivers of infants should be supported.
           Infant sleep surfaces should be firm, and there should be no loose bedding or soft objects around the
           infant.
           Improved room ventilation by use of a fan may be an effective intervention for decreasing sudden infant
           death syndrome (Coleman-Phox, 2008 [C]).
           Parents should be encouraged not to smoke, as a no-smoking environment has many important health
           benefits. Smoking during pregnancy has been shown to be associated with increased risk of sudden infant
           death syndrome (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005b [R]).
           Approximate but separate sleeping environment and the use of pacifiers have been recommended (American
           Academy of Pediatrics, 2005b [R]).
           Exclusive breastfeeding may decrease the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, and given all of its other
           health benefits, should be strongly encouraged. Pacifier use has not been shown to affect breastfeeding
           duration or exclusivity (O'Connor, 2009 [M]). O'Connor performed a systematic review of four randomized
           control trials, 20 cohort studies and five cross-sectional studies to support this.

           Motor Vehicle Safety Screening and Counseling (Level II)
           Service
           Providers should ask the following:
               Ask about the use of car seats, booster seats and seat belts in the family.
               Ask about helmet use in recreational activities.
           Efficacy
           An updated review of the effectiveness of counseling for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force found
           a small number of poor to fair studies of counseling to promote child safety seats that were conducted in
           years prior to the current environment of legislative and community interventions that have improved child
           seat use. Therefore, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force found insufficient evidence to issue a recom-
           mendation for or against counseling to promote proper safety and booster seat use (Willams, 2007 [M]).
           In the absence of better evidence, a choice to provide counseling can be supported by indirect evidence of
           counseling effectiveness (short-term effects reported in earlier studies), the high relative burden of motor
           vehicle injuries in young children, and the low cost of counseling.
           Although the effectiveness of counseling is unclear, studies have found child seats to be effective. A recent
           study found that child safety seats are more effective than lap-shoulder safety belts for children ages two
           to three years, when seated in the rear. The study also concluded that laws requiring child safety seats for
           children younger than four years have a sound basis and recommends they remain in force (Zaloshnja,
           2007 [B]). Another study on children ages two through six years was conducted for effectiveness on child
                                                                                                               www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                24
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Algorithm Annotations                                                                           Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

           restraint systems over seat belt use alone. The study's data indicated a 21% reduction in mortality risk for
           children ages two years through six years when a child restraint system was used over seat belts. The study
           recommends continued promotion of child restraint systems through laws and with education and disburse-
           ment programs (Elliott, 2006 [B]).
           Unrestrained children are over 10 times as likely to die in a motor vehicle crash than are restrained children,
           although these data come from studies with important design limitations. Other studies suggest that child
           safety seats can reduce serious injury by 67% and mortality by 71%. Child restraints may also reduce non-
           crash injuries to child passengers by preventing falls both within and out of the vehicle (Williams, 2007
           [M]). Belt-positioning booster seats have been shown to decrease the risk of injury by 59% in children
           ages 4-7 years (Durbin, 2003 [C]).
           Persons who wear safety helmets while operating or riding on motorcycles can reduce their risk of injury or
           death from head trauma in the event of a crash. Head injury rates are reduced by about 75% in motorcyclists
           who wear safety helmets.
           Counseling messages
           Age Group            Counseling Messages
           Birth-9 years        •   Install and use federally approved child safety seats.
                                •   Provide resources on using car seats appropriately, such as advising the patient to
                                    have a demonstration or check of proper seat installation.
                                •   Use a rear-facing car seat until height/weight are achieved as recommended by care
                                    seat manufacturer and according to state law (Bull, 2008 [R]; Henary, 2007 [C]).
                                •   Children ages 12 years and younger should not be placed in any seat with an air
                                    bag. (Best: middle rear seat)
                                •   Expect that a rear-facing child may, over time, need to bend his/her legs but this
                                    poses less risk than turning a child front facing too early. Loosening belts poses a
                                    safety risk, as well.
                                •   All children under four years of age must ride in five-point restraint car seat (AAP,
                                    2002 [R]).
                                •   Discuss the fact that children between ages four and nine years and weighing less
                                    than 80 pounds and having height less than four feet nine inches should be in a
                                    belt-positioning booster seat (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2002 [R]). Refer
                                    to local state laws.
           All individuals, including older children and drivers of motor vehicles with child passengers
                                •   Discuss always wearing a safety belt when driving or riding in a car (Minnesota
                                    Statute 169.686). Discuss the fact that 50% of death and disability from motor
                                    vehicle accidents can be prevented when passengers wear seat belts.
                                •   Discuss the importance of properly installing child safety seats.
                                •   Do not drive or ride in a motor vehicle when the driver is under the influence of
                                    alcohol or drugs.
                                •   Discuss the fact that passengers should not ride in cargo areas of any vehicle.
                                •   Discuss that car seat restraints were not designed to be fastened over heavy winter
                                    clothing, but over indoor clothing.
                                •   The safest way to travel is to ensure that EVERYONE in the vehicle is correctly
                                    buckled up and that all children under age 13 ride in the back seat.
                                •   Front passenger seats should be moved as far back as possible (Minnesota Depart-
                                    ment of Public Safety).
                                •   Motorcycle riders should always wear helmets to reduce the risk of head injury.

                                                                                                                www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                   25
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Algorithm Annotations                                                                           Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

           Obesity Screening (Level II)
           Service
           Height, weight and body mass index should be recorded annually beginning at age two as part of a normal
           visit schedule.
           Efficacy
           The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded there was "insufficient evidence to recommend for or
           against routine screening for overweight in children and adolescents." However, in a separate summary
           article they noted, "Because existing trials report modest short- to medium-term improvements (~10-20%
           decrease in percentage of overweight), overweight improvements among children and adolescents seem
           possible." They found "fair" evidence that body mass index is a reasonable measure for identifying those
           who are overweight (Whitlock, 2005 [R]). See Appendix C, "Body Mass Index-for-Age Percentiles."
           The ICSI Prevention and Management of Obesity (Mature Adolescents and Adults) guideline recommends
           measuring height, weight and body mass index annually. This guideline also recommends addressing weight
           maintenance for those with body mass index in the normal range (18.5-24.9) because a substantial proportion
           may become overweight in the future. Children with body mass indexes in the overweight range were about
           5 times more likely to become overweight as adults. Those in the obese range were up to 20 times more
           likely to be overweight. Among boys, an elevated body mass index was also a predictor of hypertension
           in young adulthood (Field, 2005 [B]). Overweight and obesity during childhood were found to be strong
           predictors of obesity and coronary heart disease risks in young adults who were part of the Bogalusa Heart
           Study (Janssen, 2005 [B]).
           Plotting body mass index to note trends in weight change above or below the growth chart is recommended
           by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2005) and could be started at two years. For chil-
           dren below the 85th percentile, encourage wholesome eating and activity and reevaluate annually. Those
           between the 85th and 95th percentiles are considered overweight (rather than obese; however, obesity is a
           billable code, overweight is not). Further medical screening and behavioral management should be consid-
           ered (Himes, 1994 [R]); body mass index is not a precise indicator of the proportion of fat and lean tissue
           (Demerath, 2006 [M]).
           There is general consensus that energy expended in physical activity has the potential to affect energy balance
           and weight regulation. There is some evidence that physical activity can minimize weight gain (Jakicic,
           2002 [R]) and it reduces obesity-associated comorbidities, especially glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia
           (Roberts, 2003 [R]; Kang, 2002 [A]). However, physical activity alone cannot be expected to overcome
           unwholesome eating habits. Both must be balanced to prevent excessive weight gain.
           Additional topics receiving notice include soft drinks, portion sizes and television viewing or other sedentary
           activities. Decreasing caloric soft drink consumption can have a beneficial effect on body weight (Ebbeling,
           2006, [A]), and adolescents still obtain about half of their beverages at home (French, 2003 [M]), where there
           could be parental oversight. Television viewing not only affects lack of activity, but it also communicates
           behaviors related to food and diet that may not be wholesome (Eisenmann, 2002 [D]).
           Counseling messages
           Encourage wholesome eating and physical activity.
           2-18 years
           Encourage
               •     Consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products
               •     Limiting total fat, especially saturated, trans fats and cholesterol

                                                                                                                www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                   26
Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents
Algorithm Annotations                                                                            Sixteenth Edition/September 2010

               •     Daily participation of 30-60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity appropriate for
                     age
               •     Regular meals
           Discourage
               •     Foods with added sugars
               •     Sweetened beverages
               •     Television and video games; limit to one hour per day
           (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2005 [R])
           Related guideline
           ICSI's Prevention and Management of Obesity (Mature Adolescents and Adults)

           Oral Health Counseling and Treatments (Level II)
           Service
           Fluoride should be provided to prevent caries and cavities.
           Risk assessment including oral screening and referral for dental care should be provided for those at high risk.
           Counseling on oral health preventive measures should be provided.
           Efficacy
           The use of fluoride to prevent tooth decay can take multiple forms. In medical offices, recommendations
           to caregivers regarding the use of fluoride toothpaste and application of fluoride varnishes are effective
           approaches. The main potential complication of fluoride use is fluorosis.
           There is good-quality evidence that the topical daily application of 1,000-1,500 parts per million (ppm) of
           fluoride using toothpaste is effective in preventing cavities (Walsh, 2010 [M]). This has been evaluated
           in a recent meta-analysis that showed that the use of 1,000 ppm in toothpaste is safe, but that higher doses
           could result in fluorosis (Wong, 2010 [M]; Ismail, 2009 [R]). The use of a pea sized amount of toothpaste
           has been shown not to increase the rate of fluorosis (Pendrys, 2010 [C]). Brushing should be supervised in
           young children. The use of fluoride toothpaste was supervised in all studies up to the age of six. There is
           evidence that the use of fluoride toothpaste is safe after two years of age. The data about its use from age
           one to two is unclear. There is good-quality evidence to discourage its use prior to age one (Walsh, 2010
           [M]; Wong, 2010 [M]).
           The second method of fluoride delivery is the topical application of fluoride (fluoride varnish) in the office
           setting. This practice was recently evaluated in a meta-analysis, which showed that it was an effective
           intervention when targeted at those patients who were at higher risk for cavities (Marinho, 2009 [M];
           Weintraub, 2006 [A]).
           The delivery of this service is dependent on the risk assessment. Methods of risk assessment have been
           proposed, but studies to demonstrate effective risk assessment using validated tools have been lacking (Bader,
           2004 [R]). One good-quality prospective study of different risk assessment strategies showed effective-
           ness of screening by questionnaire or the combination of a questionnaire and examination (Gao, 2010 [C]).
           Access to dental care also can be difficult for those patients who are identified because there continues to
           be difficulty finding dentists who accept Medicaid (Lewis, 2009 [D]; Cruz, 2004 [C]).
           The final method of use of fluoride is supplementation. Most fluoride supplementation occurs through the
           delivery of fluoride in municipal water supplies. Patients should be encouraged to drink fluoridated tap
           water. When optimally fluoridated tap water is not available, oral supplementation has been recommended,

                                                                                                                 www.icsi.org
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement                                                                                    27
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010
Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

1 a transition from allopathic to integrated medical practice
1 a transition from allopathic to integrated medical practice1 a transition from allopathic to integrated medical practice
1 a transition from allopathic to integrated medical practiceLouis Cady, MD
 
End of life care
End of life careEnd of life care
End of life carepankaj rana
 
23. oncology and palliative care
23. oncology and palliative care23. oncology and palliative care
23. oncology and palliative careTehreem Anis
 
Palliative Care Boot Camp II
Palliative Care Boot Camp IIPalliative Care Boot Camp II
Palliative Care Boot Camp IIMike Aref
 
Palliative care and pediatrics
Palliative care and pediatricsPalliative care and pediatrics
Palliative care and pediatricsmayitoruiz
 
Spirituality and Medicine
Spirituality and MedicineSpirituality and Medicine
Spirituality and MedicineManoj Jain MD
 
The Nursing Role In Palliative Care
The Nursing Role In Palliative CareThe Nursing Role In Palliative Care
The Nursing Role In Palliative CareAl-Sadeel Society
 
Management of disease and person – palliative care in nigeria
Management of disease and person – palliative care in nigeriaManagement of disease and person – palliative care in nigeria
Management of disease and person – palliative care in nigeriaJPM.socialmedia
 
IV Jornada. Sp y práctica reflexiva f borrell_pompeu fabra_2011
IV Jornada. Sp y práctica reflexiva f borrell_pompeu fabra_2011IV Jornada. Sp y práctica reflexiva f borrell_pompeu fabra_2011
IV Jornada. Sp y práctica reflexiva f borrell_pompeu fabra_2011Sano y Salvo
 
Geriatric rehabilitation
Geriatric rehabilitationGeriatric rehabilitation
Geriatric rehabilitationArun Thulasi
 
What Can Palliative Care Do For You?
What Can Palliative Care Do For You?What Can Palliative Care Do For You?
What Can Palliative Care Do For You?Mike Aref
 
Cancer Palliative Care
Cancer Palliative CareCancer Palliative Care
Cancer Palliative CareEneutron
 
Psychosocial Aspects of Infertility - Jessie Priyanka.N
Psychosocial Aspects of Infertility - Jessie Priyanka.NPsychosocial Aspects of Infertility - Jessie Priyanka.N
Psychosocial Aspects of Infertility - Jessie Priyanka.NJessie Priyanka.N
 
Consolidating, Improving, and Novel Palliative Care: Order Sets
Consolidating, Improving, and Novel Palliative Care: Order SetsConsolidating, Improving, and Novel Palliative Care: Order Sets
Consolidating, Improving, and Novel Palliative Care: Order SetsMike Aref
 
Palliative Care Presentation
Palliative Care PresentationPalliative Care Presentation
Palliative Care Presentationguestfed9d3
 
Nursing and challenges for geriatric care in acute hospitals
Nursing and challenges for geriatric care in acute hospitalsNursing and challenges for geriatric care in acute hospitals
Nursing and challenges for geriatric care in acute hospitalsgrace lindsay
 
Difficult decisions in the ICU: ethics and end-of-life. Baystate Critical Car...
Difficult decisions in the ICU: ethics and end-of-life. Baystate Critical Car...Difficult decisions in the ICU: ethics and end-of-life. Baystate Critical Car...
Difficult decisions in the ICU: ethics and end-of-life. Baystate Critical Car...Suzana Makowski, MD MMM FACP
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

14. end life care critical care
14.  end life care critical care14.  end life care critical care
14. end life care critical care
 
1 a transition from allopathic to integrated medical practice
1 a transition from allopathic to integrated medical practice1 a transition from allopathic to integrated medical practice
1 a transition from allopathic to integrated medical practice
 
End of life care
End of life careEnd of life care
End of life care
 
23. oncology and palliative care
23. oncology and palliative care23. oncology and palliative care
23. oncology and palliative care
 
Palliative Care Boot Camp II
Palliative Care Boot Camp IIPalliative Care Boot Camp II
Palliative Care Boot Camp II
 
Palliative surgery
Palliative surgeryPalliative surgery
Palliative surgery
 
Homebased Care Shin
Homebased Care ShinHomebased Care Shin
Homebased Care Shin
 
Palliative care and pediatrics
Palliative care and pediatricsPalliative care and pediatrics
Palliative care and pediatrics
 
Spirituality and Medicine
Spirituality and MedicineSpirituality and Medicine
Spirituality and Medicine
 
The Nursing Role In Palliative Care
The Nursing Role In Palliative CareThe Nursing Role In Palliative Care
The Nursing Role In Palliative Care
 
Management of disease and person – palliative care in nigeria
Management of disease and person – palliative care in nigeriaManagement of disease and person – palliative care in nigeria
Management of disease and person – palliative care in nigeria
 
IV Jornada. Sp y práctica reflexiva f borrell_pompeu fabra_2011
IV Jornada. Sp y práctica reflexiva f borrell_pompeu fabra_2011IV Jornada. Sp y práctica reflexiva f borrell_pompeu fabra_2011
IV Jornada. Sp y práctica reflexiva f borrell_pompeu fabra_2011
 
Geriatric rehabilitation
Geriatric rehabilitationGeriatric rehabilitation
Geriatric rehabilitation
 
What Can Palliative Care Do For You?
What Can Palliative Care Do For You?What Can Palliative Care Do For You?
What Can Palliative Care Do For You?
 
Cancer Palliative Care
Cancer Palliative CareCancer Palliative Care
Cancer Palliative Care
 
Psychosocial Aspects of Infertility - Jessie Priyanka.N
Psychosocial Aspects of Infertility - Jessie Priyanka.NPsychosocial Aspects of Infertility - Jessie Priyanka.N
Psychosocial Aspects of Infertility - Jessie Priyanka.N
 
Consolidating, Improving, and Novel Palliative Care: Order Sets
Consolidating, Improving, and Novel Palliative Care: Order SetsConsolidating, Improving, and Novel Palliative Care: Order Sets
Consolidating, Improving, and Novel Palliative Care: Order Sets
 
Palliative Care Presentation
Palliative Care PresentationPalliative Care Presentation
Palliative Care Presentation
 
Nursing and challenges for geriatric care in acute hospitals
Nursing and challenges for geriatric care in acute hospitalsNursing and challenges for geriatric care in acute hospitals
Nursing and challenges for geriatric care in acute hospitals
 
Difficult decisions in the ICU: ethics and end-of-life. Baystate Critical Car...
Difficult decisions in the ICU: ethics and end-of-life. Baystate Critical Car...Difficult decisions in the ICU: ethics and end-of-life. Baystate Critical Car...
Difficult decisions in the ICU: ethics and end-of-life. Baystate Critical Car...
 

Similar a Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010

Voluntry councelling and testing by dr munawar khan
Voluntry councelling and testing by dr munawar khanVoluntry councelling and testing by dr munawar khan
Voluntry councelling and testing by dr munawar khanDr Munawar Khan
 
Harm Reduction february 2013 Nursing Education Saskatchewan
Harm Reduction february 2013 Nursing Education SaskatchewanHarm Reduction february 2013 Nursing Education Saskatchewan
Harm Reduction february 2013 Nursing Education Saskatchewangriehl
 
Opportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health Reform
Opportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health ReformOpportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health Reform
Opportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health ReformCDC NPIN
 
Opportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health Reform
Opportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health ReformOpportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health Reform
Opportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health ReformCDC NPIN
 
Session 11B - Increasing MTF Effectiveness & Efficiency
Session 11B - Increasing MTF Effectiveness & EfficiencySession 11B - Increasing MTF Effectiveness & Efficiency
Session 11B - Increasing MTF Effectiveness & EfficiencyMedXellence
 
Dr. barbara liu senior friendly hospitals
Dr. barbara liu   senior friendly hospitalsDr. barbara liu   senior friendly hospitals
Dr. barbara liu senior friendly hospitalsLornestar
 
001 holistic approach sick under 5 y.o.
001 holistic approach sick under 5 y.o.001 holistic approach sick under 5 y.o.
001 holistic approach sick under 5 y.o.syaija
 
The geriatric assessment
The geriatric assessmentThe geriatric assessment
The geriatric assessmentAbhishek Achar
 
Evidence based healthcare
Evidence based healthcareEvidence based healthcare
Evidence based healthcareAarti Sareen
 
PMTCT 2015.ppthjjhhyeikbdyygheiiheeuudjhh
PMTCT 2015.ppthjjhhyeikbdyygheiiheeuudjhhPMTCT 2015.ppthjjhhyeikbdyygheiiheeuudjhh
PMTCT 2015.ppthjjhhyeikbdyygheiiheeuudjhhLuckySimwiza
 
STD contol programme.pptx
STD contol programme.pptxSTD contol programme.pptx
STD contol programme.pptxArpanHajra
 
Legal and ethical aspect in Midwifery
Legal and ethical aspect in MidwiferyLegal and ethical aspect in Midwifery
Legal and ethical aspect in MidwiferyMOUMITA MANNA
 
4. concepts of prevention and contrl
4. concepts of prevention and contrl4. concepts of prevention and contrl
4. concepts of prevention and contrlAnup Kharde
 
Am 8.30 lee
Am 8.30 leeAm 8.30 lee
Am 8.30 leeplmiami
 

Similar a Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010 (20)

Voluntry councelling and testing by dr munawar khan
Voluntry councelling and testing by dr munawar khanVoluntry councelling and testing by dr munawar khan
Voluntry councelling and testing by dr munawar khan
 
Harm Reduction february 2013 Nursing Education Saskatchewan
Harm Reduction february 2013 Nursing Education SaskatchewanHarm Reduction february 2013 Nursing Education Saskatchewan
Harm Reduction february 2013 Nursing Education Saskatchewan
 
PP2.2
PP2.2PP2.2
PP2.2
 
FIMNCI
FIMNCIFIMNCI
FIMNCI
 
Fimnci
FimnciFimnci
Fimnci
 
Opportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health Reform
Opportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health ReformOpportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health Reform
Opportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health Reform
 
Opportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health Reform
Opportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health ReformOpportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health Reform
Opportunities for Expanding HIV Testing through Health Reform
 
Session 11B - Increasing MTF Effectiveness & Efficiency
Session 11B - Increasing MTF Effectiveness & EfficiencySession 11B - Increasing MTF Effectiveness & Efficiency
Session 11B - Increasing MTF Effectiveness & Efficiency
 
State of Wellness - CDC
State of Wellness - CDCState of Wellness - CDC
State of Wellness - CDC
 
Dr. barbara liu senior friendly hospitals
Dr. barbara liu   senior friendly hospitalsDr. barbara liu   senior friendly hospitals
Dr. barbara liu senior friendly hospitals
 
Session 4: Sheuan Lee, International Council of Nurses (ICN) / Practices and ...
Session 4: Sheuan Lee, International Council of Nurses (ICN) / Practices and ...Session 4: Sheuan Lee, International Council of Nurses (ICN) / Practices and ...
Session 4: Sheuan Lee, International Council of Nurses (ICN) / Practices and ...
 
001 holistic approach sick under 5 y.o.
001 holistic approach sick under 5 y.o.001 holistic approach sick under 5 y.o.
001 holistic approach sick under 5 y.o.
 
P4 Medicine Town Meeting
P4 Medicine Town MeetingP4 Medicine Town Meeting
P4 Medicine Town Meeting
 
The geriatric assessment
The geriatric assessmentThe geriatric assessment
The geriatric assessment
 
Evidence based healthcare
Evidence based healthcareEvidence based healthcare
Evidence based healthcare
 
PMTCT 2015.ppthjjhhyeikbdyygheiiheeuudjhh
PMTCT 2015.ppthjjhhyeikbdyygheiiheeuudjhhPMTCT 2015.ppthjjhhyeikbdyygheiiheeuudjhh
PMTCT 2015.ppthjjhhyeikbdyygheiiheeuudjhh
 
STD contol programme.pptx
STD contol programme.pptxSTD contol programme.pptx
STD contol programme.pptx
 
Legal and ethical aspect in Midwifery
Legal and ethical aspect in MidwiferyLegal and ethical aspect in Midwifery
Legal and ethical aspect in Midwifery
 
4. concepts of prevention and contrl
4. concepts of prevention and contrl4. concepts of prevention and contrl
4. concepts of prevention and contrl
 
Am 8.30 lee
Am 8.30 leeAm 8.30 lee
Am 8.30 lee
 

Más de NEOKIDS CORPORATIVO (20)

Recién Nacido Patológico
Recién Nacido PatológicoRecién Nacido Patológico
Recién Nacido Patológico
 
Hemotransfusion
HemotransfusionHemotransfusion
Hemotransfusion
 
Cuadro cronológico y linea del tiempo
Cuadro cronológico y linea del tiempoCuadro cronológico y linea del tiempo
Cuadro cronológico y linea del tiempo
 
Educación a Distancia y sus Características
Educación a Distancia y sus CaracterísticasEducación a Distancia y sus Características
Educación a Distancia y sus Características
 
El Crecimiento de Pinterest
El Crecimiento de PinterestEl Crecimiento de Pinterest
El Crecimiento de Pinterest
 
Interpretación Clínica de la Biometria hematica
Interpretación Clínica de la Biometria hematicaInterpretación Clínica de la Biometria hematica
Interpretación Clínica de la Biometria hematica
 
ICOGRAFIA COLESTEROL
ICOGRAFIA COLESTEROLICOGRAFIA COLESTEROL
ICOGRAFIA COLESTEROL
 
Guia neurodesarrollo
Guia neurodesarrolloGuia neurodesarrollo
Guia neurodesarrollo
 
Calcio en la niñez
Calcio en la niñezCalcio en la niñez
Calcio en la niñez
 
Al futuro
Al futuroAl futuro
Al futuro
 
Migraña en niños
Migraña en niñosMigraña en niños
Migraña en niños
 
Brainstorm
BrainstormBrainstorm
Brainstorm
 
Liquidos y Electrólitos en Pediatría
Liquidos y Electrólitos en PediatríaLiquidos y Electrólitos en Pediatría
Liquidos y Electrólitos en Pediatría
 
Medicina 2.0
Medicina 2.0Medicina 2.0
Medicina 2.0
 
Entorno personal de aprendizaje
Entorno personal de aprendizajeEntorno personal de aprendizaje
Entorno personal de aprendizaje
 
Resiliencia
ResilienciaResiliencia
Resiliencia
 
ELCAMELLOSABIO
ELCAMELLOSABIOELCAMELLOSABIO
ELCAMELLOSABIO
 
Guía Asma Soc. Japonesa
Guía Asma Soc. JaponesaGuía Asma Soc. Japonesa
Guía Asma Soc. Japonesa
 
GLOBALIZACION
GLOBALIZACIONGLOBALIZACION
GLOBALIZACION
 
INDICADORES
INDICADORESINDICADORES
INDICADORES
 

Último

Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) in Pharma-LikeWays.pptx
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) in Pharma-LikeWays.pptxGood Laboratory Practice (GLP) in Pharma-LikeWays.pptx
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) in Pharma-LikeWays.pptxLikeways
 
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.whalesdesign
 
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)Mohamed Rizk Khodair
 
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionEXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionkrishnareddy157915
 
World-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptx
World-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptxWorld-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptx
World-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptxsumanchaulagain3
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .Mohamed Rizk Khodair
 
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentCPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentsaileshpanda05
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)kishan singh tomar
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfMedicoseAcademics
 
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxBasic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxkomalt2001
 
Moving Forward After Uterine Cancer Treatment: Surveillance Strategies, Testi...
Moving Forward After Uterine Cancer Treatment: Surveillance Strategies, Testi...Moving Forward After Uterine Cancer Treatment: Surveillance Strategies, Testi...
Moving Forward After Uterine Cancer Treatment: Surveillance Strategies, Testi...bkling
 
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health CommunicationsUsing Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communicationskatiequigley33
 
General_Studies_Presentation_Health_and_Wellbeing
General_Studies_Presentation_Health_and_WellbeingGeneral_Studies_Presentation_Health_and_Wellbeing
General_Studies_Presentation_Health_and_WellbeingAnonymous
 
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfHongBiThi1
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationMedicoseAcademics
 
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Peter Embi
 
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.aarjukhadka22
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyMedicoseAcademics
 

Último (20)

Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) in Pharma-LikeWays.pptx
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) in Pharma-LikeWays.pptxGood Laboratory Practice (GLP) in Pharma-LikeWays.pptx
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) in Pharma-LikeWays.pptx
 
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
 
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
 
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionEXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
 
World-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptx
World-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptxWorld-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptx
World-TB-Day-2023_Presentation_English.pptx
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .
 
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentCPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
 
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxBasic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
 
Moving Forward After Uterine Cancer Treatment: Surveillance Strategies, Testi...
Moving Forward After Uterine Cancer Treatment: Surveillance Strategies, Testi...Moving Forward After Uterine Cancer Treatment: Surveillance Strategies, Testi...
Moving Forward After Uterine Cancer Treatment: Surveillance Strategies, Testi...
 
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health CommunicationsUsing Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
 
General_Studies_Presentation_Health_and_Wellbeing
General_Studies_Presentation_Health_and_WellbeingGeneral_Studies_Presentation_Health_and_Wellbeing
General_Studies_Presentation_Health_and_Wellbeing
 
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
 
Cone beam CT: concepts and applications.pptx
Cone beam CT: concepts and applications.pptxCone beam CT: concepts and applications.pptx
Cone beam CT: concepts and applications.pptx
 
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
 
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
 

Guia_PREVENCION NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES 2010

  • 1. ICS I I NSTITUTE FOR C LINICAL S Y S T E M S I M P ROV E M E N T Health Care Guideline: Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Sixteenth Edition September 2010 The information contained in this ICSI Health Care Guideline is intended primarily for health profes- sionals and the following expert audiences: • physicians, nurses, and other health care professional and provider organizations; • health plans, health systems, health care organizations, hospitals and integrated health care delivery systems; • health care teaching institutions; • health care information technology departments; • medical specialty and professional societies; • researchers; • federal, state and local government health care policy makers and specialists; and • employee benefit managers. This ICSI Health Care Guideline should not be construed as medical advice or medical opinion related to any specific facts or circumstances. If you are not one of the expert audiences listed above you are urged to consult a health care professional regarding your own situation and any specific medical questions you may have. In addition, you should seek assistance from a health care professional in interpreting this ICSI Health Care Guideline and applying it in your individual case. This ICSI Health Care Guideline is designed to assist clinicians by providing an analytical framework for the evaluation and treatment of patients, and is not intended either to replace a clinician's judgment or to establish a protocol for all patients with a particular condition. An ICSI Health Care Guideline rarely will establish the only approach to a problem. Copies of this ICSI Health Care Guideline may be distributed by any organization to the organization's employees but, except as provided below, may not be distributed outside of the organization without the prior written consent of the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement, Inc. If the organization is a legally constituted medical group, the ICSI Health Care Guideline may be used by the medical group in any of the following ways: • copies may be provided to anyone involved in the medical group's process for developing and implementing clinical guidelines; • the ICSI Health Care Guideline may be adopted or adapted for use within the medical group only, provided that ICSI receives appropriate attribution on all written or electronic documents; and • copies may be provided to patients and the clinicians who manage their care, if the ICSI Health Care Guideline is incorporated into the medical group's clinical guideline program. All other copyright rights in this ICSI Health Care Guideline are reserved by the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. The Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement assumes no liability for any adaptations or revisions or modifications made to this ICSI Health Care Guideline.
  • 2. ICS I I NSTITUTE FOR C LINICAL S Y S T E M S I M P ROV E M E N T Health Care Guideline: Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents A = Annotation Sixteenth Edition September 2010 1 4a Level III Use a patient-centered team-based system • Alcohol use screening and counseling and appropriate shared decision making for the • Blood lead screening delivery of preventive services • Clinical breast exam screening • Developmental/behavioral assessment screening • Domestic violence and abuse screening and counseling • Dyslipidemia screening • Dysplasia of the hip screening • Household and recreational injury prevention screening • Hyperbilirubinemia • Infectious disease prevention counseling 2 A Level I • Iron deficiency screening Preventive services that providers • Nutritional counseling and care systems must assess the need for • Preconception counseling and offer to each patient. These have the • Pregnancy prevention counseling highest priority value (see Table 1) • Scoliosis screening • Childhood immunization series • Secondhand smoke exposure • Chlamydia screening (sexually active counseling age 25 and younger) • Sexually transmitted infection • Neonatal screening counseling • Vision impairment screening (age four years and younger) • Sexually transmitted infection A screening (other than chlamydia) • Skin cancer screening and counseling • Undescended testicle screening 3 Level II A Preventive services that providers and care systems should assess the need for and offer to each patient. These have value but less than those in Level I (see Table 2) • Breastfeeding counseling 5 • Depression screening Level IV • Folic acid chemoprophylaxis counseling Preventive services that are not • Hearing screening supported by evidence and not • Infant sleep positioning and SIDS recommended counseling • Motor vehicle safety screening and • Blood chemistry screening counseling • Cervical cancer screening • Obesity screening • Child maltreatment screening • Oral health counseling and treatments • Hemoglobin (for anemia screening age • Tobacco use screening, prevention five years and older) and intervention in adolescents • Tuberculin screening (for average risk) • Urinalysis A A 4 Level III Preventive services for which the evidence is currently incomplete and/or high burden of disease and low cost of delivering care. Providing these services is left to the judgment of individual medical groups, clinicians and their patients (see box #4a for list of topics) A 6 Care coordination • Reinforce healthy lifestyle • Schedule follow-up visits A www.icsi.org Copyright © 2010 by Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 1
  • 3. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Table 1: Child Preventive Services That Providers and Care Systems Must Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient. These Have the Highest Priority Value (Level I) Level I preventive services are worthy of attention at every opportunity. Busy clinicians cannot deliver this many services in any single encounter. However, with systems in place to track whether or not patients are up to date with the high-priority preventive services recommended for their age group, clinicians can offer the high-priority services as opportunities present. Childhood Immunizations Series Routine Immunization Schedule for Infants, Children and Adolescents www.icsi.org 5 Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 2
  • 4. Table I: Child Preventive Services that Providers and Care Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Systems Must Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 7 www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 3
  • 5. Table I: Child Preventive Services that Providers and Care Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Systems Must Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 8 www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 4
  • 6. Table I: Child Preventive Services that Providers and Care Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Systems Must Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Service 0-2 years 2-6 years 7-12 years 13-18 years Chlamydia All sexually active Screening (sexually women age 25 years active age 25 years and younger and younger) Neonatal Screening Screen for hemoglobinopathies, phenylketonuria, hypothyroidism in the first week of life. Vision Impairment Recommended for Screening (age four children age four years years and younger) and younger. By age five, should be performed in the clinic or school as part of preschool screening. www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 5
  • 7. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Table 2: Child Preventive Services That Providers and Care Systems Should Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient. These Have Value but Less Than Those in Level I. (Level II) Level II services have been shown to be effective and should be provided whenever possible. If systems/care manage- ment teams are successful in keeping patients on time with high-priority services during illness and disease management visits, preventive services in the second group can be delivered. Service 0-2 years 2-6 years 7-12 years 13-18 years Breastfeeding Counseling Promote and support breastfeeding. Depression Screening Screen adolescents ages 12-18 for major depressive disorder when systems are in place for accurate diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Folic Acid Counsel women to Chemoprophylaxis consume 400-800 Counseling micrograms of folic acid per day from food sources or supplements. Hearing Screening Screen for congenital hearing loss before age one month. Infant Sleep Positioning and Ask about the child’s SIDS Counseling sleep environment. Inform parents to place infants on their back to sleep. Motor Vehicle Safety Ask about the use of car seats, booster seats and seat belts in the family. Ask about Screening and Counseling helmet use in recreational activities. Obesity Screening Record height, weight and calculate BMI annually. Oral Health Counseling and Fluoride should be provided to prevent caries and cavities. Risk assessment Treatment including oral screening and referral for dental care should be provided for those at high risk. Counseling on oral health preventive measures should be provided. Tobacco Use Screening, Establish tobacco use and secondhand exposure, offer tobacco cessation on a Prevention and Intervention regular basis. Provide brief intervention. in Adolescents www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 6
  • 8. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Preventive Services for Which the Evidence Is Currently Incomplete and/ or High Burden of Disease and Low Cost of Delivering Care. Providing These Services Is Left to the Judgment of Individual Medical Groups, Clinicians and Their Patients (Level III) Level III services either have insufficient evidence to prove their effectiveness, have important harms, or both. For these preventive services in particular, decisions about offering the service should be based on Shared Decision Making. It is important to remember that insufficient evidence does not mean the service is not effective, but rather that the current literature is not sufficient to say whether or not the service is effective. • Alcohol use screening and counseling • Blood lead screening • Clinical breast exam screening • Developmental/behavioral assessment screening • Domestic violence and abuse screening and counseling • Dyslipidemia screening • Dysplasia of the hip screening • Household and recreational injury prevention screening • Hyperbilirubinemia • Infectious disease prevention counseling • Iron deficiency screening • Nutritional counseling • Preconception counseling • Pregnancy prevention counseling • Scoliosis screening • Secondhand smoke exposure counseling • Sexually transmitted infection counseling • Sexually transmitted infection screening (other than chlamydia) • Skin cancer screening and counseling • Undescended testicle screening www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 7
  • 9. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Preventive Services That Are Not Supported by Evidence and Not Recommended (Level IV) Level IV services are those with low predictive value and/or uncertain beneficial action for true positives. • Blood chemistry screening • Cervical cancer screening • Child maltreatment screening • Hemoglobin (for anemia screening age five years and older) • Tuberculin screening (for average risk) • Urinalysis www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 8
  • 10. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Table of Contents Work Group Leader Algorithms and Annotations ........................................................................................1-49 Lawrence Morrissey, MD Algorithm ............................................................................................................................1 Pediatrics, Stillwater Medical Group Table 1: Child Preventive Services That Providers and Care Systems Must Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient. These Have the Highest Work Group Members Advanced Practitioner Priority Value. (Level I)...............................................................................................2-5 Leslie C. Milteer, PA-C Table 2: Child Preventive Services That Providers and Care Systems Should Assess University of Minnesota the Need for and Offer to Each Patient. These Have Value but Less Physicians Than Those in Level I. (Level II) ................................................................................... 6 Jessica Morgan, FNP Preventive Services for Which the Evidence Is Currently Incomplete and/or High Superior Health Center Burden of Disease and Low Cost of Delivering Care. Providing These Services Is Family Medicine Left to the Judgment of Individual Medical Groups, Clinicians and Their Patients Don Pine, MD (Level III) ....................................................................................................................... 7 Park Nicollet Health Services Preventive Services That Are Not Supported by Evidence and Not Recommended Leif Solberg, MD HealthPartners Medical (Level IV) ....................................................................................................................... 8 Group Disclosure of Potential Conflict of Interest ....................................................................... 10 John M. Wilkinson, MD Description of Evidence Grading ...................................................................................... 10 Mayo Clinic Foreword Health Education Lisa Harvey, RD, MPH Introduction ............................................................................................................. 11-14 Park Nicollet Health Services Scope and Target Population........................................................................................ 14 Internal Medicine/ Aim .............................................................................................................................. 14 Geriatrics Clinical Highlights ....................................................................................................... 14 Peter Rothe, MD, FACP Implementation Recommendation Highlights ............................................................. 15 HealthPartners Medical Related ICSI Scientific Documents ............................................................................. 15 Group Annotations .................................................................................................................. 16-49 Internal Medicine Quality Improvement Support ..................................................................................50-59 Susan Diem, MD, MPH University of Minnesota Aims and Measures ........................................................................................................... 51 Physicians Measurement Specifications ...................................................................................52-53 Nursing Implementation Recommendations ................................................................................... 54 Pamela R. Stultz, RN Resources........................................................................................................................... 55 Fairview Health Services Resources Table ............................................................................................................56-59 OB/GYN Sheila Goodman, MD Supporting Evidence.....................................................................................................60-78 Obstetrics and Gynecology References ....................................................................................................................61-71 Associates, PA Appendices ................................................................................................................... 72-78 Pediatrics Appendix A – Counseling Messages....................................................................... 72-73 Melissa Hessel, MD Marshfield Clinic Appendix B – Visit Schedule ........................................................................................74 Carolyn McKay, MD Appendix C – Body Mass Index-for-Age Percentiles ............................................ 75-76 Fairview Health Services Appendix D – Injury Prevention Counseling Messages ......................................... 77-78 Research Document History, Development and Acknowledgements ...............................79-82 Michael Maciosek, PhD Document History ....................................................................................................... 79-81 HealthPartners Medical Group ICSI Document Development and Revision Process ........................................................82 Facilitators Melissa Cella, MHA, MPA ICSI Gail Hunt, BA ICSI Melissa Marshall, MBA ICSI www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 9
  • 11. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Disclosure of Potential Conflict of Interest In the interest of full disclosure, ICSI has adopted a policy of revealing relationships work group members have with companies that sell products or services that are relevant to this guideline topic. It is not assumed that these financial interests will have an adverse impact on content. They are simply noted here to fully inform users of the guideline. Larry Morrissey, MD declared that Stillwater Medical Group received funding for shared decision-making implementation from The Foundation for Informed Medical Decision Making. Michael Maciosek, PhD declared that HealthPartners Research Foundation received research funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and WellPoint Foundation. Melissa Hessel, MD declared receipt of an honorarium from Harris Interactive Physician Poll for comple- tion of several online surveys. No other work group members have potential conflicts of interest to disclose. Evidence Grading A consistent and defined process is used for literature search and review for the development and revision of ICSI guidelines. Literature search terms for the current revision of this document include: breastfeeding counseling, hyperbilirubinemia, kernicterus, oral health counseling, oral health treatment, fluoride varnish, fluoride, fluorosis, cervical cancer screening, depression screening, children/child, adolescents. Individual research reports are assigned a letter indicating the class of report based on design type: A, B, C, D, M, R, X. Evidence citations are listed in the document utilizing this format: (Author, YYYY [report class]; Author, YYYY [report class] – in chronological order, most recent date first). A full explanation of ICSI's Evidence Grading System can be found on the ICSI Web site at http://www.icsi.org. Class Description Primary Reports of New Data Collections A Randomized, controlled trial B Cohort-study C Non-randomized trial with concurrent or historical controls Case-control study Study of sensitivity and specificity of a diagnostic test Population-based descriptive study D Cross-sectional study Case series Case report Reports that Synthesize or Reflect upon Collections of Primary Reports M Meta-analysis Sytematic review Decision analysis Cost-effectiveness analysis R Consensus statement Consensus report Narrative review X Medical opinion www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 10
  • 12. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Foreword Introduction This guideline encompasses preventive services including screening maneuvers, health behavior counseling and disease screening for average-risk asymptomatic children. It represents a synthesis of recommenda- tions from other ICSI guidelines, primary evidence through literature reviews, recommendations from other organizations (particularly the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force) and work group consensus. Insofar as possible, the work group have relied on their judgment of the best scientific evidence, but when the scientific data are lacking or the evidence is equivocal, the work group has provided a preference-based approach, allowing patients/parents and providers to use shared decision making about specific preventive interventions. For pediatric care, the majority of preventive services are often centered around well-child visits. While these visits can serve as a framework for recommended interventions, it is important to recognize that any encounter can be used as an opportunity for initiating preventive services. Because there is limited evidence for many interventions in pediatrics, those services that have direct evidence should be given highest priority. Other interventions and counseling should be done on a discretionary basis, determined by the risks and needs identified for that individual. Organizing a Practice for Delivery of Preventive Services It is our assumption that this guideline will primarily serve as a guide for medical groups to develop prac- tice systems for their delivery. While individual clinicians are welcome to refer to this guide, we do not expect that to be common; it certainly is not the best way to provide important services at high rates. Such an achievement clearly requires the establishment of systems that rely on standing orders, task delegation, reminders and other automatic ways to identify needs and provide the services. Patient-Centered Care: Shared Decision Making and Patient Activation Shared decision making is an approach that relies on a more structured process and specific tools to provide patients to encourage them to actively participate in decision making. Patients and families should have the opportunity to understand the risks and benefits of various preventive services. Personal values and preferences should also be considered in making health care choices. There is good evidence that well- designed decision aids can improve patient knowledge (O'Connor, 2007 [M]). These tools can help with decisional conflicts patients face. They help clarify the decision, identify decision-making needs, explore needs and how values relate to the decision, and plan next steps. Patients and families should be encouraged to actively participate in the process of decision making to the extent that they desire (Institute of Medicine, 2001 [NA]). The extent to which a preventive service is supported by the medical evidence should be clearly and consistently communicated to all patients. Prioritization among Preventive Services Virtually all clinical preventive services that are known to be effective address diseases of high health and financial burden. However, it may not be feasible to deliver all effective preventive services in the current health care system. It has been estimated that providing all clinical preventive services recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force would require 7.4 hours of primary care clinician time each day (Yarnall, 2003 [M]). Therefore, health systems, large medical groups and small primary care practices must decide which of the effective preventive services to emphasize. To assist in the decision making, the work group has prioritized the services, which are ranked by evidence of effectiveness, based upon the sum of their clinically preventable burden and cost effectiveness. www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 11
  • 13. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Foreword Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Although most preventive services target high-burden conditions, not all are equally effective in reducing disease, and each service has its own cost. A 2006 study ranked the 25 clinical preventive services and groups of services recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force or the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for the U.S. general population based on the services' health impact and cost effectiveness (Maciosek, 2006 [M]). By focusing on services with relatively high health impact and favorable cost effectiveness, health care decision-makers can direct limited resources to a set of preventive services that produce the largest health improvements. The services in this guideline are organized into four groups, based on their evidence of effectiveness and their priority ranking, then listed alphabetically within the group. The levels are as follows: Level I Preventive Services that providers and care systems must assess the need for and offer to each patient. These have the highest priority value. (Annotation #2) Level II Preventive Services that providers and care systems should assess the need for and offer to each patient. These have value but less than those in Level I. (Annotation #3) Level III Preventive Services for which the evidence is currently incomplete and/or high burden of disease and low cost of delivering the care. Providing these services is left to the judgment of individual medical groups, clinicians and their patients. (Annotation #4) Level IV Preventive services that are not supported by evidence and not recommended. (Annotation #5) Level I preventive services are worthy of attention at every opportunity. Busy clinicians may not be able to deliver this many services in any single encounter. However, with systems in place to track whether or not patients are up to date with the high-priority preventive services recommended for their age group, clinicians can offer the high-priority services as opportunities present. Level II services have been shown to be effective and should be provided whenever possible. If systems/ care management teams are successful in keeping patients up to date with high-priority services during illness and disease management visits, preventive services in the second group can be delivered at any opportunity once Level I services are complete. Level III services could be left to the judgment of individual medical groups, clinicians and their patients. These services either have insufficient evidence to prove their effectiveness and/or have important harms. For these preventive services in particular, decisions about offering the service should be made based on shared decision making. It is important to remember that insufficient evidence does not mean the service is not effective, but rather that the current literature is not sufficient to say whether or not the service is effective. Level IV services are those with low predictive value and/or uncertain beneficial action for true positives. They may also be a combination of insufficient evidence, potential for harm in treatment, no defined benefit and/or overuse. Counseling Services While there is good evidence that modifying certain behaviors has positive health benefits (unsafe sex, accidents and safety, nutrition, physical activity), there is minimal evidence at present that screening for these conditions or asking about them in the context of a risk assessment, even if followed by advice from a physician or other provider, will result in a change in behavior or positive outcomes. Therefore, this guideline includes: • minimal recommendations for risk assessment to drive counseling for what are largely lifestyle issues, www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 12
  • 14. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Foreword Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 • specific recommendation that risk assessment and counseling about lifestyle not be considered suitable parameters for systematic implementation measures, and • counseling messages for those clinicians who want to provide such counseling or whose patients express an interest in receiving this information. Nevertheless, there is no question that the elimination of the unhealthy behaviors addressed in this document would significantly reduce morbidity and mortality in the general population. Modifiable health behav- iors account for up to 50% of premature deaths in this country (Flegal, 2005 [C]). Furthermore, the main problem is the lack of good controlled trials of such counseling, not that there are trials showing mixed or no effects. Therefore, clinicians may choose to provide such counseling, even though we do not yet have a solid evidentiary basis for it. See also Appendix A, "Counseling Messages." Systematic Delivery of Care: Use Every Opportunity for Prevention Achieving the goal of most effectively providing preventive services requires a coordinated effort of the patient and all individuals providing care to that patient. Standing orders, task delegation, patient reminders and other automated systems are essential to ensuring the consistent delivery of preventive services; this cannot be done by individual clinicians relying solely on memory and good intentions. Nearly every patient contact for any reason should be used as an opportunity for prevention. All team members, at every visit, must be aware of those preventive services that are due and be able to easily facilitate their delivery. Reliance upon routine "checkup" appointments for the delivery of these services will result in many patients being missed, often those who may need these services the most. Continuity of care has been shown to improve the consistency with which services are delivered (Flores, 2008 [B]). Physical Exam The Preventive Services work group has begun a more thorough analysis of the evidence surrounding the use of the physical exam during the provision of preventive services for children. In many areas, there is insufficient evidence surrounding individual components of the physical exam. There are expert recommen- dations supporting individual components, but study of these elements has been limited by several factors, including the technical difficulty of consistent performance of some exam components, the relatively low frequency of the diseases that screening is searching for and lacking, and inconclusive or inadequate evidence of the effectiveness of intervention. We have begun a breakout of individual components of the exam in a separate section of this document. We plan to expand that section in future revisions to more completely visit all of the components of physical examination. We recognize that changing these elements will be difficult for some providers and some patients. Therefore, we leave the inclusion of specific components to the desires of individual medical groups. We encourage medical groups to focus on the provision of services that clearly have strongest evidence supporting their delivery. Prevention Visit Schedules The work group acknowledges that there are many visit schedules offered by both national (e.g., American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP]) and local advisory bodies, such as the Minnesota Cover All Kids Coalition. It is important to note that there is a paucity of data to support any particular visit schedule. The federal government requires individual states to provide preventive services as part of their participation in feder- ally funded health care programs. Each state is responsible for setting up its own recommended schedule. Most states use the American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendations for preventive pediatric health care as the basis for their requirements. Providers should take into consideration the frequency of required visits by their own individual state for this population as they design their system of care. www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 13
  • 15. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Foreword Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 There is insufficient evidence to recommend one schedule over another in terms of lowering mortality and morbidity; recognizing disability; promoting optimal growth and development; or helping patients achieve longer, more productive lives. Many services can be provided during routine visits. Similarly, an assess- ment of preventive services needs can be incorporated into any visit. The visit schedules recommended in these guidelines may augment a clinic's ability to assure provision of preventive services, but this may be unnecessary over time as effective clinic systems allow the services to be incorporated into other clinic visits. There have been no studies comparing the efficacy of various scheduled frequencies of preventive services visits. All existing schedules are attempts to combine various medical opinions with the frequency required for certain preventive services, especially immunizations. Please see Appendix B, "Visit Schedule," for a sample of well-child visits. Scope and Target Population The scope of this guideline is to provide a comprehensive approach to the provision of preventive services, counseling, education and disease screening for average-risk, asymptomatic individuals from birth through age 18. There are occasional exceptions to this for high-risk populations where noted. This guideline targets asymptomatic children seeking health care who would benefit from preventive services. This resource is intended to assist in the prioritization of screening maneuvers, testing and counseling oppor- tunities. It is not intended to diagnose or treat any condition. Consequently, once a health issue or condition has been uncovered, other guidelines (such as the ICSI Prevention and Management of Obesity [Mature Adolescents and Adults] guideline) will take precedence during any further diagnosis and management. Aim 1. Increase the rate of pediatric patients on time with Level I preventive services. (Annotation #2) Clinical Highlights • All clinic contacts – whether acute, chronic or for preventive service – are opportunities for prevention. Incorporate appropriate preventive services at every opportunity. (Annotation #1) • Address or initiate child preventive services that providers and care systems must assess the need for and offer to each patient. These have the highest priority value. (Level I) (Annotation #2; Aim #1) - Childhood immunization series - Chlamydia screening (sexually active age 25 years and younger) - Neonatal screening - Vision impairment screening (age four years and younger) • Provide timely feedback, appropriate interventions and optimal follow-up. (Annotation #6) www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 14
  • 16. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Foreword Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Implementation Recommendation Highlights The following system changes were identified by the guideline work group as key strategies for health care systems to incorporate in support of the implementation of this guideline. 1. The results of the health risk assessment questionnaire are used to identify needs for counseling and other preventive services. 2. Prioritization and implementation of preventive services should be part of the overall system and should include the following: • Practice preventive services at every clinic opportunity while addressing high-priority services. • Individualize preventive services; regularly assess patient risk factors. • Provide education to patients/parents/guardians. 3. Develop a plan for staff and provider education around preventive services and organizational goals for implementation of preventive services (should also include education around "level" of service and the rationale behind each level). 4. Develop decision support processes in electronic medical record or for paper medical records to support physicians and staff in delivery of specific components of Level 1 services. 5. For those organizations with a paper medical record, create a "tickler" system that will generate reminders for preventive services in order to support completion of recommended Level I services. 6. Develop a "catch-up" plan for those patients who are on time with services by creating a tracking system that allows for periodic medical record audits to identify patient gaps in preventive services. 7. Develop a collaborative relationship with patients/parents/guardians in order to activate/motivate them to practice preventive health while staying on time. 8. Place throughout the facility patient education materials that focus on preventive services and the importance of each. Materials may include, but are not limited to, posters, pamphlets, videos and available Web sites, as well as services available in the community. Related ICSI Scientific Documents Guidelines • Diagnosis of Breast Disease • Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Illness in Children and Adults • Immunizations • Initial Management of Abnormal Cervical Cytology (Pap Smear) and HPV Testing • Prevention and Management of Obesity (Mature Adolescents and Adults) • Preventive Services for Adults • Routine Prenatal Care www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 15
  • 17. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Algorithm Annotations 1. Use a Patient-Centered, Team-Based System and Appropriate Shared Decision Making for the Delivery of Preventive Services In order to provide consistent, high-quality care, the identification and delivery of preventive services needed by each patient requires a systematic care team-based approach rather than relying solely on the memory and actions of individual clinicians. Components of system support include not only standing orders, task delegation, and automatic reminders, but also concepts such as previsit planning, postvisit or between-visit outreach, decision support, system alerts, shared decision making, patient activation, and care management (Bodenheimer, 2003 [R]). In order to provide preventive services, it is first necessary to know which services are needed for individual patients. This includes both knowing when the last services were provided and an evaluation of individual risk factors. The ICSI guideline Primary Prevention of Chronic Disease can be a helpful starting point. As the dates of latest service and risk factors are identified, they should be recorded in the medical record in a way that facilitates visualization and action during visits. In order to facilitate the necessary prioritization of services when time is limited, we have separated effec- tive services into two groups so that those services that have the largest impact and are most cost effective can be addressed first. The "must" versus "should" wording is meant to separate Level I and II services in terms of clinical actions and level of evidence. This prioritization can be used during individual patient visits, as well as by the clinic or medical group in developing or improving practice systems for addressing the needs of whole clinic populations. Incorporate Patient Preferences and Value, and Appropriate Shared Decision Making Shared decision making is a key part of patient-centered care. Patient-centered care is one of the six aims of the Institute of Medicine in Crossing the Quality Chasm and is defined as "care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions" (Institute of Medicine, 2001 [NA]). The decisions that people face in health care systems are complex and important. There is a need to balance potential benefits and risks. In many situations, there is not one best alternative based on medical evidence. Personal values and preferences play a large part in what an individuals' best choice might be. Shared decision making uses a structured process and specific tools to provide information to people and to encourage them to actively participate in decision making. Shared decision making has been shown to improve patient knowledge and clarity about preferences. It also may increase patient trust, compliance, and satisfaction with the decision process and the ultimate decision. Shared decision making may increase appropriate utilization of preventive services. Shared decision making has intrinsic value. Patient preferences matter, especially when making preference- sensitive decisions, where the best choice for the patient depends on his or her values and preferences. The medical evidence is clear; physicians generally do not know their patient's preferences unless they specifically ask about them. Therefore, in many situations, a "shared" rather than a "delegated" model for decision making is desirable. The final goal is to ensure that medical decisions are well-informed by the best available evidence and consistent with patient preferences and values. www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 16
  • 18. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Algorithm Annotations Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 2. Preventive Services That Providers and Care Systems Must Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient. These Have the Highest Priority Value. (Level I) Level I preventive services are worthy of attention at every opportunity. Busy clinicians cannot deliver this many services in any single encounter. However, with systems in place to track whether or not patients are up to date with the high-priority preventive services recommended for their age group, clinicians can offer the high-priority services as opportunities present. Childhood Immunizations Series (Level I) Service Providers must screen and immunize infants, children and adolescents for age-appropriate vaccines. www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 17 25
  • 19. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Algorithm Annotations Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Counseling messages 7 Educate parents to immunize children according to age-appropriate schedule. Related guidelines See the ICSI Immunizations guideline. www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 18
  • 20. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Algorithm Annotations Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Chlamydia Screening (Sexually Active Age 25 Years and Younger) (Level I) Services Routine screening for chlamydia must be performed for all sexually active women aged 25 years and younger (Meyers, 2007 [M]; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002 [R]). Risk factors include: • having new or multiple sex partners, • having a prior history of a sexually transmitted infection (STI), and • not using condoms consistently and correctly. Burden of suffering Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United States. An estimated three million new cases occur annually, with the majority being asymptomatic when initially infected. If left untreated, chlamydia infections can lead to serious complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility and increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It has been shown that having a process to identify, test and treat women at risk for cervical chlamydia infections is associated with a decreased incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (Scholes, 1996 [A]). Efficacy The sensitivity of available screening tests for chlamydia infection is 80% and higher (Cook, 2005 [M]). The U.S. Preventive Service Task Force does not recommend a specific screening test as studies have gener- ally been performed in ideal circumstances in small populations with high prevalence rates. However, they concluded that nucleic acid amplification tests had higher sensitivities and specificities than older antigen detection tests and better sensitivities than culture (Meyers, 2007 [M]). Following detection, treatment with antibiotics approaches 100% efficacy. Two randomized studies have observed a decrease in pelvic inflam- matory disease following chlamydia screening (Østergaard, 2000 [C]; Scholes, 1996 [A]). Neonatal Screening (Level I) Service Screening in the first week of life for conditions that are initially asymptomatic but that result in serious health issues in the first month of life must be performed for hemoglobinopathies (Lin, 2007 [M]), phenylketonuria (Mabry-Hernandez, 2008 [M]) and hypothyroidism (Meyers, 2008 [M]) and other conditions according to state law. Efficacy Newborn screening for metabolic and other disorders is designed to detect infants with serious health condi- tions that are initially asymptomatic like inborn errors of metabolism and hypothyroidism. Early identification in many cases can avert a poor outcome for a child with various interventions, depending on the condition. There is strong evidence to support screening for hemoglobinopathies (Lin, 2007 [M]), phenylketonuria (Mabry-Hernandez, 2008 [M]) and hypothyroidism (Meyers, 2008 [M]). Approximately 4,000 infants per year are identified with a condition through the newborn metabolic screening program. Each state varies on the test required to be done by law, but a uniform approach with all states using mass spectrometry is being promoted by various national groups (http://www.mchb.hrsa.gov/screening). There is fair evidence that false positive results are not a burden for parents (Prosser, 2008 [D]). There is fair evidence that screening appears to be cost effective (Norman, 2009 [M]; Insigna, 2002 [M]). www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 19
  • 21. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Algorithm Annotations Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Counseling message All infants should receive a newborn metabolic screening test prior to hospital discharge, ideally when greater than 24 hours of age. Infants who receive screening before 24 hours of age should receive a repeat test before the second week of life. System alerts should provide notice of positive results. Appropriate follow-up services must be provided for any child with a positive test. Vision Impairment Screening (Age Four Years and Younger) (Level I) Service Vision screening must be performed for children age four years old and younger. Screening should be used to detect amblyopia, strabismus and defects in visual acuity. By age five, vision screening should be performed in the clinic or school as part of preschool screening (Kemper, 2004 [M]). Efficacy No direct evidence demonstrates that vision screening and early treatment in children lead to improved visual acuity and or other outcomes such as school performance. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded that effectiveness of screening in preschool children is supported by indirect evidence that screening is effective in identifying strabismus and amblyopia, treatment of strabismus and amplyopia is effective, and more intensive screening leads to improved visual acuity compared to usual screening (Kemper, 2004 [M]). A single randomized control trial demonstrated that children randomized to more intensive screening between 8 and 37 months of age had a lower prevalence of severe amblyopia, and at 7.5 years of age, lower prevalence of amblyopia after treatment (Williams, 2001 [A]). A prospective study of two matched cohorts of over 700 preschool children each in Ontario found that 3% of children screened before entry to school had moderate to severe vision impairment (visual acuity 20/50 or greater) compared to 6% of children in the matched cohort screened 6-12 months later, indicating that effectiveness of treatment is approximately 50% (Feldman, 1980 [B]). Those found to have vision problems using the illiterate E screening instrument were referred to their family doctor. Counseling messages Normal objective vision screening performed at schools need not be repeated by clinics for average-risk, asymptomatic children (Williams, 2001 [A]). 3. Preventive Services That Providers and Care Systems Should Assess the Need for and Offer to Each Patient. These Have Value but Less than Those in Level I. (Level II) Level II services have been shown to be effective and should be provided whenever possible. If systems/ care management teams are successful in keeping patients on time with high-priority services during illness and disease management visits, preventive services in the second group can be delivered. Breastfeeding Counseling (Level II) Service Promotion and support of breastfeeding should be provided (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2008 [R]). www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 20
  • 22. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Algorithm Annotations Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Efficacy Breastfeeding promotion interventions have resulted in significantly increased rates of short-term (one to three months) and long-term (six to eight months) exclusive breastfeeding. Additionally, combined pre- and postnatal breastfeeding interventions have a larger effect on breastfeeding durations than either alone. Lay support (peer support or peer counseling) has shown to increase short-term breastfeeding rates (Chung, 2008 [M]). Breastfeeding has been shown to decrease the number of ear and gastrointestinal infections. The incidence of asthma, type 2 diabetes and obesity has also been shown to decrease with breastfeeding (U.S. Preven- tive Services Task Force, 2008 [R]). In the first study to look at the duration of breastfeeding and child maltreatment, the results found the odds ratio for maternal maltreatment decreases as breastfeeding duration increases (Strathearn, 2009 [B]). Counseling messages Birth-2 years Encourage: • Breastfeeding exclusively for the first six months, and up to one year • Supplementing breastfed infants with iron no later than age six months with iron- fortified cereals • Supplementing for breastfeeding with 400 IU/day vitamin D within two months for infants (Wagner, 2008 [R]) • Pacifier use has not shown to affect breastfeeding duration or exclusivity (O'Connor, 2009, [M]) Depression Screening (Level II) Service Screen adolescents (ages 12-18) for major depressive disorder (MDD), but only when systems are in place in their organization to ensure accurate diagnosis, careful selection of treatment and close follow-up. There is insufficient evidence to recommend such screening for children ages 7-11 and no evidence about the optimal frequency of screening for any age group (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2009 [R]). Only two instruments have been specifically validated for use in screening adolescents in primary care settings – the PHQ-A and the BDI, with sensitivities of 73% and 94%, respectively, and specificities of 91% and 91% (Johnson, 2002 [C]; Winter, 1999 [C]). However, the PHQ-A is modified from the PHQ-9 by only asking for a Yes/No response to whether each symptom is present nearly every day. Therefore, it seems unlikely to be useful for monitoring severity over time and hasn't been tested for that purpose. Therefore, despite the absence of testing specifically among adolescents, the work group recommends the original PHQ-9 as a better choice for adolescents, as well. Efficacy The systems needed to provide evidence-based, more effective depression care include evaluation, registry, regular severity score assessment, tracking, treatment intensification, care manager, pre-arranged routine psychiatry consultation, and relapse prevention counseling. Unless these systems are functioning well, benefits from screening are unlikely to be realized. There is adequate evidence that treating adolescents with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (especially fluoxitine and citalopram), psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral or interpersonal) and combined therapy decreases major depressive disorder symptoms more than in controls. There are at least 18 fair or good-quality randomized controlled trials demonstrating efficacy (Williams, 2009 [M]. However, nearly all of these trials have taken place outside a primary care setting, so we are also relying on the assumption that www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 21
  • 23. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Algorithm Annotations Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 the very good evidence for efficacy in primary care in adults should apply to adolescents, as well (Williams, 2007 [M]; Gilbody, 2003 [M]). There is inadequate evidence about harms from screening or psychotherapy, but there is convincing evidence for a small risk of increased suicidality from antidepressant treatments and an increased risk of conversion from a unipolar depressive disorder to a bipolar disorder. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force meta-analysis of evidence from nine good-quality randomized control trials found an absolute risk of suicide-related adverse events (suicidal ideation, suicide attempts or preparatory actions for imminent suicide) of about 1% greater than in controls. However, no suicidal deaths occurred among the 2,000 adolescents involved in these trials (Williams, 2009 [M]). The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded that because of this risk, SSRIs in adolescents "should only be considered if judicious clinical monitoring is possible" (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2009 [R]). Counseling messages There is no evidence that simple, brief messages have any effect. Related guidelines ICSI Preventive Services for Adults guideline. ICSI Major Depression in Adults in Primary Care guideline. See the "Resources Table" section of the guideline for example of screening instruments. Folic Acid Chemoprophylaxis Counseling (Level II) Services Providers could counsel women of reproductive age to consume 400-800 micrograms of folic acid per day from food sources and/or supplements (Wolff, 2009b [M]). Efficacy Neural tube defects (NTDs) are common birth defects that affect approximately 3,000 pregnancies each year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004 [R]). The occurrence of neural tube defects is reduced by 50%-70% with the daily periconceptional consumption of 400-800 micrograms of folic acid (Medical Research Council Vitamin Study Research Group, 1991 [A]). Not all women receive adequate levels of folic acid in their diets, and the 2005 March of Dimes Gallup survey indicated the number taking daily supplements is declining. When asked what would motivate them to take a supplement, the most common reported needs were being sick or a doctor's recommendation (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005 [R]). Counseling messages • Eat folic acid-rich foods and fortified foods such as dark green leafy vegetables; dried beans and peas; whole grain, fortified enriched grain products and breakfast cereals; and citrus fruits and berries. • Take a vitamin supplement containing folic acid. Related guideline See the ICSI Routine Prenatal Care guideline. www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 22
  • 24. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Algorithm Annotations Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Hearing Screening (Level II) Service Universal screening of infants for congenital hearing loss should be performed before one month of age (Nelson, 2008 [M]). Efficacy There is good evidence to recommend newborn hearing screening by otoacoustic emissions (OAE) and/or auditory brainstem response (ABR) prior to one month of age (Nelson, 2008 [M]). Screening for asymp- tomatic hearing impairment beyond age three is not recommended, although thorough follow-up should be provided for potential cases identified by symptoms or through school-based screening programs (Nelson, 2008 [M]). The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force found good evidence to recommend universal newborn hearing screening. The testing methodology of a one- or two-step validated protocol showed high sensitivity (0.92) and specificity (0.98) for the two-step protocol (otoacoustic emissions followed by auditory brainstem response for those who failed otoacoustic emissions) (Kennedy, 2005 [C]). There is good evidence that screening improves outcomes (Wessex Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening Trial Group, 1998 [C]). Harms of screening in this age group were felt to be minimal. After age three, undetected hearing problems are rare, and the majority of cases can be identified by thorough examination of children with otitis media with effusion. There is insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of early detection in asymptomatic children (Nelson, 2008 [M]). Infant Sleep Positioning and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Counseling (Level II) Service Providers should ask about the child's sleep environment. Inform parents of importance of back sleeping position. Demonstrate the appropriate sleeping position when the patient is under medical care. Efficacy Stomach and side sleeping have been identified as a major risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome in various studies (Taylor, 1996 [C]). Since 1992, the frequency of stomach sleeping has decreased from over 70% to 20% in U.S. infants and in that time, the sudden infant death syndrome rate has decreased by over 50% (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005b [R]). Sudden infant death syndrome does continue to occur, and there is evidence that some populations of patients (Schlaud, 1999 [D]) and some health care providers (Bullock, 2004 [D]) have not received adequate information about proper sleeping position. There is good evidence that counseling about sleeping position and demonstration of appropriate sleeping position by health care providers increase the percentage of parents who choose to place their child in a back sleeping position (Moon, 2008 [D]; Colson, 2002 [D]; Schlaud, 1999 [D]). There is fair evidence that exclusive breastfeeding decreases the rate of sudden infant death syndrome (Vennemann, 2009a [C]). Other modifi- able environmental risk factors have been identified. This has led to further recommendations, including sleeping in the same room with parents but not in the same bed, avoiding head covering and loose soft objects around the infant, and the offering of pacifiers during sleep (Vennemann, 2009b [C]; Mitchell, 2008 [C]; American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005b [R]). There has been evidence to support that pacifier use has not shown to have an affect on breastfeeding duration or exclusivity (O'Connor, 2009 [M]). Burden of suffering According to the annual summary of Vital Statistics: 2004, sudden infant death syndrome is one of five causes attributing to more than half of all infant deaths in 2002 (Hoyert, 2006 [M]). In 1993 an estimated www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 23
  • 25. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Algorithm Annotations Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 58% of infants in the United States were placed to sleep on their stomachs (Taylor, 1996 [C]). Infants who sleep on their stomachs or side are at increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome. There has been a noted rise in the number of children who experience accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed. This mechanism continues to be a major contributor to death in infancy (Shapiro-Mendoza, 2009 [C]). Counseling message Infants should be placed on their back for sleep. Side sleeping is no longer recognized as an alternative position. Sleep position education should start in the newborn nursery. Health care workers should be careful to place babies on their back to demonstrate to parents the appropriate sleeping position. Continued work to educate all potential caregivers of infants should be supported. Infant sleep surfaces should be firm, and there should be no loose bedding or soft objects around the infant. Improved room ventilation by use of a fan may be an effective intervention for decreasing sudden infant death syndrome (Coleman-Phox, 2008 [C]). Parents should be encouraged not to smoke, as a no-smoking environment has many important health benefits. Smoking during pregnancy has been shown to be associated with increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005b [R]). Approximate but separate sleeping environment and the use of pacifiers have been recommended (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005b [R]). Exclusive breastfeeding may decrease the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, and given all of its other health benefits, should be strongly encouraged. Pacifier use has not been shown to affect breastfeeding duration or exclusivity (O'Connor, 2009 [M]). O'Connor performed a systematic review of four randomized control trials, 20 cohort studies and five cross-sectional studies to support this. Motor Vehicle Safety Screening and Counseling (Level II) Service Providers should ask the following: Ask about the use of car seats, booster seats and seat belts in the family. Ask about helmet use in recreational activities. Efficacy An updated review of the effectiveness of counseling for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force found a small number of poor to fair studies of counseling to promote child safety seats that were conducted in years prior to the current environment of legislative and community interventions that have improved child seat use. Therefore, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force found insufficient evidence to issue a recom- mendation for or against counseling to promote proper safety and booster seat use (Willams, 2007 [M]). In the absence of better evidence, a choice to provide counseling can be supported by indirect evidence of counseling effectiveness (short-term effects reported in earlier studies), the high relative burden of motor vehicle injuries in young children, and the low cost of counseling. Although the effectiveness of counseling is unclear, studies have found child seats to be effective. A recent study found that child safety seats are more effective than lap-shoulder safety belts for children ages two to three years, when seated in the rear. The study also concluded that laws requiring child safety seats for children younger than four years have a sound basis and recommends they remain in force (Zaloshnja, 2007 [B]). Another study on children ages two through six years was conducted for effectiveness on child www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 24
  • 26. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Algorithm Annotations Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 restraint systems over seat belt use alone. The study's data indicated a 21% reduction in mortality risk for children ages two years through six years when a child restraint system was used over seat belts. The study recommends continued promotion of child restraint systems through laws and with education and disburse- ment programs (Elliott, 2006 [B]). Unrestrained children are over 10 times as likely to die in a motor vehicle crash than are restrained children, although these data come from studies with important design limitations. Other studies suggest that child safety seats can reduce serious injury by 67% and mortality by 71%. Child restraints may also reduce non- crash injuries to child passengers by preventing falls both within and out of the vehicle (Williams, 2007 [M]). Belt-positioning booster seats have been shown to decrease the risk of injury by 59% in children ages 4-7 years (Durbin, 2003 [C]). Persons who wear safety helmets while operating or riding on motorcycles can reduce their risk of injury or death from head trauma in the event of a crash. Head injury rates are reduced by about 75% in motorcyclists who wear safety helmets. Counseling messages Age Group Counseling Messages Birth-9 years • Install and use federally approved child safety seats. • Provide resources on using car seats appropriately, such as advising the patient to have a demonstration or check of proper seat installation. • Use a rear-facing car seat until height/weight are achieved as recommended by care seat manufacturer and according to state law (Bull, 2008 [R]; Henary, 2007 [C]). • Children ages 12 years and younger should not be placed in any seat with an air bag. (Best: middle rear seat) • Expect that a rear-facing child may, over time, need to bend his/her legs but this poses less risk than turning a child front facing too early. Loosening belts poses a safety risk, as well. • All children under four years of age must ride in five-point restraint car seat (AAP, 2002 [R]). • Discuss the fact that children between ages four and nine years and weighing less than 80 pounds and having height less than four feet nine inches should be in a belt-positioning booster seat (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2002 [R]). Refer to local state laws. All individuals, including older children and drivers of motor vehicles with child passengers • Discuss always wearing a safety belt when driving or riding in a car (Minnesota Statute 169.686). Discuss the fact that 50% of death and disability from motor vehicle accidents can be prevented when passengers wear seat belts. • Discuss the importance of properly installing child safety seats. • Do not drive or ride in a motor vehicle when the driver is under the influence of alcohol or drugs. • Discuss the fact that passengers should not ride in cargo areas of any vehicle. • Discuss that car seat restraints were not designed to be fastened over heavy winter clothing, but over indoor clothing. • The safest way to travel is to ensure that EVERYONE in the vehicle is correctly buckled up and that all children under age 13 ride in the back seat. • Front passenger seats should be moved as far back as possible (Minnesota Depart- ment of Public Safety). • Motorcycle riders should always wear helmets to reduce the risk of head injury. www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 25
  • 27. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Algorithm Annotations Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 Obesity Screening (Level II) Service Height, weight and body mass index should be recorded annually beginning at age two as part of a normal visit schedule. Efficacy The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded there was "insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening for overweight in children and adolescents." However, in a separate summary article they noted, "Because existing trials report modest short- to medium-term improvements (~10-20% decrease in percentage of overweight), overweight improvements among children and adolescents seem possible." They found "fair" evidence that body mass index is a reasonable measure for identifying those who are overweight (Whitlock, 2005 [R]). See Appendix C, "Body Mass Index-for-Age Percentiles." The ICSI Prevention and Management of Obesity (Mature Adolescents and Adults) guideline recommends measuring height, weight and body mass index annually. This guideline also recommends addressing weight maintenance for those with body mass index in the normal range (18.5-24.9) because a substantial proportion may become overweight in the future. Children with body mass indexes in the overweight range were about 5 times more likely to become overweight as adults. Those in the obese range were up to 20 times more likely to be overweight. Among boys, an elevated body mass index was also a predictor of hypertension in young adulthood (Field, 2005 [B]). Overweight and obesity during childhood were found to be strong predictors of obesity and coronary heart disease risks in young adults who were part of the Bogalusa Heart Study (Janssen, 2005 [B]). Plotting body mass index to note trends in weight change above or below the growth chart is recommended by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2005) and could be started at two years. For chil- dren below the 85th percentile, encourage wholesome eating and activity and reevaluate annually. Those between the 85th and 95th percentiles are considered overweight (rather than obese; however, obesity is a billable code, overweight is not). Further medical screening and behavioral management should be consid- ered (Himes, 1994 [R]); body mass index is not a precise indicator of the proportion of fat and lean tissue (Demerath, 2006 [M]). There is general consensus that energy expended in physical activity has the potential to affect energy balance and weight regulation. There is some evidence that physical activity can minimize weight gain (Jakicic, 2002 [R]) and it reduces obesity-associated comorbidities, especially glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia (Roberts, 2003 [R]; Kang, 2002 [A]). However, physical activity alone cannot be expected to overcome unwholesome eating habits. Both must be balanced to prevent excessive weight gain. Additional topics receiving notice include soft drinks, portion sizes and television viewing or other sedentary activities. Decreasing caloric soft drink consumption can have a beneficial effect on body weight (Ebbeling, 2006, [A]), and adolescents still obtain about half of their beverages at home (French, 2003 [M]), where there could be parental oversight. Television viewing not only affects lack of activity, but it also communicates behaviors related to food and diet that may not be wholesome (Eisenmann, 2002 [D]). Counseling messages Encourage wholesome eating and physical activity. 2-18 years Encourage • Consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products • Limiting total fat, especially saturated, trans fats and cholesterol www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 26
  • 28. Preventive Services for Children and Adolescents Algorithm Annotations Sixteenth Edition/September 2010 • Daily participation of 30-60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity appropriate for age • Regular meals Discourage • Foods with added sugars • Sweetened beverages • Television and video games; limit to one hour per day (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2005 [R]) Related guideline ICSI's Prevention and Management of Obesity (Mature Adolescents and Adults) Oral Health Counseling and Treatments (Level II) Service Fluoride should be provided to prevent caries and cavities. Risk assessment including oral screening and referral for dental care should be provided for those at high risk. Counseling on oral health preventive measures should be provided. Efficacy The use of fluoride to prevent tooth decay can take multiple forms. In medical offices, recommendations to caregivers regarding the use of fluoride toothpaste and application of fluoride varnishes are effective approaches. The main potential complication of fluoride use is fluorosis. There is good-quality evidence that the topical daily application of 1,000-1,500 parts per million (ppm) of fluoride using toothpaste is effective in preventing cavities (Walsh, 2010 [M]). This has been evaluated in a recent meta-analysis that showed that the use of 1,000 ppm in toothpaste is safe, but that higher doses could result in fluorosis (Wong, 2010 [M]; Ismail, 2009 [R]). The use of a pea sized amount of toothpaste has been shown not to increase the rate of fluorosis (Pendrys, 2010 [C]). Brushing should be supervised in young children. The use of fluoride toothpaste was supervised in all studies up to the age of six. There is evidence that the use of fluoride toothpaste is safe after two years of age. The data about its use from age one to two is unclear. There is good-quality evidence to discourage its use prior to age one (Walsh, 2010 [M]; Wong, 2010 [M]). The second method of fluoride delivery is the topical application of fluoride (fluoride varnish) in the office setting. This practice was recently evaluated in a meta-analysis, which showed that it was an effective intervention when targeted at those patients who were at higher risk for cavities (Marinho, 2009 [M]; Weintraub, 2006 [A]). The delivery of this service is dependent on the risk assessment. Methods of risk assessment have been proposed, but studies to demonstrate effective risk assessment using validated tools have been lacking (Bader, 2004 [R]). One good-quality prospective study of different risk assessment strategies showed effective- ness of screening by questionnaire or the combination of a questionnaire and examination (Gao, 2010 [C]). Access to dental care also can be difficult for those patients who are identified because there continues to be difficulty finding dentists who accept Medicaid (Lewis, 2009 [D]; Cruz, 2004 [C]). The final method of use of fluoride is supplementation. Most fluoride supplementation occurs through the delivery of fluoride in municipal water supplies. Patients should be encouraged to drink fluoridated tap water. When optimally fluoridated tap water is not available, oral supplementation has been recommended, www.icsi.org Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement 27