โฉมหน้าศักดินาไทย

~

fl'l1rn~1Jw"lutytU...
l."llI1IVAf'"Y4l:W erra
uft>l"ufh~lJ
o
raunli1fnou11ns
UIIilfl1l~,f&~f1Ui'll1l6'tnhlrlfl~fllrull rleJnlntllnll"ll,r~ ffij~e~lI'lU!"
FllHlll"~Hii'l1 Jlul'ini
tllll1.1'1l1Ulholll"l'rUl'rU; fi'illl1HlnW"
dlt.QeI .. " ..... £
lI'11l'r'11lil'UI.2517 : mUll tlUffO~ .
~"1l"f1f~lnol11ml'r11 "u~flll'ri'lfIlUU;i'l1HlIlll1j" YI.Il.2500
l11~lll~lJ~ "llllJlftl'l'lle~ffn~lll i'lllJlllil"Ull"
ii"IJ"lnllLli1Jf,f~1l1tl(1'll~1l "llllJlftl'lffll~lllin~")1UI.2517
lAIll'rI1l'i1tl'lli'lU IiHlJflll'ri'l{ ll'Jlltlml'lllllJfl11l1l'ri'l{
111l11,1J,rtlffOlJll;;ll~11l1l 1111: flJ1Ufl1l1'll1lfll n1Jfllllm
lCIoIlI. .,: Z4 ... 4 , : ~d.
i'll'tUl't'll'lflHnl'rll~l't.fl.2517, i'l1'l1Jl't'll'1fl1 ~nll'lU l't.fl.2518
1111: ii};1J,.Jlfli~~~ l't.fl.2519 lAIl'llmUl1,r~alllll'rHl:ill
ii};lJ,.Jlfli~~till't.fl.2522 1fllJ'ril,rTl"lJ"Ul'r~l1u
4to " . : ~ '" ... 1 "... ., "1· .... Q ..
l't1Jl'tflHl1lfn "'.fl.2539 i'll1JflllIlUU II 'llAflltr¥11'1 fllll'rllltll'l1J"llll~fl
iiuWtr~;'til "-II.25ft Ifll.Jlillrn,",~11T'1Iq!l
51/519 l1U 1 lfllUlllUtn" 3 1l't'll1IfllJ1J 69 U'II1~lllitltre~ l'lli'llfU~Hll'llU
• • tl~~1l1l't'110160 Imtll'lll 8078661
1.h~l'tA lfl'lllJfl1'lliIl1 : unwlinmilll,lJflU
. . . . . If...
WJrlllllll ll'1ll't1lJAU1111 : FI'ilflll11
611rllUUlill:~llUllflUFliifl uili~ fllll'UtJ ilOfl hmi'Y1l17314435
{a~Q11HU11llfllfn111"aUlall1lilll,j~'lil

i~'j ~jjIiOM"{lI;fI.2H4'2509)

1il1lf1!lfti1R1.I1'nu.-iillft~ilii 7.-llilmll~. fI'1ill)Jl)Jl. 2541.

288 lIIh

,,1,lU- .omUallln:nlilJnmal, 1.~alr81

J;'1, ~ 320.9593
ISB~ 9H-862~5-0·7
iT] .J:f/Tl
ril,} 'ajruIDuti'.nh::IMlau.a.~ruial..nttJ.ul8Jmimlm9ill=~
~lmiilI'lLhUli'ilJil: 135 UlI'I
I
, " fi11i1ill ru1 ~~ '1.1 'i1'if)eI eI
t
~ VlLViii'ElU~'lLiJUl9U1r.i,U'lVl~nViLt)U'l ~'l,'lthunw~lf
"
" PIr UC1J IlJI" Lt!lVIUlJ Un-ll'fll;jutHi'El'I "1'YUJVlU1"11'El'I
P1n~U,L'lulUU9'"lUU" 'fl'WL=DtlU1t1ltl'W,~lhnm "~~
•
~6JtI Plrf'l'l'j'vnnu" ~'lLlIu~'VInlJnu~'ElEiLL~'lti'L,j'W
u,~t.hn"nl"il'El.,:j"~m l1ij~ntf" Unf.1t1l ,r~L=DtlU, un..
tl'j':::rWlf'l,~ U1fYi~, ~C1J1"l'WVlii'l"ll'El'lL'VItI
1Ultl-ii'ElLVi'"l'"lr'lLL~'l V1U'l~'El L~~dLI"lU~'lw~vff'lf'l
umluvru'l;'fl "il~f'l,~Ulf"iJYi 7 'UUlJ~ 4 VU'I.2500
(l11'flu,flJ f'lUl')'j'~"1ih.~~) LL~:;VI~'l'"l,n;frilt!lijmn.h~,
Yi~vfi'LiJ'WL~~tinVl~,tln'j"j'~V1~,tI'),1:;
1UlUL9U1'W,LLt'') LV1U1~'Vn'l~,unYi~vfl1IL~U,'El-ii'tl.

L;jtl'WL~'fl'l ..t'U~'VI-W'"iJ'tl'l~n~u,1vItli. 'WU9tilUU" n~lJ
•
~..n~~'ihu~nl"lf'lVl~'l91n~Ll"ltl~,'lVl,tl11Jl"l'flU,-iiI'l'WI'W....t!::. ., 'Vd R'1 ff' d d cr a <:3l C'J '" .cd
'WU VII ~UI~LU,th:::~'lI"lLY'j'fl'V1'"l:;"ll'W,VI'j''El ~V1UI'lf'l~VI'W".
[liU.1 VI' ,l'1 f1fl iii","1 . -

U Ylfl~L~ Ll1UFl~'tItJUl,llii'tl L:nUU:[Um1.h~uvf'l1,,~~ri
~
,.nhi LLvlt.lrJ!nU'L;f'tl'l~mL~,) ~~Li1unlr~viL~tJ')
C11V1'U'I~'tlLfl~rl'r1't11 ~LiiUlil'il i')~Ll1u i1't1L~U'tlLLU~ Vl1'tl
~ ~ J' ., ,''''' d ...
Vl P1U~~~~'tl'l'tlUVl~lnVl~IU"llU ~UVllICJ~U ~9P1n~n YlUq ~~
fl.)I-lJ'tIL:ntJ UL:O'ltJ1~~fI~ V111l11 tJi'j Li'l~)')u~rtJ.
'tIth'lhfi(;t')~ VII n
.
hi'tl,9LrlultJl~vf'lVilll1I LL~,)
fl cut1r~t tJ"llUi.l1I~U9~Ln l1I"i1 nVl'U'I~'tlL~:J..ld~'1"i~Ln l1I~ '
VI'..huCJ~nu~~huriu'tI:J..lLrlUnln~~Fl')r ' VI,n"i~l~~..
n1r~URU'tlUI'I"i1'1~'1L ~~L~~'tlflnltJ~n 1 U',hU"llfl'l
~h,rn~:J..l~Ju 1-nmuultn~Yl'l"i~'I1IL'ZlU'tl-lJ'tIL~tJU"lJfl'l
"~c;jr 11i'jPln~" L~:J..l(;J'tI 11tJ;Sn LLl1ivf'ldvf'lJuriufl:J..l
..
;fu'tI~n1J~l1l,)n1nu LL~~LLN1"i9In~tl,uLrlu~,~cy
LL~~ CU tflnl~dVl''l~,'Un~:J..lvfpi'1,JCJry'''ll'tl"lJflU
FlCU YlCU'V'l'll"lLVl'V'l :J..lU~~lij.IU'V'l'll"l ~~'1LrlUcJ-d"JUl1lLL~. . . . . oIU .... 'lJ 'lJ
Q..c,.J _ tr -olQr,,_JeJ - Q.
~"ll~Vlfi LL~~flru11r:J..lU ll:J..lPlnl1l'V'l~I,)"ll'tl'lFlCU"i(;tr 11:J..l"CI 'U '" 'U
Pin~ v11~:J..l~uYl')':J..ll.)')''IL''i1 ~Vl'.:J~,'Un~:J..l~~l1I~:J..lvf
VI'U'I~flL~:J..l.a;fu:J..l' LL~~v1~:J..liil~fififlflruL'iU'l- ')~r~
u')~ufi ~~fhu~,~vi-d')uvhL~VI'l!'1~'tIL~:J..ld~'Ll"i
'tI'tI n:J..l'Ltlull.h~:J..l ~')U~
lua,)~uvl'illtJ Vl''l~,'l!n~:J..lvfPl1,Jrycy,~Yl')':J..l
t#'11"idjU'tlUI'Ifl'lvi"i ~1 ~'111 L'ZlU'tI~'1-w:J..lvfvi ~LL~~~ Flru~
111'V'lLLr1vhucJ'fhu u~~VI,ncJ'thuvhuLl'l~;;'tI~l1ILl1U.. .. .
...... °tJ 'I'" ttJ .... ., ........

Vl1fl"ll'tlLLU~UI 1~n11 ~l'lLL~') rl1lLL"i'l ~VlVlllU l1I')tJ
"i~Lrl Uvi"ll'tluFlrufl UI'Ifl'l.
•
--.~ 1'1 'i un ff fl t{1
,,,.
1"1-IViU~ f1fl6i"~111U .,.
tlttf~ U l?I~'" f)~~ l?I"i nnffn6i'U
fi'j''j'~~nE1':i'~ nU£l~
~m 11i'jPln~Vl1'tl'Zl:J..l'Zl3JtJ P11P1Vl1'V'l11CU tJLUl1ILCJtJt'il:J..l.. .. ..
VI UI Pin ~U11VltJ L1JuifC)JC)J,"ll UflU~,~C)Jvi~UVlU'Vl
:J..llnfluViit'lLutu 2500 ri'flUnl1m'l1l~''Iflf'llV1qj"lJfl'l
a: cf _ t r ...::II. _ _ J
LCJl1I"inI1'M1Ml1I fiU::1"lll1l U'tln"iln"iV1 ;:]:J..lPlnl1l"i:::
CJ~(;t'l'UL~tJuH:J..l,n:J..l,tJluu':J..ltJ,nm(;h'l1 nULL~,)
L"ll,rJ'Id:JuifCYCY'"lluviLf'11I:::Vl1"Un':hflU.gU~')tJ 1'l')1:J..l
V1ltJ"ll'tl'l L"llltl1l tJ,rtJ"lJ'tl'lU,ULij fl'l viml':hL"llILuuCJnfl.
Ju 1~'I11:J..l'~'1n'1ill1lLu'tlutJ1~m1vl''l11uL')~'l'i'tl
:J..l1 uiJflU iUVI~'11at"ilfliPim~.tICJ~'11U"llfl'lL"llIVlI.:J.
~,U~,1U'V'lUfi'U :nu~viL"lJ,LuuCJnn R'tIcJLnl1lri'tlU... ..
m~ 1 rihJ'tI'''iPin~1~Lvhvifl,)1
13J':h ~')tJ~,u:::ll11ri(;t,:J..l Cl,LlI~~LiJutJ1:::"lnfitJ...
lVltJ flU,'ILL V1"i1'1 nULL~,) L111'l"J1LL Un...~IU~VlI'l nl1
Lij 'fl'l"lJ'tI'I L"lll nu :nu:::Pi~iJU"ll'tl'ltJ1:::"IlI"ll U'tl''fl n"iln nu...
11iUJ lnt, PInfill'" .-----~.

•
trUtse,p
I

i

I
~".,.",""'''''''
.",

l.Vi11~Ll11.lJih~'1:::'tl'lr1vhuL11 rillJuui~~~~:::iiL'tln1fl
Pimi1U1_:::~f'l1flUlfl vanu~m~ru:::~djA'tl ~vlr'tlhi
L~h..l'vh:lf,l'l11'J1J1:::.wi i'l1fl [;1{~'Jun1:::~lPIm:::~1EJ1lJ LU U
:BULUU'fiU .. it:l1~EJVi1:::'tlVlfl1V1fl1Vi~1EJfl1Vi1.un11
~U~~EJ~'liiU1~~i'l1fl[;1{~11~1PI~1ULnUl~u ~'l~'J1~'l...
~tl~'lLn[;11.)'~'JUri1lJ1'1Vl1 L'tlnfl11U1:::.wif'I1 flVlf~'lu'J'l
LLv)rl'ilU~ii1J'lJij1~L;jEJU~UL~'flU1:::LEJ"Ilu1UVl1'l~1:::.wi
i'l1flVl{ Vl1 m;Jtlu1.UL=B'lU3..I1 ~1L~'l LL~flCi~Vl1'l1~13..11n...
nri1mh'l~u ~'lm1u~'Jm~'tl'ltlfl11::: l.U~fllU:::"lJ'tl'l
flu1u1~3..I"llXf'l'J13..1~1~nILLrlL~VlmHl1'ei'.nb~uL~UVl1'l.
.~.
LVl1 Luu~uri1vhc,hEJ'tllPlVi1:::unfl1V1L~'tlL'J~11.Ul ~u..
'tl'fln~nlJU~'ilVi'tl'lVi1::: LNL'J~nJu~dj~j;J'J fl. fin3..lEJ i'l..
LflEJi'l-ll'tl ~'lLnUlvi1U'fl'lii'ri1 "LU11P1~Lfln:::lffl11:::Vi'l
f'l1'J~111 VlEJ 'inJlJ'VI~'J'lU1:::Lfl1~£m~1U~- LLVi [;11~:::...
~miruL uU~'J'tlth'l fi'i'tl fI'J13..1LrL'VI (;1n11ru1u:n~ (;1"lJ'tl'l
_Qt/'
I
<Clld _
.. I
Q Q I .....
....
_
Vi1:::3..1 ~1 nM[;11tlLL~:::"Il1 (;1 Ln EJ'J nlJ n111L13..1 n 'tlfl n'lVl'l
U'J'l EJn L'iULL~n11LL ti'l;n'ln"JlU~~'ln"
~'Ju~fin~'tlU~"Il1U1:::~i'l1fl(;1flVlmfu ~'JU
a' _ o.d.o:::t d J' _
3..I1nn'J1 nUf;l13-J mnVl L1EJUL1EJ'l"lJU~1n'VI~n~1U"lJ'tl'l
...
~1 EJL~1"lJU3-J~'U 1 EJ t.i'tl3-J Lt:J UL1tl'l LL'll'U'ilUv1~:::L;j EJ'U. ..

vi1'U'il'lL~EJrjrlU "il'U~U11P1L;jEJUn{)~3-J1EJ nLLtl1"1l1L~'tl
"il'U~utfu CJ'U'JnrllJm1fiinM11V1EJ~lJ'lfl'J13-J~1LLlJuu1•
L,jUi'l1fl[;1n~11UVl1'lU1:::.wii'l1fl[;1{lJ1'lfl'U Vitl1~1lX~n'lJ
_~MU~1;r1'l~wjh'lLL13-J~'lnri1fl~,:rrunn1.um1~Lfln:::~
fI'J13-J1V11'lU1:::.wii'l1fl(;1{"lJ'tl'l~urt'J1u~'li1~nMru:::~1rllPl
----Ie
...
ii ~ ~ n f1 fl ijf I
....
'i
3-J'fl'lL~ULL~::::fiU"ll3-Jui'f)1:::U'f)ULrl11 'tVlEJJJ'tl'l-ll1a..iri1mVl
:fi'IJ~'ilPliUyfU~1'U ~'lhJri'fltlU11nf11 Un11LTUUn11i'l'tlU. . . . OJ
Lvh11P1,rn ~1'ilLl1Unn!JU1'lnii'tlri1LuULVll1.!n11nrU1U
Lij'fl'l£Ufin3..l1n1"lJ'tl'lEJflfl~EJtfu m1L'iEJ'UU1:::t);fll1fl(;Jf
(;J1:::n~"lJ'tl'lCJ'tl'JUl1HJ'ln'J1 L1EJ'UCl'ln11(;J'ilfl"lJ 'tl'l3..l'Jfl"ll 'U
•
1VlEJ~'lLt:Jun11LTEJUVi'lf'l1'J(;111 il'il t'iEJUCi'llh:::~
..... d i d d I '"
~'J'U1~qt ;'J13..1m(;11~Yi'lU'ltn(;1::'UnlJnEJ~ti'f)'l1.lXdj'U

~'J13-J ~'IJ'il'l F1'U1lJ~f'l'U L~'il Luwil'lil1'VIUL~m E!1'J"Il'U
~:::1lJ~'U"il3-J rlUVi1:::L'flnlJ'UV1U1U 1:::~f'l1flVl{LLfl:::Vi1:::
T'il'lv1LL'J(;1~'tl3-J1~L~h CJflL~EJ n ~'tlvi11lXLn(;1 fhihJ3-JmlJ
uflm:r'l1lXflulJ'l1U1ifI'U'ihu1ml1 LLfl:::iT'lvi11.,x1:::UU
'" ..
n"il m 1 fI'lim~tru:::CJ n"lJ1 1PI'ii1U1~11 nfl1'fl'l1-n~'ilth'l..
mUEJ'JLLUU
U 1:::L~'Ufi1~C1Jv1f1'Jnh fI':l13-JL-i11.~rl'tlUW~11nn
L'U3-JVlU1~n~'U11V1EJ nfi'i'flri'1':h ~n~U1 V1fl1UflU16J
EJ'fl3-J1uri1~n~U11VlEJiiinMru:::L~EJ'lL~EJ')rllJcJ*'l~'ilm1
EjlPlCi'tlv1~u n11i1m13-J~VIt~~'..uUU'VI~n"lJ'tl'l'ii1u1~1'U
• m1UnFl1'tl'l ~'l~1'lri1fl'tl'l1'J3-J~n~'U1LViEJ1Jrluvf'U~
U1:::LYlf'l1Y1EJnunn{)ri1i1~n~'U13-J1nnri1vfuYi~1'l~n
~u11VlEJ~'l'll1~:::13-Ji.~~FI1'fllJFI1'fl'l~1~1 LtJULL~L~EJ'l
U1LL ~'lPTntLvhtfu mnJnfl1'tl'l1VlEJn16Jiiim~tru:::
"lJ1PI11P1... "n11u nfl1'fl'l ~'')m~1rllJ-i1L~'ilEJ3-J1 LL~ ri1ri1~~1
13-Jl~V13-J1 EJ F1'J13..1ri1~'tl'lU n fl1'il'l;J'J EJn11n 1PI~...ii~Vlfi1lX
~hL~'tlm~11;J fi'fl L~'flnFlUfl3-J~1'fl'l VT1'tl Patron 1~•
11M{)1rlUVi1::: L~1LLcJ'U~u1 Vlu1:lJ Lfl mu 'UnEJ LLrlrl'U" 5
11itJ..l"nrlfrfl~Ul"1 _ _

• •
~"
fNLuul'W1Vl'lfl'flU[;l'l),JL~),I n'l1Ltl~mnfuL~ULYltJ.:J
I . . . . . .. '
n'l1LU~t1ui1'fl~Ci'flfl'lU'l~1~LvhU U LLfl::;1::;UUL~'lnu'II ,u
U'ltl'n'fl~1VltJJui~Lnt1l1~~"t::;LLflL~urj'lLUUflun~M~tJ'J•
nunlJlLLtJn'flfln~.:J,h.lUY~n1Yi11~m~::1-n f1UI.UUflU
fl::Vt'Jnnu ;~fl'J'liJ"t1-3~-3n~'l,)LLflL~ul~i~),I'ln1U
n1~ft1luln~uVl{ ~~"tu'~~'ln lflNn1::~n1u~ t1U.. ... 'U ...
LiJU"'U..:J~'flY),I.1.').~n'1Vlfunl),1"1lL~,(1"fl'lUflf1~"lI'fl"
tiluii fl')'l),lLih.!),I'l'fl u1-3h ;in~hn1VlU~-3LU UL~'fl-3"ti-3
'n'fl..:Ji" fl),l1VlEJLLfl::ii~flvi'fl1::;UUO1H]n fl1'fl-3=ir'i (Nfl')1),1
LiJU'fl~LLfl::r5'liJUfi11),11VlU'flti'l"~n:f..:J 1::'U'U"ii'it1I"l1'fl"
flU1VImu!uL~tJu'flj1Ur5'!l~n1LLl-i"n11n1".u~"Ilu.fu1:S
'flth"hhu~uULLtlfl" iiL~'l;i'i~LiJULLvWI"t)~Ufil1),1
_ _j<Cll J . - -. _...0::3
Ul1V1~~'lU Pln~Pl1"l1'fl"flU"lIU'flU n'U"Il'lUl ~1::;nfl ~,,),I., , , ' I I
'W1::'U'l~flU'Ufl'4urj1"lIV!~1EJLfl!l1~ ),I'4flLfl~ LU 1flUlUl
UDfl'l11U (iVl~u::;~,,~~1.u"'~),I'4~tf~Ci'fllfllJl1m::C!~)
. ~..:JJu~..:Jhhl'lLLU fl n'l."t'fl::11n'UL'flnin~nrtl1::011".ii"
_ _ oIICIl...::I " ' . . . . I ......
"lI'fl-3fl" fl),lPln~u'l fl'fl fl')'l),ll."t'lUPlL"t'l 'flU'l..:J"lI'fl'l'W':lnL9'l
"lIU),IflU1 tJ ~~fl,)'l),l".),I'lU~..:JL~),Ijjl~".),I'lUCi"~i'j"I ti 'I ...
fl,)'l),ll.h'::'Wq~~lJI'l),l~'l'flfl'U'ltJ"lI'fl"L~'l'V'fr::;EJ'l'W1::;Lfl ~9
4::It. d .c:ll. «:::II d.... dCII _.c:ll. :; I
fl L1UVl11fi'UUl "''ln L~),IVl"'~'lun"f'lUVl),l PIn ~U'lUl"LL~
;00H;fu1u ~"LUU~~ Fi'lrj'lflrum-nU'l"'U'lU'l),l~'l~'II •
.::Ii J t ~!::'1 "'" .a d,q. ..."1 ......I
(NUL')fl'lU LL~n'flUn~"ll~~L'1lYi'l::;L1unflUVl}J'W'flLuUL91
flnm~'flYi1::;U'lLvhJ'W LLfl::;ri1V1U~'lm'l::;'U~1re)ULn",
_ ClIo <If -. I d "... 0 ,
"t'l nL'Eln'fl fl1I11U'l flnVlLn (NLLlJI L),I UU'flUUI'l'U1L1'flU'fl}J
'II
hji'j~Vlt
---<.~01 U fi ftfl ~lOJ
, CA::LQl~~~~~~';,fuifu SIU"lJtl~fIlUJ~G,,.,qJ~•
I.Uu'LVti'tiun'fl1~tJ'lLilULVlULLrivT':l ijti~1::;1.~1l1i'l-3"''ln

l'11fl~"1.iJULf"i~'fl..:Ji:l'fl~~L~"lIt)'l"llU.ffuin~U1 'W'Jn'Lvd

U"n nr.i'ln'"~Vlfl L~1L'W11::;;J'fl""''lL~'l"lliUJflU 'lu'LJS~J.J
. . ' , .. ,
nULL~::l.iJu~u~~n", n'lL'J~'lnnmnrueyfLL1'l'l'lUflth'l• 'II
~nn::;fl,,r':ll-i 'Wt)')'W~fiu;;'W':lnin~u'l1~,j'fl'lnii'lL~n
'Uru flruil1,)LL"'~LLn"1'fl'WL~fJVi,,.;i'l f'lfULVt1mflLJJii. . . . IIj cal
~"n~L~'l"llU}J flU'l un"t:::hilJlf'U n11 Fi3-1 fl1t)~9'lnf~.. ., 1 . ,
"J'l~!J1}J'l-W'fl'l,¥t)"~,)fJfl~u1:::n'l11",1 LL~ijl~-i..:Jnfl
}JflUlfJ'fl thL~'lf'UHu~RUUCYll'l LiJu~U"lI'lV1Vil~U,)1~'II - •
fi" ~')~"''l ~~ n "'3-1 flU'l UjjL~uU LLn ~~;; L'El'llilutlUOJ OJ
""~'),, .. 10 m1"''l3-lflU'lU~..:Jn~m"liLiJ'UL~'fl''~'lU1 ~-1• 'II •
.. co J"", "" Y" I Y co Y ""1. I .1" co
~fl1}J"'U~UfJ'lLL~'JL"'CY "'fl'lfJ'fl'-!WU u LLt:l'ULL~~ ~U 'VI
t1I1}J~,)fJ'lmfu 9~L'fl'lLUU1::;"'11:n'i)tilL~U L~11::Liju~'II
I.J I ..c:ll. I cr .. 'I;' 4 .d _
n't) LfJm'flU'l~9~Ln"'llt)..:J"lIU~U'UI'UL),I 'a-1 'aU..:JL~l1::JJU
~"LilI1udju~..:J~(Nl~1'fl"LYl'l~iiun,hJ1~') LL~')"t::;LtUJJ... ,-ti;I "U
...... 4 0 - .dIa J "' .... d~""
L"IJ'l "",)'lU ~"'"lI'JVI n U LL~::; L),I'a),l L". ~ "IJU n'l'fl'l Ut)~~fl ~
• .. 'II
~ "" • cry ., d tI ...... 11
"1l~'" Ut)tJ'l-3UlJI'fl..:J1'U~1:::1'l"1l'fl'lCY'ln-1 1::;~'l1"1l'JlJl"
~1l1~~~'lJt:l-3flU~'lul ".C1J1V1uvY':l1U LUUflU1..:Jh
flL".ij'flUUnL1UUlh::tWlPl'lfllnfl'VItihi f"l'ElU'VIn'ULvh..
l",un . 'U'l..:JViri~UlJIU'ln'l1""'-3'lwhfl"llflJJ'U1nrl1')n'U. ..CIc. <IlI:lIo .oc:ll. _.oc:Il..odII O_.odIi
I1'lWll'llJl~'lnU':lumu LVl~VJW·lnVl'W'lL1t)..:Jfl1fUYfl'El
~LL~U~U LL~nlfl'fl..:JVf..:Ju'lnFi'l"llt:l..:J~mJi')),Ifl~Unu~').. 'II
~::;fl11ULL~U~'U~U1-nn'lfl"IJt:l..:JU':lUU'l fJL~3-I~~mh')
fl-1'V11'l'Uf'l':l'l3-l91-1v1LtJU"t-r-3enftn~ru~".ii..:JYi vi'l-3'Elt)n1U
!liullnt.,,.rfl6iU''1 . -

~'"
"1.11'1ri'flUn!J~3-IlmL~::fiTnJliltJ3-Ij n~, l"IutJ'l nLLVlU
'"l:;~I"li'fl'l~1t11'"l13-11~ nV1~'11iLL~::U'lflULLVlUL~'f)V1m
a d 'i'''' a-.,""oQ 4' ........

m::LlnU•••L3-I'flL11 LVl1l"1'1'l3-lnm LV'ltlU'fltlU'fltl 1 1:11 L'"l1~ ~
Ult1'1'fl'l1::;~tnJf?l1UVlVllmVl LL~nVlI3-111lnl tJt.l n 1"11'fl'l. ~ ~
Lcii n'"l::1;.; L613-11,,1:1'11t1 vhunouln 1"111l'fl'lLlntl nli'l"ll'fl..:!
•, '1 ~ ~ !c"'l .• ~..,j '11.1-':1 ~ '1
VllULln Ulnl3-111~nnL3-I1V1'"l:;L Yf'fl'l1'fl'lL'flILLn 1"11...~
1 U ~iJm!U11"11'"l::1:1'11 tI0m"::~'fl'lfU'l1::n"ll'fl1 C1J'l~
~i'l 30 Vir1'flU L~tlL~U 3 vil~'1~'1'"l::tl'fl3-l1,x~n~'fl'l
~'1'"l::L~cii'"l'fl'fl n fuom r:llr.ilL~tlii L~U1;.;3-11 n ~U'"l.utl
lfi1n~h.l~'1 hJ1~uu ~m~'"l'l1::L~ILL~U~U~VlN
Vl11UI"I'113-1htll~..12
d I ..... ~ J .....
VIn~I'13-11 LL~'1V1'1~3-I VI.UUn11'11'1LLU'1VI1-3LU 'fl-3VlU
vi'"l::vill"1'113-1L;ll1"t'U3-Iwuli1n~ul1VIti LL~::LilUL~'flUt'IJ
L~tl'1vi~'fl..:J'Vhl"l'113-1L ;I'll'"lLLviLL'in ij'U::,rUI"I..:JLnV1I"1'113-1
iu~u~..:J1 U Vll..:JI"I'113-1~LL~::~..:J1u~lu..hutJ3-Ivi fut.l~n~ ~
iJ-33-1'1 ~-31~~..:J.jf'tli..:JLn VIHLL~'1 ~1ntl 'fl3-1 fu L1'flU1"lIvi~1
J ~ 1 "" .. t.l...... .. ..,j~
U nl1LlIl '1l11U'WUfiVlI-3 1::'1V1fi11~f?l1f?l13-1V1'"lf?l1
lJijiIniLfQU'fl 1"1-3L.jfl1~~ltJ:nU LlVlvi'"l1..:JL"lIl1~'ItJltJl3-1
'11..:JLlU'1V11..:J~..:Jn~I'11 ,x~'Eilu~htIL-rlunu Llntl'"l::L~U~
'"l1 n m 1 L~tl1'1tlltll3-1 'flflUItIn-31"1'113-1~ 3-11 tl'IJ 'fl..:Jri'lrll
i1n~ul L'flnin'Mnf"ll'fl..:Ji..:Jl"I3-I~n~Ul~-31U'Vll..:!L~1M~ii'"l...
m1Lij'fl..:JlL~::1[;lJUfi113-1 'W~'fl3-lnu,rul~'flfiU'ltJL~hd'flU
i..:JI"I3-I~n~UI'IJ'fl..:JcJt..:JLUUm1tJr::n'flU ~IU'1U~Ul
d ..... .... J' I J - 1~"" ~d
m::Vll'MVltJL'lJtJu1"11tJ'IU~IUL~~IUUU VlI:1..:J 94 ~Ul'II OJ ...
~U'"l1n,rU~..:J(~3-I~LI"I11::~An~ul1VltJ'fltll..:J'"lT..:J~..:J
". .UU1~ UfiAn~r
.".'" .,.'''i'~l''" .··i'~~'ii.';"""-",,:,, ,.i;;~''';~'~f''';''r'',!'' ",
~nln
nU3-I1
[tmTLfQU~L~'fl'l'M'lVl'-1tJ1::~~~~~f'!l~~~~;TIn .
J' .:!II .4 I cJJ CII .
1"I'11I:1tlLrlUL1tl..:JLV1UVltJll'1"lnmn"lltJUU1J1Jl1tJU
Vl1tl L'fl n ~1n.11::ntlU1"11'l1.11::~fill ~!'IfviLI"I tJiif'lU'il
I . . . .,..... "'1.1 - "'., I
n~I'1l"1tlL"ll1 LVl'1Lf"ln::~ 1::'1V1f111~lJ11tltJ'..:JL~3-I
fi'El~Ll"I11:;~UlI3-1LLU'1V1'l'llltl'l3-l1fn=n~vf "IIi!Vlvi'hJij~
llnvil3-11r1'flU LL~:;ullU'flU"lntlu1um1'iLl"ln::~"lltl..:Jl"ll1•Id J ..et , _ <I:lrlo
'tltJVl3-I'1~"IIU LU'ilVll~11::'"l..:J!'II-3nULLU'11"1 '113-1 I"IVllI'fl'lOJ
unt.l1::tWifil'lf'l!'lfC:htliln~UI3-11mrn 1.11d'fiflll~P!{
f?l13-1Y1fi1U::"lI'il..:J~!'I1 flij iIntfitl'-'i"llI1.11::rWlfil1~!'I{~
LilU'i"llIv1~1~'ltlf"l'113-14'VI L'"lU1 U m1~'fl~VI'l..:Ji..:Jf"l3-l"ll'il'l..fl"doQ J.:::311 _ . t .... _
3-IU'MtJ "11-3 '1"111UL~3-I 'flUP!'1'fltll..:J'IJ 'fl..:J m 1J;l'fl~Vll'1~'1f"l3-1• OJ
LL""-3=n'if?l"ll'fl..:J"IIuiu~i..:J m1i'im~nlh::~fill~!'If~..:JLiJu•
~'11'"lLLvi..:Jm1;;n~I"I'113-1Li:! U3-Il"l1'il..:Ji..:Jfl~ LiJU~CYlL"
(1l'iln~1..rClJYi'"l::1"ll1tJ~nl11.1nllii'fJu~n~'fl~ ~nfh~1
Vl1::~un1 UI"I'113-1'"l1..:J;r'fld~ ~-31~L;r1n'ilu..:!L~tJUn11
~nMl1.11diif'11~!'Il1t)1urhij'fl L~'fl1-Qii"ll1d1,xLlIu
U1:::LtJ"IlUiLr1"11 u,TUf?lU " (",Ul 5 7) J
L"ll11~L~U'fl1"I'113-111.~;'; LLnun;;n 'Ml1.11::rWiflll~!'I{OJ
1VltlLiJUPlULL1n1UL~'fl'li..:Jf"l3-11VltJ LiJui..:Jf"l3-lv1ij'V11~1 U
c.., .... ~ ad d
f"l'113-1~3-IltJ"lI'fl..:JVlIf'l (Slave) LL~::'Vll~3-ILlnL'W..:J3-IlIUL1-J'fl
LL~u~um..:Jfil1'flElfitllLi:lU11"11fi1U "'lnvn~1~ij~1Ll'i''1
~..:JLL~ I"If~nH ~l"l1Y1f.J U'iln"n nifu~1~U~U'il'Vlf'lMnq " °1 'd')
'it)[;lJU1 m 1~..:Jf"l3-lVll~3-Il~i'l1"l3-liln t1u11~mh'l-DVlL'"lU~
LL~v1L~Uv1~V1'IJ'il..:J nl1L;j tJU1.11::~fill~V1{L~'fl:n'i V1 U1::
tWfill~Vl{L~'fl3-l'1~"IIU~'fln11:!-nln~..:Jl1.1n..:Jnlmln~lllni(1l
joy - ' ~
r~UW"~~n~"~,~, 10l'l':Jr.na1t roCl11n.1'H>b2.l1 n12
. "....,')f1Mn"r~:.t"1H'Ulntl

• •
• •
v1),J'Jfl"llul~fuVln"llL'JVlu1lu'fl~Ul L~uiiL'fln~1TV11~1.h~•
rW;P11 ~Ulr"ll 'fl~r:l1U~nf1U1L'fl~ LiJ ULrl~'fl~~'ll"'lU,xn~1~~ .LL'llUl~1~L~uti~n111Ji'3-I1~~n1n-J~VI'lv1~u"ll'fl~L~1vi~u
h'cY (~U1 162 ti~~U1218) rl'J13-1i3-l~Ufi1~Wh~
vi~u ;g~LilU,r"'lr.rU~1RC1!1I'fl~n11tJ~Ul rllJttl1U1"'llU
n11Unm'fl~ ~Ul1 IlijPln~ U'fl3-l'ElVipL'J~nl~LiJu;LPI'M
n 10lv1 n ~1'Jti~'J'1Ufl::: L~UUlU ~n U'El Ul'l 'El n11Yi"'l11 CU1
d _.ca,~"'" _" ""
fi113-1LU U3-I"ll'fl.:lflnUlU1 VI~mUn11'fl 'fl nlil11II
•3-1143-1",13-1
•
n1'J'LrilJIl1~'bJLiJufi113-1U1:::LllV1j;h~ 1 hH1"'l:::LiJUf11
• cf .J ~
1.."ll'lU1 Ul'ElnLlJU '(l')U 'l"ll1 "'l~n'EllJLLfl:::'fl1m
im~tCU~rl'J13-1hJLiJufi113-1"ll'fl~n11LnlJIl1;;'fl1n1
U1~LIlVll'l1~1 'll~~'flul~L~uti~:n';)lil"ll'El~3-I'Jfl"llUri1"'l:::
ii~Il1'V'414'J13-1LilU'flU 'flU1~h LUlUL'U'V'41 ~n11LnlJ 'fl1 m
•
f11U1~~Luu11ulJi'",in"lJ'fl~"llu,futlnm'El~ L",liltJflvi
•
(iUmnlJIl1~'fl1mtl~nU'ElU3-I1n3-l1UilJ.jf't)U"'fl1UlilfllJ
L1I1 'flfllJ1Uri1 "ri1fi113-1 LUu3-I-Yiii Yi'llUl11LLfl:::3-I1n3-l1U
L-rluti Li!'El~3-I1"'l1n"llu-Fuun M'fl~lI't)~~n~U1'~f~3-I'Jfl
lU'lllTUrl'flUf"llrltmvi 5 ;fulumJi'ii(~uL~'flU n-MUiTU
LnlJ111;;'fl1n nf~u'J~L;hYl1~rli~3-I".1~3-IlJ"'m LLfl ~LLtJ~
,rulUU~rli~1I'fl~rr~"'U1U1~ lUU~L~1u1Uv1iiflVlfi'V'4fl
", "u. " ~ ",
3-I1n 1 lJ1~LLfl'Jm~UlJ 'Vi'Jnll'U1'lln11V1~"'fl1Ulil'fl~"'1
iiuLVlu LiunfhfiH3-I LuU),J L'fl1"'l1nU1~"ll1"llU.,.n11
1J~'flul~lIUU1~LviU'J LnlJ ri1fi113-1 LUu3-Inuii'lJi'nfl1u
•
3-11 LtJ un1n'J"'lTlillU".U1v1'flU1~3-1"'1P1fl" (".U12 A9)
L~'fl~VI"'lTlillu'J~n"lln11'll~U~n~U1LilUL~'fl~v1ihu.
--.~(;,. unRn~1
"Cr.r, '-,'." -~:'-'::';;"'~;:::"~:~-:;/~<~r;:~s-~L:;~~):i;>~')~,h
. ~n~ulWfi'flUU'fl),JflJLVhlV1trn~~Lfluijflunfh')f)th~
:aU"ll3-lYl1'El3-1 rllJL".U UVI'J~11"lln1 n~i~ Lt.1~UULLt.1fl~ n11
tlnrl1'fl~ ri13-11n),J1u~'Jun11V1"'l1j;JI.~ui1n1~hLL~.yf(.i't~LL~'J"'l1n"ViU1U~fln;s1uvl~j;J1 llijPlnil.~u'fll1
..
... ."ll')ul~L-u"l"'lri1n11V!'"lij;J~lTu~n~u1tiii'fl~·~n'),JLiJu
LLLJihjmrl1!~n illi!'fl~~'JuV!I6jTj;Jl UU1),J1I'fl~n!l~3-I1U
LLfl~fia3-lLUU3-I'liUL'fl~ VI"'l1 n".fln ~1UU1~~f'l1'llIWr. ...
~u 1 niiflu·LrluuuV'inl.)'ri1 ""Vi'Jn,r'Jvll!1flU~1U'Wri1
1",illw
".1'flU'flU"'l~~'fl~Un L1U11*11n11~1U"'fl'J~LLrllJ•
fl rl~-
d ~ z,~ d

fl1~ flULYI 'El'fl1 n.I1U1~LU'll UlI'fl~VlUL'fl~VI~~U "D~Yl1~

'" '4::iIro ~ .. I ... _ a
L"'l1LLtJUUlunVl1~VlnlJUl LLj;J"Vi1~'fl~rl"'fllJ LUUl1L~U
.... Go ~~", ., "'_
LL~~Ul'Jm",liltJfl LYl11~L~UuVl1l1n"lln11 LUl1lJlU~n"ll
•
Vl1UJuU'fluun bJ'V'Ifl Lffu~U1nLtU~~fl~i1ffln1T
m~vi1viL"ll1L1Unrluri1 'Vi1U1lJuw,~'~l'V'1i ","T'fl'Vi1U1
lJUWi~nM{)r'liUI.'fl~" 13
"'l1nn11v1u1:::"ll1'llU'll'Jul~qJ~n4!Vl1m.l1n1 ~~

l.tJuLVlUll~·bJu~Lii~rl'J1),J~1~fl~fia3-lLl.tinu 'Wu~LiiVl
•
f'l'J13-1fnfl'J13-1tJn~ultJ.LLe.iu~u nT~P1T'flUfiU1~'fl~~6-J
. """, .j'l..d ... G' .a
"'l3-11U 'Vi.P1.2310 nVl'Jm~lilU n11L1UmnlJIl11i'fl1m
•
lUL'Jfl1JUtl13-1'fl~~Ji''JU~1UUl111'fl~fluif~'''lUU l.,"U"'l:::
~'fl~lJ'flnri11uLLNun"'U1 ~~'fl~i'l~tfUhi1~ri1 111';
•
L"'~1JUrJ'flunilJ),J1ti11~UT~"ll1"llUflU1~h,j1~ fh
•
lil'fl1J'vtt~"'l1nL'il3.l",u1~n~u11VlU fl'fl n11hHTtifln11
~U1Ul'Jhum~'fl"ll1'JUI~~Luuflu'll'Jul",qJu'flnlu"'l1n
YifiYi1CUP1i'llilf ("ll'fltJU) '~nniirl'J1~~1LtJU~'fl~-rl'JU•
11~JJ""1Rnijiul"t e---

Ill',·
LVI~f1!'tlmVI'Uflfllfm11.1 tJ1tJ~o~u1n(ifl Liluurul"ltuvi
" ~ "
~f1~l"lfltJv,'J~L~1:vd1'ci'1i1n1~ (~U1 270) ~'J!L~~C-J~'II •
1!n1nnu[I1;;'f11mniiLL1.I~n 1 L-D! n1nnufl1m~h
J1 f~1~Lit.mLiluLYlflLL~~~1~~u'1')1~~'El~n111mm.... .
L.jJ119 '11 f ~U1~l'L~!LU!L9 vi fl01 1~Ui ~1J1re)! LU !
.... 'II
1.I1tu1~U1~ ~1'Elflth~n1nX13-Jmm~Lllcil1Y1m~Y'ltJ
L~Cl!fia~nu~f~ LY'ln:::L~!'11"ll1'JL9h~"ll1~ LtI!~9'il1
• ..:::.. _ 4 Old Q Q, w: I ~ClIo_.e::t.
VI~ 91'11 Jmf'n~ 9~L"lltJ!LL~~~l"l'"J13-Jl"l~LVlWllflL'WfI~
... 'II
1!vi1!'El~LutJmJ!'11 L~Y'ltJnufl!1VltJ~~9:::~iLY'ln:::hJ
i39'il1Vi~l'h~ndJ!Y'lY1fi~'JtJn! (VlU1 292)
.... ' .'1 oJ' . <?I"'~'" ~ .1
L!L!'ElVl1U1~~fl!L"ll1 n L~H'I~"ll fI ~~ Ln~U1~lJ1:::n11
Hflth~f119V11ru~1nL-D! "011"ll"i1~'tlth~~unVl'u.'J~.. 'II
"ll~~"ll!4!~n~U1'Vi1LtXY'l'J n~n ~U1 L~~VI,y! ~'J1 ~'11
int)!~i!~1.I1:::"ll1"llU9:::~'tl~ L~!fl'J1~9~~'11 ~"ll~i~'II'll
d "'.::.. .Q" .Q Ci.Q
VlLLVl91~ Vl1f111l!l1lfl"llfl~n1T"ll~T~nfl'ElY'l'Jn~! fl'J1~
~'J1~~,y!dvi11'l.1w'Jn~n~!1:~3-J~1Y11~U~LU!~1tJ11l1
1.11:::"I11"llU ....Y'l'JO~n~!1 Ui'L"JJ'M'tu11,xLn~tJ~-n~~U'Elth~
~un~1.h~~!'Vfflt5! ~~dulPI LU!~1tJ 11l11.11:::"ll1"ll!11.1
L~tJ91 nlPl'u... n~1LLnt."IJ~1~fl ~viL1.1~tJ !~n~!1~1 LU!
1.I1:::"I11flmlPltJlPIfln ~1nflriviuf13-JY'l'J n9! LL~'Jvi1~flU'II
vh~UfI!nT:::~n~!Ln~tJ~9!'tltiU!L~tJ~UVlU1V1 1.6'II
L!n1ntu1~1"1L'~'f)U~LU!~1tJ ~1 LL~:::~ f1~ L~11.1T:::"I11"llU
n~'ElUY1fl 'J1~L~'tl~U'JLL~~U1Y'lVi PI LL~:::Li:1 f1~1VI tJ9~ ~!
•

LC1~" (VlU1 310-314)

n11viiien911nr~U~~f1L~3-Jd' ~1~l1lT ll~~n~5
'II 'II
------1.~~ UnPIn m-I1
'V4fl1f1~ri1>3~>3~X1f1n-3~fl1.l::: LL~:::'l1Ttufli;'~:~nfiu1'
Li:luh.n!fl~Pi~1.I:::Lyjflm~vhLtXLn~f)'J1;.1iufu"lufl'J13J
o I 4:Il .. I ., oI:lW:t. d - ~ "<Q,
~tJ1tJ"llfl~fl1 'J1 f'~lJ:::L Y'lfl"l1'J~ "I1-3;.1n9::: L"ll!tl'3Jfl'l1;.1
~tJ1tl~~Pi~1.I:::vifuL~3J'l~"I1utJ1nn'11ufln~1ndn11
LL~c;Hfl'l1tJCjVl~t)~vifl~U~~flL~tJmwd'fi ..n11,T-3:Bfl
WW~~'tl...'11 L'il3J~t!1~n~!11VltJ J!~:::vi1"l~~thu..
L-ih1911.1'11LuUVlU~~'fl1.l1:::tWi ~~).j~vi1n1119!fl~1 LL~:::•
~Lfln :::,r1:::uu~n~!1~1~ n1:::U'lUn1 1"llfl-3n'1flU
fl ~1LLuuun1.11:::tWif'1f~f LL~'1'iltJ ~U1~n ~u11'YltJLfltJ
Lif'El~1LL~'Jn~un~1tJLU!n11fiin'M'1 LL~:::"iiLfln:::,f1:::uu
~n~!1L(;ltJn11~'l~1flU ~1'Eln11Lfl11.1f"l1qJ111fl-3flVlfl
~1fn=n~~L.jJ111.1~fl'l13J ~~1 tJ"llfl~1:::UUmuvm n1ru
•
~-1vh1tXn11~ fl'l1tJfl1~Clnu (;l Lijf1!11.11~tJ1n I.Y'l11:::'II
L~'tl!1"ll~~fI ~9!~Jl1Y'ln11tu'!i-1fltJ L~tJriui~fltJ1U
~,rtJu99u!1~L~ii'tl!n!"
~~·U1..J1W)91Hl!U~LL~~~fl 'l13J f'lVi L~!,jtll1.1'11
~9:::'f:h!~u~~~"IJ'El.~~m Jl~~n~L~tJifttX1'L~f1~l;r119' 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 1
".J .. 1_ .. Q ~ I
fl~9:::11l 'fNtJY'l !j1!lJ 1"11 qJ13J1 Tn"llf 11l3J10flU "LI.IJI
f
ci'1~fuf)!vi1~ Lil1L9LLa'lnfl19rlfl"I.tXLii ~fl'J13J1.;r1L~nVl
LL~:::~~~~3N1tJnUn11~fl'l1tJ,f!11.11~f1th~~1t11"
",...I ClIo '" .., 0 .a:a tt"_ 1oQ
LLY1Y191~ Cl1L11Y'l911CU1 ClfltJ fl1'l~11tu~-3n~1'J
'" 1 ~ .. '" 1 ~ ll'"I
~'ltJ 9LlJ!fintJ n"ll'ElU9:::L"ll1 9'l1C-J'l911tu V1LLf~'1
'II
fl'l13,Jf'l~L"'!vi1~1 ~'lm911lU1~ LL~dhtJ19u~fVlt•
LLv1Lu!vi'..bLfltJ(;l1tJ~Hv1u~hj~:::Lt)tJ~~f1f1v1'tln11m'l9
~f1U~~n~1!v11-11 i~9:::L~!1~1il1nn11i!iht~1wi1.... ....
11iunnr'Pln~",, __

~u~~m~3-liiL:nuu:(u1ULr':l 1 if ~~LLviri'tlu~U1,xU
L;;;u"dj&Jf~Pin~u1 "IJtl~3-I.1.').finqVliLiiuud:lutJ~3-I. ~
ntlu1i'1~3-I@I .Yi11~L@ltJ;rtlLVi"l"l1'~ L'i13-1~u1iln~u1
1VlUL:;Juu;Untlu"'f-3P1n~U1 LL'tl~tl1"1~'tltl~iuiht~1U~
1uVl1~n~unu li'f)1"1n~1')1~~1 ~L:;JtJu"'f~Pin~U1tl,)"I..
UItl~mrL:;Ju UL~'f)lJItlUUil'U3-I~u1Pin~'1..111VlU~')U..J'1
Lt)ULL[;iLiftl~1 &Jf~Pin~u1 l3.htlf)c;ilf)m1L~LLu~1~Lvh
..l
Vli'')1
~1~fu;rtln~1,)~1vj~1~lJI1 l1ijPint1-nri1~1Pl~tl::..
Lyj'f):n'ilJlijlJl1tl,xU ii'f)11mflU1UYiIf) LLlll~~1 ~lJI41-nfh
. J ' , " 1" " l . ,
U'f)U1~ClnlJltl-3 LYi11~L"j.n lJI"IJtJ1Ui'')13-1 ~U[;ItlU[;Itl3-l1
..
"JI'f)~;r'f)f1,)13-1lJ1tlU ~i1~(:h Li:lultlLyjtlfu1-if:n'i[;IPin~U1
LL'tl::f)'U'fIU1-3~[;I1"1::L -ih1"11UL~'fI~Pl~tl::L ~'fIWiVl Pl'tltl::
L~tl3-l,)'tl"JlU1"IJt)L"IJ')1tl13-11~L'tlu 1ud:!'fIL"IJ1~ifLL'tlvjLiluu..
~'tltl::L~'fl:n'i[;l Pl'tltl::L~'f)tl1::"ll1"llu1uU13-1"IJ'f)~Vitlm
~~LiJ U~'tl1:l ULLc;] ~L~ U')~LUUfI')13-1PllJl L~'f)~if'f) U1~"I1'~.._ , e l l ' 4 f
"I~ L'f)1~1ULtl1 n11 ~':lUn11Vl@lL~3-I tlU')1 L"IJ1 f)'tl1lJ1
Lf)~'f)'U,xU Ltlflli(flU1~3-I'i'f)n::JCi~ L1'f)u1"IJvj L"IJ1mh':l
Ci-31UL,)'tl1C;]'fl3-l1"1nil'f)i'')13-1,xUL~hu
, 0 I ~ crd oIIClI
~')Uf)1n'tl1':l"IJtl~~':l"l1nUVlLL ~lJI~ fI ')1.3-1 L~ UlJl1 U..

v1~[;I11.jf~Vlfl3-l1{ niLUULLnUfI':l13-1PllJllun11'iLi'I11::,x
1::UUPln~U1 vh1lXLill1"1~1hhiJun11~uf)t)1[;113-1
m::u')'Um1tl1::~l"l1'i'l[;l{ ri1Cl13-1~r.i1LiJU~'f)~~~"IU
;r'f)LVi"l"l1'~.jj'f)if fimru1lJ1L~1~Lrun~1 m1~uflt)1;13-1
...... .r" ""'i'n1::UIJUn11tl 1::')[;Il"l1~[;11 Cl1n11f)UfI,)1~lJImLU,)
,-~.~ 1JI i.J n f1 n~I'i
··;'<:~:i?".·"·;:..»/);'):¥'1t~~'3 u;,;~,:),; ,,.,~::'~:!,~'},:,,::;';:~~" "~b
c. <IIII:lIo.cllo "'" - , .... ,',,' , , - , J , 'f";i::.' '~ "
fl,)13-1f1lJ1"lJ'f)~"I[;I1~lJI m1f1UfI':l1Vl1tlm~U~un11tJ1::,
tWilii1'i'lVl{ihuPin~u1 ri"lltlU"I::Citlt)1ijlJl~':ltl~~"I::tJ~. ~
fir13-1LYi11~Li:lun11tltl~"I1n'@IUU"IJ'fl~UlU (An~h.n)
Vl13-1~1~~ L-dunu L@lUL~Ulifthvi1f1':l13-1 L-ll11"l~1n11•
'i~fl11::,xtl1::t)~l"l1~Vl {,xu"I:::'UUn113-1tl ~"l'n~n~
.
~
fl')l3-1PllJl1lJ113-1'1.-rl-lltlu ~vj"l::Ci'f) ~1Lllucm ~rtlijj;lLUlU..
~3-I!1ru tl 1::L~U~1R'lJfI':l1'f)~vjm13-1'f)~,JqJ'ln~h~ 1
J1':lU~n'tlVl1~f),)13-1PllJl,xu 1 'i'l13-111Clvh1lXdh.!fI':l13-1
•
"Il-mr'Ell3.J LL'tl::'ifi~fl,)13-1Vl1~tl1::~l"l1'i'lVl{ Utln"l1n
"I::;~f1,)13-11~~~ihuPin~u1u1uVluLL~,) m1'iLfln::,x
•
~,)ULLUU 'UUU"lJ'El~ t)[;I ClilU3-ItJ1::~l"l1'i'l[;I{ (Historical
•
Materialism) iiu1"1:: djuvj UIf) 3-1 fu"IJ 'f),UJ..Lruutl 1::t)~
........ j IIClI
l"l1~[;I1lJ1':lUL"llULlJIu')nu
'f)u1~hii~ ~U~~'f)L'U3-I~u1P1n~u11Vlu Y1~~3-Ivf
Lc.JULLYi1'1.Uflf~LL1mL'tl::flf~vj 2 U~13J"Iu'tl~LlJIU'i'l3-lUHU..
LYin::~L:;Juu (~[;I1 nijPin~) Li~ruL:;Juu1lXvlu~3-IYi'U
__ .. .,.. ..d oICIlI.... 0 _ ~ _
'U[;Il"l1'i'l[;l1 2500 "ll~3-I"IJ'f)"I1nlJlVl~L,)'tl1LL'tl::;L~U'VIU
•
~1~fu~~3-IW Yi'f)r.tlJl~3-Ivfflf~~~~rlt3J'f)1"1~1~U'UUU
~'i'l3-lu1ru1~~uu~1LiJ'UL~'f)~U1L;UlJI1Umh~~~ Ci~..
m::,xULU'El ~1~11~L vhv1 L"lJ11~~'i'l'U'f) ri3-l1n~'fILLrim1
Pim~t1f1':l13-1"11~fl n ~1u~ii~ LLc;]tl1 (;]lJItllf)ufi11u~'tl1
n1n;luuLLuU LUU~UUU1~[;1 'ElU'f) 'El n fl~"I::n~1':l1~
'Elu1-.1~u1"1~1~m niJPint.. U1L~u'El'i'V1u1ilYiufiVl1~
tl1~~l"l1~ [;Ifvj'V11~ f)rufi1~~un U'El n"l1 nif~1'U'lJ'f)~
•
untl1::~l"l1~[;Ifiu~~~ 'f)~h~U'ElUri~IU'i'V1UTW~ufi
•
11itJHnh Rom'"" ____

...l'I'tl,:J The Organization of Thai Society in the Early Bangkok
4Q 4:111 _ d",.,J t
Period 1782-1873 "tl'EbUJ.'I.').'tlFlU 1'Yi'Yi~UVlI.~U'tlIM)
1l~1'iVlf.J1~tJFI'tlfllu~m~::lJlfun1'If.JnU'tl-11.UlJ'I'I{;11~1
'!l1')tli"4{;1"FlVllh::lYlf'l'El~3J1n n~liim,'11~'tl-1rilJiJ'tll~~
~·h1.u 1'iUJVI'U1~n~u1"VlEJ "tl'El-1~V1'I f1ijPln~mj3J1n '.
. .., 'U
lvd:l'iluriu.
~
-~.~(;l' ~ fj Rfl ~l
1:;~1l11Q :

I 1IIIin m;ftijDIIII::f101::, al1luftH'Ifl{limlll, UOll1fJU 2517

: 1l0~'U 1IIHIJnl, flDllihutlYlillfllln, til1rfl~lJ~flUlI~lJ2517

.. "tl 1 .I~ w ~Q "
flflt)nli '1 11'1. SJ.1.1.• tlHftl1l'lUl, nllllUl. 1'11::um 2511

I UOOtlOt'" IIUftiltminlilu111lJlIflfttlfiul'n!lUll 011flflll1h::-Mfflflflf

• ..,. ~.. * 4. w t • : . . ,.. ..

'II11~ n.ft.'. 011illlJOU11l::IUUfll00,..1I0tlOUllflU'liDn 1'1011l1'llUU,a::1UfHil

~ w '" ~ " . Q ":P Q .. , " , ',_1lilt'lllIt1llIU cnn.llUI'l!l ~llflll11flfl fl.ft. L'lllilllJll~l!Itl~JflllJ611 "91'" lJll'fl

.." ~

'II!J~lIN'1'lf011II'lO1'l1l11'lJlllJ
5" "~l 1 • ~ 1 • w 1 W Q
fHltjllli lJn lI'lf, 1l.1.1., fllUn!JllJtl'llUUl mlOltllHlllU~ 'IIllU 2503. tnllflll
ihm 2607
6 uuiiil'lllm;~'1n1'l1tllllltlthf mIllhw iu~ 1l. 1011111jfl'
7 'lin i'('IIl'm1'lf. 11UllYl11l'ti, nlll'l'iunUDntlUOIlfll1Ull1l11'1ll·aOllOl lin10lllJ
Ull::UNOlll linl!Jflll 2505
8". '" " 1 ~ .."flflq)1li UnllJ'lf.ll.1.1" nllUlIOllmUtl~nOltl~liUl200iJ 111lJ 1, nOlllnOl~

2510

9 .. J "." .. " CloI
l1U~atlUlllU lJ.U.flilqnll tlnllJ'lf 1'I11lUl'ilO'UnUII'll!JI1'1111~IlUltl~
10 . . . . ..!t v
0tllllJlllilOlIOI::'lJl'ID~ "tlllfl'ntl'l1 1899 IJlIllt1 9 •
11 a ~, tl "Q1-' a'tl' ~ ~ "la-00' lIl0llilllOl. t.Il_n., '~Olfllllllll 1I11ltl'~OllU III ft'!Jl~1VltJll~UUH.
tl'::lllJOQlllJl0U'::'1flOllilJ 6 l'I'ZUflt 2478
12 ...." d. • .. .. , , - "
am l!,uum. 11IUllnW, tll1l1l'llll'l~iUUm, l'l'ZUflt 2510
13 &HlI~11u 6
14 trwlifl1u 7
15 AimlllllU~atll111.h::'lIl'lflji 1lllitll11,;' flUU''IIt1i'1l.
~ 1!1 .!oF- ~ , _I ... ~
tlllltlltl~ : flll1l10a~t1lJfI'll'lll)U'llflU lJ':;lllIYltlUOUOlbll 2517
Ihunnt', Rf1 ~htT'I.1--

L
r-
c:
..;i
:I
•;,
•
r-
c:
'Ia.e
i
•~v
";iv
..-==;IV
I~'.1:Ii
~~~-;.
~:J
~l:z
)cTZIn;:z
B~TZ
r-
f..III
a
or;
ag
t"01•
--:111•".
I-
•
•
I....

,.,
=-=
II~
•

• •
1.h~~1"lllJ1VlU1'Uif~~,r'Um~~'Ui'l;f'.mft~1~u~';~1of
'"
...
.
.
. ~
L"In1~~13-.11103-.l'fl'l Li1'Uufl'l'ilth'li'PlL;''U~1 1.fl1R'fl~V11 .
- ~ ,
~'t1ft'U~~ VI3-.1 LL~ rO'il Lii'il'.ru'l~'lm"111 LL~~1.fl1~ 'fl iVl1"'. .
"Y1~u1V1:O~~m;hlu~u1i'lLLri~m~V1n~1"ll'il'lL111~'lWl~.. . . .
fl'l13-.1~VIL~'U"''U:n(jVl''ll'il~L"ll1 d~]'U~lJ~1F1'l13-.1 'flVl'flt.n n
t.nnLLfltALL~~ri1fl1ti'lil'Vi~'U~'l~U, n113-.1m~d~]'UL'~·1~. .. ~
'" CIt _ AI<IClt. <CII
"II'fl'lLL1'l'l1'U(;]'il'l0 n"llVl1V1~'Um~VWll '1 VI"II'fl'l L1113-.1 F1'l13-I.. ..
"'3-.l1UL~t.I'l "vi1'l1'UL~'fllm~7i'U ii'ULYl'fl1.'I.1ihL1'lvh
'l1'U" rel'ULU'U'l'lt){)hJi~u LL~~"lf,u'lUf'El'lL~:nqfriu
Ul1.J"'1n11~1-3'l1lJ. 'U1 UYJ'ULL"';-3"ll1 ~ ~'fl 'lft3-.l~~~1U,
LflI1'M~ii~LL"';'l"ll1~relU L't}11'l'lln.J~'lVln"ll tU~. "ll1'l'U1~. ~,~
lo'U1LL~~u~n;h'l-- - cn~fU~3-.ln 11~1LtI'Un1~Vlni'U... .. ..~ ..
"'~'l"ll'fl'l"ll1~ n~uhj~-U1'lii'U ri1L"lhLL~~V1'Elm1fu~'l..
~'l "..d~'Uvi'l3-.lYf'U 1'l1'l LL~~n~1ULrh.JFI'Uft3-.l~~~1UU'Y1•
lJ1. n~1mtl'U"ll1'l'U1fu~'l'l,n~1ULU'UFI'U"II1ULLN'l1'U
1,n'U~~VI ~'l~'l3-.l'l~ifLU'Ufl'l13-.19V1L~'U1'U~1t.lLflI1'M~ii~. ...
n~. "'1'fl F1'l13-.1L"'~'lLL",~n~'illn'l1 'U'l'ln'11f~U1~, n11" ...
1.-nrei1'U1~ LU'U~13-.1"11'il'l~~'l1 '" qJ. n1HLU'l=D'l fl1'U1~
n'ULL~~n'U, n1mVl~U1~"ll1"ll'U~'lt.ln{)"'3-.l1u~'Uhhu'U
"ell oIlCiI , _ I d!;
fi113-.1. n11~Vl1 VI111'M'il1 n 1flU1'll-t'Unl-t'U'l'l "ll-3V1'l3-.l'l~

J f'I - '" 4 a.<C:lll

'ULu 'UFI'l13-.1~{;H~'UVl1'l VI'1'Un1H3-.I 'il'l n VI, LL~ ~ FI '113-.1
L"'~'fl3-.lJ1(;h~'l"ll'fwn'U.ff'Ul'U~'lF13-.1. fl'l13-.1 Ll-t~'lLLl-t~m..
"II'fl'l~1U fi11~Viti1~'l1~U1 VI L~11 ~tiVlfi~~"II 'fl'lt)oo.J'U
fi113-.1V1~t)tAVln, f111CJn"ll1 VI~~U~LL~~'l11ruFi ~1.rL'U~'fl
"ll'Un~"3-.I,j'flu ~'lJ~3-.I'l~ifLU'UFI'l13-.1~V1 L~'UVl1'l ~h'U
_ J(~
~:J..If1nf91
.s'oo.J'Ufi113-.1 ri~ FI 'l'l3-.l9V1 L~'UL"'~1if~;j'flU 1~~'lflL;J1

~'lUn'ULLft'l ~'Ul~~'fl'Ul 'I.1U 1~"ll1"ll'U1VIU3-.I'fl>3L'l:1'U'l;I"h

U1UIn 'flY13-.111l-t c1J"Ilfl'l~'Unf1'fl 4'm'l11~il U3-.I (1'l~vf~

f'!).ItA f1'f}'U1UVltA'U1U""U1LL~::;U1UVlU"IItAU1'l) ~l~~
. " ~ ,
~n~J..l1
'fl>31"1~u1'UY1u'U UU~1U1~"ll1"lltALVlU1 Ji'3-.I'il'lLi1u

.rlU"Il'fl'l9m'l11~ilU3-.1 m.h-3LLY1~1'ln f1 'fl n11Lf'I~tlULW"J

'll'fl'lU1~"ll1"lltAL ~'fl L1t.1n1'fl'l1'I.11~U1~()'flUVlUmln~1n
...
f'l tAfiil1.JOJ1:n1~'fitALU tAi OJOJ1 viii,VI ~'l'VI 3-.11 UL~fln11

m11tALLfl~ri'fl~'lF1113-.1 ~'l9m'".l11~il UJ,J1i LUULfl~'fl'l
•
ij'flltAn11fn'M1CJ~u1~lu"ll,r"ll'fl'l1n'U, LL~~"IltU~l~U'ln'U

,furi1~L1un1'fl'l1"f~u1~~1Luuu1t.1u1uti~1~LLfl~Luu
...
n~1'l LiJVlFI'l13-.1i3-.l~ufi~'lVl1'lLflI1~~ii~. ... n11Ui'il'lLlfl~
rroo.JUfi113-.1nlJVI n't11~LVlflIVlnri1U 1V1Uhh;'f}n~'t'Ifin11
Lij 'fl'l ~'".l'U'fl'lA~U1'UviLL~VI'l~1u1::::"ll1"llul VlU1~~'fl'l
L'l:1UJlU"Il'fl'lin~'U1'fl U1'li'(;]L~'Unf1'f} n1HFI;'il'UL"''1
L1t.1n1'fl'l1"iin11uj1ruY1~'U. f'I'lUf13-.1 ,"hl"lh. fl'flmtfu:..J.. •
LL~::::~oo.J'U1U1::::'lVlflIl'1.1LU'UU1::::LVlflI'flVl~1'V1n11~ LYl'fl
•
~::::1~l-t~VI~'U~1n1::::uuCJ~VlVl1~n1Hn'MVl1'filJfl1'V1~'l•
'll'El'l~n~U1
~'ln~1,fU U1~"ll1"ll'UlVI utJ'l3-.1 'fl'l Li1'Ufl n~'lU~1
n11"llVl1 V1LL~::::n VI~U 1~"lI1"llU"II'il'l{n 1'".l n~Utl3-.lLL~::::..
PIn ~'U1,f'U Lu'Un11"1lVl1V11'".l3-.1 riu (Collective Exploita..
tion) JUf1'fl vf'lrivh'l~CJ~U1::::1U"ll'U1'Un11"1lVl1V11'l~n'U.. ..

{n1'".l11~Uu).IiiCJ~U1::::1u"ll,r~1nn11"1lVl1(;lVl1'l~1'Un11..
jlil:J..IUU,frnjjiU'"Ie
'1"A~"I1,1 ~5c. .

...
fiU'flTi 'tlgt~,,,m11).JLL~~Ynru~umnl~~mfUn". .
t.ln'tf'(;1 cJ'1u~n~U,iit.l~1l1~1u~tf"nnn"'tf~i1f'lu.. ..
'" _ ----. I 4 alCilt. I ' ' , J ""
f'Um1Ln~vW mn')flt:lV1(;1U. f'I1L~'. (;1'tlnLUU LL~~
if"lIOlUU't6)1'J3-iLt:l,m1Ltluu1m.1'r''tft:l~Yi'JnU1UV1Ut.ln. . ..
"ll'(;1~n'J',)11~UU).Jvl,~1l1::LV1P1L;r1Htin~')u Ifuifu
j1Ufl'"J').JLtlU"l1~;~n~;'J~~~t:l~chu~~1~1'J).Jii'tlnu
.1-- .col ...l.1 1~P1 .col..l •
u!JU[;ln"LYit:ln(;1'iJU'~~1~U~~ ,)LuUV1'~ LYi'tlVlLLUI
~:::il1 U"l:::1~1'J).Jii t:lnU1/(;11f1~~'tllll 'El th~~:: (;1')n (;11U
vl'Jt:lth~"lIt:l~m11.jlNii~,u1')).JL~'Eln (;1~1l1:::"ll1"llU1,j"JI(;1
.,. ~ • .¥ 1~' I • - I ~ 11(;1(;1~n~1'JU (;1U1,nflLLn~,uUl1u1:::"ll1~U).J'~L~'J U
1l1:::LVlPltiUll~fJflrit:lUn"lln-wi 1952 'tf'tl~fl(u::VlVl11
~~1un11urJu~n'J''"J11~UtJ).J(;h~1l1::LVlPl1~.a).J~~n~...
~11~LtJu~fl1t:l~Ot:l LL~:::vlYiVlU,1un,mf~1.h::~1"llU
1U~~uflu1).J~n1,)11~uU).JcJf~ ~PI~l~Yi u, U1).JVlUU.
~n~u1LU,1~t:lth~~~).Jrhi~ ~LviL~~'J1~).J1~1ULL~~Lri
~n1'J11~um.Jt:l ~).J1n, vi~U).J1VlUU Vli~'tfu~n1~~U
L~mlluvi~f vl'Jt:lth~'lVl3Jy1Liifl;~~(;1 1 ~t:lU 1 Li'1t:l
d "-~ ,.,J't;ld .I~ .....::It. I I
Lflt:lU~).JM"lUU 1957 Unflt:l n"U{)U[;ln'"')).J1:::VI'J1~
~n1'J11~UU).Jt:lL).J1mLLfl~~n ~U11UtI,::LVl'PI"lt:lf~L (;1U
L~t:ln'J1(;1~,~rhi~il,ull1:::~,~ui~fl).JUU).Jfl~1ll vl'J
t:lt.h~;~nkl'Jm~vi11""ll1:::~,~ulV1U).Jt:l~~l-1u~1uu1U
. m11/(;11(;11')).J (Collective Exploitation) 1~VI~,~~n1'J11~
UU).J~~fl:::~n~u1LtlU'Elth~~ ;~JULt:l~ ~~U~~:::Ylt:lU
r.j~;~n'fl~).J1"l1nll'::"ll'"llU1VlU ~~).Jf)~1 ~U11vl'J i"l119ill
" ~
d ..... _ 1.c:iI I .cJ c:r..clll _ oIICIo.Q
Vl ~"!J1"l::Ul'El~"lJ"l(;1'El U'~1U (;1'JUVl~ (;1n fl t:l "ln 1'J11(;1UU).J
----Ie1(;l"j un RO ~I
~1nn'U~'fln~fl:::in~U1"l1nn1U1u
4'n 1,)11~UU).Jfl'fl'fl::11? R1 U1'tlulUi[JUt}nfli)
~n'J',)11~uu).J1~L~ri iYlflVlUUu3.Jiut.ln"ll1(;1 (MonopOly. ~.• .¥ .col "I ~
Capitalism) n11t.1n'iJ1(;1n'J'::Vl1'tfUlYit:l LVlU'tJVlUft1).J"0.. .~l~,)~"'1rhhiu~~ftfl (Maximum Profit) l~~~).Jlij.(1lPi).J-.. .
ml')u i~dLYin:::i'VlflVlUUU).Jfi113-.J (1lTvihit.ln~1(1l. ..
(Non-monopoly Capitalism) hjft1).J"C1lnri1hiu~~~(;1
~ 1"'G D 1 ~ ..J"CIII ~
1(;1 "l::",1 (;1mYiu~n, 1LtU~tJ (Average profit) V1~U
L"tl11d1rn1LL';~"li~nu'tlth~~ft1 t:li1~n11t.1n"ll1j;).g.1
..
~n1'J11~UtJ).J dJum1t.1n"ll1 (;11'J3-.J 1~'" ~1~VlUfiU1 1"111
" .~ .. '¥it"'"nUl'.lU'flUl~11.1n'J'1).J. ~~n"'iin"ll'V1U'fl1id u).J'tlllt}~n~).J
-.c:iI oCIro. 4 d
U,UVlU'tfUfl~N~~U~VlUU).J'fl"'U~(Financial Oligarchy) UVI
u1Vl~1~n 11Un11t.1n"ll' (;1,Tudrifi'tln11t.1n'il1fl1~wi1~" I t / . . ..
U1::~Vlf'l Junf'i'tlijl~t.ln'tf'(;1~LPilnu1ulh~L'Vlf'lll1:::m1"
L~U,) ~Lfl:::~~n~1Ju m1t.1n'iJ1V11:::wh~ll1:::~V1P1"l:::1~..

t.I~~nvi'El~i1'fl1~~~Vlu'tl'flnlll~~lull1:::LVlPl~U.1 tin~'"Ju
LLfl::~LUU'flu';jfim1~VIYl1Uvi~'"Jnd~nl1l'fl~1-n'tlth~~iln
L~u~hJ1~nfli'fl~~P1;1~L ~'flLLti~:n~~~~~~t.ln"ll1til;1~nu~
-"
L~~~nu
UUfl'tl "~n1'J11~uu).J"

fln'Jdn).J1(i~~n~u,~n~u,f'i'tl'tl::h?

~n~u1f1'tl"tl'Jnv1u~~11'"1~n1:::~uU? in~u1f1'tl
•
19unu"').J1n? ~n~u1f'i'fl~'Jn~u~~n? PTn~U1fl'fl~'Jn
~.c:iI - J - Q, 4 _ , _ Q, .4
Vl3-.JU11(;11fl1n(;1? fl1ninU1fl'tl"tl'Jn1.1'JLm? fl1nflU1fl'tl"tl'Jn
v1(;10mVlU£l(;1'V1U1).JU1::"ll1"llU L~nLL'~::~[;l1? ~n~U1....
jlit:,jVi..r....RIl6lU....' .

• •
• • •
• •
• •
.fl'tl~(mL~l?
_ d 4 " " J~J - ~
~m~tru::Vltlm.J1Vl'tlUL"ll'lI:'l'll:'lm'Vlfl1U tll"'l"l::Vl Vl'j
~Vll'nrlUmju1'1 L~Tl:::1u{f"lr.njuaJnijmnh:::n.n:l.J1I"lr
, 'II •
ui'tl1l'lTtJl LiJu~n~u1 tVltl1'1viLI'l1'tl'l LL~,H'I,)LLfl:::Vl"llUl 1'1. ti ~ i
"lJ'tl'l~uLih..lLnru-i'tl~U'tlEJ 1 t)lrluvi':i1'1LL~'J ~n~ru:::'
I J~ 1Qr, oIICII q q I~ t '" ~ ..,J'
L'Vlfl1'tW L3.J ~ 1'1 LI:'lEJ'VllVlEJ'J LLt'lnL3.J nnVl fl'l 'Vl'lUL~T1:::...
~.cI.cI a ~ d.odl J
~'Jn'Vl:l.J [;lU"lJU1Vl Lfl n"lJU1 Vl"l'J "ll'lI:'lU L"lllll:'ll EJ3.Jlti:l1n
"'.c::IQ oQI oCllo d ., 1 0 cat
~'Jn "~VlVl'WLLVl'l Vl:::LLfNVl'WLVlU" "ll'lL3.JLFlEJ'Vl1'l1'W VlU
...
13J LAm'VIU EJU~'W:l.J1 LL~i'laJmi'tlu fl1"l"l:::nfl1 mtluu1 EJ
'Vl'W. LU 'W1:'l1 aJn l"ll 'WL~T1:::n1T~:l.Jfl:::fl1 EJ'Vl1'lLP T'M~ii"l
.'~ ~
'VIT'tl n~u nfllEJ LUU~rln"lJ VlT1'1 mh'l LL i'l 'W1:'l1 ~~1U LL~'iln........

1~ ~n~Ul 'VIfll EJFlu1'W{f"l"lU'Wi113JU'lc411"l'lnT:::Luu
~')nL~lu~vlLiJUL~lLLt.iU~U~'JEJ.J1 LLVl'1:l.J'1~LUUPln~'Wl
nijrl:l.J1u L"l!U ~T:::L~l'V1flEJ~ Y.J~U~ (Louis-Philippe)
•
""lJ'tl'l~f'lLf'1~1'Wnfll'l1'l1~t'lf'1Vl,)TT~vl 19 1~l:'i1uLiJU~,)
LL'Vl'W"lJ'tl'l'Y'j ')nnT:::!J:l.J~ LLfl::11'1EJ L'U~1:::U1 EJ'VlU"lJUI"l~'ll
~'l,f'Wm Tvl"l::::EtJ11MLUUPln~U111'1 EJ 1'1vI"lJ~lVl~'tl'l~'W...
'VIT'tl'1l1Uiri1L~~'l13J!n~~'l1VlEJiuL=n'l
c'l1L"Jl'WUULL~,) mTVi"l:::~"llTru1tJl1I"lni]lJPln~Ul
'VI1'tl13J,fU LT1"l:::Vlm'VIU?...
fl1 VI'tlUnflfl LT1;''tl'lVlvl" Fl'Jl3.J ~:l.JW'WfiL'W m nJ~1'1"... '
(Productive Relationship) nl:'i1'Jflfl Vlt)11UL'Jfllv1L"lIlv11~- ~ -.
mT~~VI'VI1'tlL ~jhi'J:l.J1Un1T~~VlJ'W L"lJ1ii A'Jl:l.J~:l.J~ufi
rlu~~u1u,hEJn1T~~VlflEh'lh -~...
~:l.J:l.J~t)1 "lJ'W1J1NT1"ll1VlUT:::"ll1 ij'tll:n~'Vh't.n
.----I.~ l'l '1 ~ nAn iiil
fj"LLfl'l~nvhl..n "lJlJtilNTl,i1~lh~"lIlijfl'Jl~"'3.J~ufi. . ..n1JtilLL~'1it~miJuer'1'tilLLtl'l~ L"liuif"lJUU1;'lT1"ll1Vl. ..t1T:::"lllLUUfln~ul"'TflLlIfil? R1C11:l.Jd'~flul:l.Jl~ vl
·Vlflu13.J'1~riL'nTl:::~"l11rull'l'Jl:l.Ji":l.JWufi13Jnn"l~ mr... .;;j"lJUU1N1l"l1T~UT::"lI1LiJuer'JfilLL~'l~Ju LUUf·I'113.J
i3.J~'Wfit'hu~,)T:::'VltJl'1L'tln"l1U~'flLfln"llU (Private Rela
. .~." '" 1-1"1 '"tionship between individuals) ~'lVlLT1Vl'tl'lVlL"ll:::fl'l UL'Vl...
tl'lLLr1'WriPifl Fl,)l3.J~3.JWufivl L"lJl~~flflU1 'W,h EJmr~ft[;l
':"',d ~oCIlo 1 _ Q , 4 0
'W'WFlllLT1 Vl'fl'l'Y'j"llTrl..ll'Jl L,)fllCJfll'1"'T'tlL'Jfll'Vll:l.Jl'V1l
n'W,f'W "lJUUl NTl "111 1'111T:::"ll1 i":l.J WUfirlU til LLVl'l~
'tlEh'lh 1FlnUUU1EJ~1'l. 1flnUUfln~1'l. 1flTLUUL~1...
"lJ'tl'l;;j~ULLfl:::1J"l~EJ nl1CJ~Vl~U 1 Ufl:::11'lniJ uc4L"Jl1Yi....
L,hif"l~EJnlTe.I~VlLL fl::fl'lUT'Ivil'Wl tll1UL'Jfl1~~[;l"IJU
•
lhNT1"ll1VlUT:::"ll1 djUL~l"lJ'tl'lYi~U u'tlum::~n~u"l:::
•
L~n'VITll11'1 rlVll:l.J 'tl ciu 'WLTfl 'W ri'J 'Wtil LLVl'l~L,hvl1u1rl...
U1Ufln;Jl') l~;Jl'J:l.Jl LL~'J~'El'HLU'l1~"lJUU1NT1"ll1Vl... . .U T::"JI11'l1-'l",it'l d:Jufh (~lviVil:l.JT:::UU n11vhu1 LLU'l
d ,...t d .,f 1- 11'" . . .!"I
FlT'! L"llUULT1"l'l"l:::"lIfl'l u ~'Jl'VllU"lJU"lJ'tl'lLT1LuU
•
~n~'W1L~lvi~u 'tilLLVl'l~LiJ'W"ll1'JU1"lU F1'Jl:l.Ji:l.J~'Wfi
T:::'VItJl'1"lJ'UU1T'1T1"ll1VlU T:::"lll rlUEi1 LL1'1'1~ ~'l LUUI'l'Jl:l.J
_ _ ('f' • , • ",,da. _
i'l:l.J~UfiT:::"''Jl'1L''ll'Vl Vl'W nlJ"I11'JU1"lUI
nLU UL'~EJ'lIii')'fl cil'l'Vli1'1"l1'lhjf~n:l.J 'tl:::hun LLlfi
•
t;'lm:::J'WLTln'Y'lll~Tt.J1~t)lLl1~fl'flnt)11I'lntl'W'1lu.ffu" --- ~ ,,-------..-,,---.. /-., ._ "." '-',.,.. .- --
1VlmVlEJVlYiFl'Jl:l.J~3.J~UfiL UmT~~V1"lJ'tl'l L'iJ1 L~fl:::~'tl"l:::
~~')"'1-~~'ch1~;Lri~L~1~;;i~~1~~-~~~L"Jil~~" --- - - .._'",-_.-.
!1amnl:'1 Rniiiu", ~

U1 ~,fuih;jufn~t.n; ..:lliu..:Jhh"3_JVl~~fr;im,JL~tJ..:J~'il- ,. __ - ""'_,-,~ ,.___ ~ til
LLfl~LL~Yi ~Vll11 tir~n LL~~n ~U1lU'1..111Uii""JU f'1 f'1 flU1..:J
. '" .~,)uLvh.ju . 'VnlJl!~n1~uuCJ~Vl~n~u1'viuVl~1-Jhj,
1~UUtJ~11I~n~U1LU.u1~UUVn-.3LPlnt~ii~'if'il..:Ji..:Jf'13-J_~." _'~.,- -~".';:' ~-'~' -../'~'- -~- .._.. .----~--~.-;-,;.-u t.I~
n11VlL11~~1~n1~U1Ju1VltJ~3-JU1ru. ... ., ---_.. _..._.., - •... ~-
~..:Jln'il..:l~~11ru1_.,..- ".._-------...
f'1,)13_Ji3_J~Ufil Um1t.J~11I~--3""3-J Vl'if'il--3i..:Jfil3-J (Productive
. ' --"'--" ,'-.. . ' -.
relationship of society as a whole) m"iu'ilU L11~::Ji''il..:l
- ~~11CU1~..:J1~~1~~"J13-Ji3-J~~i~n..:JlPl1~:jii~,m1~~..:I
Ufl~~~U1i;';~ ~..:J~..:I~13_JtJ1~n11tf1"J~~UL-ir1LUU11.J·,,_.
LLUU"!I'il..:Ji..:Jf'13_J
rhL,ju.jUU~,)1~UUc..J~Vl~n~U1R'il'ilU1..:Jh?
f
'
ht
j
e;:
~.
' >J 11 ''0;{!
.,
...,
fl n1:Jru~'lJfl'l
•
1"~tJtJ tJii ~ An~u'll~ ul1'11t.J
n. rl,)'l1Jvt1J'ltJ'Ufl'lPi'l-i,rrn~u'l
"~n~U1"1~tJ1tJ.-l1uUfll'h "'Ehu1~LUn11fl1'ilU- - '''M - - . " " _, _ _ , ~- _ •.-.'.' - -'
f'11'il..:Jv1u1" ufl~rh~~utJfl"!ltJ1tJf'1,)13_J 'tl'ilnL~LLr.i3_JLL~..:J
;f~LL~;" ~n~u1ri~3_J1tJ(i..:J "t11U1~LUm1R1'ilUf'1H)..:J
v1~u ~...:JL;juif~~tJii1Rt1JL:Un'J.niJHLLfl~m1vl1u1flU
-Lilu'il1:n~w~"n'if'il~u1~"lI1"llulutJf'1.ju" JUL'il-J "1n
m HLUfl R,)13_J~3_J1tJ"!I'il--3PT~vlL,j~if L11 ri~'il"~3_J'il..:l
L~ul~f'111"J 1 LL~')t)11~uuCJ~11Ifn~u1LlIu1~UUCJ~ln
d _ _ .. _ .r:::J.ol:l:ll.
Vl~')~U'ilUnu "VlVlU"..
ln13_J~~mPl1~~f1111ll1lf "v1~u" (i'ilt)1LlIuif~~u...
LL~..:Jn11CJ~11I (Means of Production) 'ilU1..:J~U..:J Y4Vl'ilU• ..:J- . ..
~1tJ 1 rifl'il v1~uLlIuLR1'il..:lij'ilfluwct~lum1vl13_J1~1
iiu'if'il..:J3_Ju~;r1~i~~~~-~~~J;Jif~~~3JuY1;:;iJtJ3_J~~·
·~~~~~n1~fl~'ilri1LilVl;fu~·1~riuLR1~..:Jij~1u~1;~1~~
11~unnt''1 All ~hl.'1 '1.

• •
vnrhnfu Lfl1'i.l~i'jtl~'1~C1J1un'lnnn'U"1I'cN~u'Muri. ---,-- ...... "
fii'i.lVlViu 11~ilL~1'1~3-JU~utT~:n'V'lmj~htlnTn'V'l'1~lhm. .. ..
~~L~JnLUUi'V'lvlt)'1 n~m13-J LiJ'UVI~n fI'"J'13-J~'1~n'll'i.l~- .It I ... '" "J ~ - '" d I
3-J'U'MtlLL£1l~:; flU"'I::3-J'1 n Vl1'i.lU'i.ltl n"IJu'i.ltln1J"ll'i.l'VI'"J'1 L"ll'1
. "
s:;v1~U3-J'1nVl1'i.lUtltl ~1'i.lhiS:;L~tI ~vi~vi~u3-J'"1nrin....... dc:ll1dollCllo ..... ac:ll1 '"
f~'13-J~'1~n3-J'1n ~'VI~'VI£1lUU'i.ltln3-JfI'"J'13-J~'1~nU'i.ltl~£1l... .
VltU'M).!'1 LL~::~vilJ..i S:;v1~'UL~tI riu'tl3-.lth :;~lJrllJfI '"J'1~
"
tI'1 n~'11n n1'Un'11f1H)~:n'V'l L'V'l1'1:;~'i.l~L·Jhvi ~UL"ll'1vi'1
3-.I'1V1'1nu L~tI,"hL"J:h L~t1~hULL'lj~ ~1'i.llJ..iri~If)~LiJu
f'U~'1ul ULiu'1"ll'El~L~'1"lllf)~vi~u ~~L~t1nrlU~'1 "'Yn~
n~m"(Serf) m'VI~llJ1'1ru.L~t1n~'1 "L'V'li" 'VI1'tl "L~n"
v .0:::31 _ Cllo oQ ..... ~.o=IdoQ a
(1'1"'1:; L'VI t1lJ nlJ 1~lJlJ ~~ £1l'VI UU t13-.1 ~ 'VI3-.1'VI £1l U3-J'1 n n.. -.-- 'U _
LVltllJLf1rllJU'1 tlYJu1VlC)JvimN~'1Unn"'ln'l1~'11urhii If)
3-J'1 n3-J'1 tI 'V'l~niiU'i.l3-J L~'"JtI fI'"J'13-J ~'1~m~11'"J tILUU'V'l'"J n.
"ijlJ n I" ~vinvi~uU'i.ltl ri LVltllJLf1rllJU'1 tI'VIU"llU1 £1lUmJ.. Dk' 'i ill
. ..0:::311 '" d all
Vl1'fl'U'1t1'V1UU'i.ltl ~~3-.I fI'"J'13-.1~'1~ n~£1lVl~U~~3-J'1 'V'l'"Jn
viLJ..i ijyj~ UL~ tI ri LVi tllJl;;rllJ'V'l '"J n viLaJ nL1~~ 1 ULaJ i1
n"'l n11':i"l1£1l 1 111'E}4ItiJUfU~1U"lJ'1 tlLL1~lf1flJrh~1~Y' If)
lh~Y1"~£1l1tl.j,),)UVli1~ 1 (;'13-.1 ",)'1~U'1LL~::L'"Jmn3-J
~ .."lllf)'l~(;),)"
fl' J 1_
'U'i.ln"'l'1nfl,)'13-J~1~n"lltl~3-.lUMtI
. . "'I:;"llU'i.ltlnlJ
"
Lf~'El~ij'i.l1U n'11vi13-J '1 VI'1 n U Vl1'i.l11"'1r.rtI LL", ~ n '11 ~~ 111
LL~') 'ti1U'1"'1"ll'i.l~3-J UMUn'{Umj rllJ"llU1 £1lLL~:;m3-.l1 ru. ..

"ll'i.l~Lf~'i.l~n 'i.l1Un'l1vi'13-J1",1nu~htIL-D'UrlU L~1"ll 'i.l~Y1
~u1V1nJm 'V'linL~ n VI~mrtlVlii~lJfuvivh~'1u1l1t11~~ ..
---.~ 61"i ~ n R'il ~I
u~l"ilJUCJJ~~3-.l1~IiUtlJ,lijflVlfll"lfl~Lfl:;ti'1U'1"'13-J1nLU u'
- :;.3a qo=to0
L~'1 (;)'13J(;) '"J VI~un L'V'l1'1 ~L1nn'1L'fl'1"11 :::(;)1"11 '"J£1l"llfNFl U
,.,q'1U'"JU3-J'1 n 1~Utl'1ii'fl flUvivi'1~1U'fl ufl'ltllA'1J11ij
" - . 'I -J~ 1 I oQI ".. J'
"ll'i.l~L"'I1"1l'fl~'V1£1lUV1n I "'l:::'i.lVl "'l:::'i.l3-J "'I::'Vln"lJ r.t~~"lJ"lJU
·11 "
'i.l £ivifI,)'13Jwfll"'I"Jl'i.l~L~'1"IJ'fl~vi~ULUULn ru.-v1
'II !fl'13-Jvimh~J,l'1ii f'ln~Ul ~~ijl~S:;I"l~l3-J,.unti
(;)13-J1U f'll"lvlt)'1 "fl'1U'1"'11Un'l1f1'i.llJl"l1'i.l~vi~UflULUU..
u"'Ir.rmf'wlru1un'11vi'13-J'1V1'1 nu" LL(;]'i.lth~L~t1':l ~'1n~ .
lVltll"l'"Jl3-J LtlU"'I1~LL~'"J~ul;;Vl3-Jl tI1'"J3-J O~ >"tilY'1"'lLL~~ __
Q oClIo "~..:::II. 4 -t:,;. , odI
'tl'VIfi'V'l~"IJ'tl~3-.lU~t1Vl3-J3-J1nVl1'flU'i.ltl(;)'13-J"IJU1fV11'tl. . "" ...
.Jr~'1ru"ll'i.l~vi~U~ULUUtr"lr.rtli'1..rOJlUn'l1vil3-J1V1'1nu"
d
~-
... L ~
'i.ln ~£1lVlU~Vl'"JtI

~~ltl n ~TtfU L~'1"IJ'fl~vi~ulf~tl'"J~~n'ti'1U'1"'1~~~111

" .. .1u~':}f3-J ET~lf1'V'ltl1t1'13-Ji~~ 'i.lU'i.llJ1J,lY'')n1'V'li'V'l'"J nLfl n
llX3-J 'i.l~ L~U~l (;)ULiJU~tl1~L~1~ LU 'UL~l"lJ'i.l~:nf)(;)'II ...
U1:;L'V'lrililtf3J~1~1 "IJ'i.l~l"l'"Jn(;)uri~ ltlLLlJlJ:nf)£1l"lJ'i.l~
l"l'"Jn(;)u LUU~U~1 nhn3J'11t11'V1 n'11l"l£1l"'l'1 "1fl"1 ri~'II
n'1nruLVi~L1~1"l"IJ'i.l~l"l')n(;)ulaJt)'1"'l:-;Luum11'i.l~L~fl~.
U'I1LfI~I1lU(JIl, fl~1"l1. ')nru.l"l~ "1fl"1 ri~ Luu~~vi1l"li
LLfl:::L~ nf'"J~n'i.l LU ULLlJU'uUlJ. 1"l'"J1t1n U'fl~LLfl:::(;)'13-1'i.lth~
~~iiriL~'fl"'l:-;1~"IIlJtJ'i.l3J~(JI1"l"lJ'i.l~'V'l'"Jnl'V'l1l"l'"JnLflnl.
Ut13-J"!l3J"ll'tllJ'V'l'"J n (JIU LLrl:::t1 'i.l3JflJ~ enUU"lJ'i.l~Y',) n!flU
(;)fl'tllnltl L£1ltln'i.l~'1LUU"ll'tl~()n ~'i.l~LLrl~LUU fi'I13J ,iU
"
riVl3Jl t1n~~'1~viii'ti'1Ul~1Un'11M'fllJI"l1'i.l~vi~u£i'fl3Jn,:- "
'til Ul"'11U n'1 nil'VIU£1l1ULLlJlJ"ll'i.l~;if) In 'flULU UUOJ Vl'1
" ~
I1'l.J.l " "'11'1il ~ht'1" ef---

•
••3I1r__.'_......'_....._
'j.,«,..."

'II'El'lL~,-nU3--J'i'lU'EJ ~'1'Ell""~LtJU 50 ~1'El 60 ~1't1 70
" "U .. '
~1'ElLL~n-.'l 80 Ltl'tIfL-nur;f"ll'El-.'lt.J~ c;lt.J'i'l'0'-.'l~3--JtFlrl'lJi' ~tFl
. LL~LL~L~fJu1'11i11V1n'i'l'lnU nLUuvnnil1",i", YnnY1~'fl'l
lJlUrl'Y'l'J nY1 Lflu L~1"llU~1i1LiJu1 ~ ~~~'El,wlhviVll'1"l1'fl-.'l
'Y'I'JnL).h~~uvil~l~lnu 'Y'I'Jn;i~'El'lLLU,3t.J~V1t.J'i'l~'11~
LLriL~,Y1~ULUU "filL"ihv1" ~'1f'h L,h,fu'Ell""~11'1'i'l'l
dJUrerml1i'i'l~ 8 n-.'l ~1't1 10 n-.'l ~1'El"~11-.'lLilu'flml
~l ~'El'l L~EJ Pil L"ihY1 LUUr.il U1U 30, Ltl'm-n UI?1"Jj'El-.'lt.J~V1
t.J'i'l~'1~~VlVil~",nY1~u.Ju1 rit~ re)V1nPilL'ihviffii
nu'fl ti
..LL'Y'Ii,"'i'lltd)~ 'El 50 Ltl 'ElfLoiiuu1-n'fl'lt.J~Vlt.I'i'lY1vh
1~ ~'1r~UU.QL1EJnnU~1 "vilU1LLU'lf'i~'1" ~Ml'Y'1'lJ'fl-.'l
W1n.QLLVlU"~hiCjVl'il~hriu'Y'I1nL'i'ln",1fl1'Y'ITLvh1tFlun
... _ '" d j '' " d .~!,,, ...
"~c.JIn nu n c;l NVl'Y'l1 nu 'fll" ~ El n Ell EJVl'El EJ ~In ~ (; EJ 'fl t'l r~..
Lt'l1 hiij;r'fJt.JniJVlnuY1~uLvhJu 'Y'I1nY1t'l13--J 1JLLrl
..
'Y'I1 nviijvi~u vi,3--J,,,,'n UL'El-.'l LUUrl Uti'fl EJ (~'tI 'Y'I1 n"1l11
. ..'" ClII dC;;4..... I ~ ..:::It
U lL'tI nr~) UU1Vl"ll'El'l'Y'l1nU nf'l 'ElVlfl'lLLU'It.J'i'lVlt.JftLt'lEJ
LLrlL~1"lJU3--J'i'lU1EJLUU "111;;" ~1't1 "'fllm..hul" 'til"
"~LUU1i'i'l"::: 1 tl-.'l ~'flCi-.'l 6 n'lrit~ LL~1LL~"1Iuiuun
f'l1fl-.'l'flULilu'Y'I1nL~lvi~ul"'l1J,,~ril~UtFl
2) r:::UULLN'I1ULnCU-n
I I d q oJ .....
U'fln",n lillL"lllVl LL'i'l::: 111M Vl'Y'l1n"ll11Ul"~VlfJ'l
L~EJLL~1 'Y'I1n"ll11Ul~n~fJ-.'l·lhEJ1nUl v11Ul LLft~Vh
'11U~U 1 luLLriW'JnL~1"lJU~ftU1EJLUutl:r~r.il'V.!ntl~n
~'JEJ --'tIl"":;LiJUtI'i'l:;t'll3--JL~'fJU"uCi'l~nL~'tIurit~ 1U
----i.~ 17l,. iJ n fr ~ ~I
. .... - " ,'. .
Ul'1 LL'" '1"1111 Ul"::; VI 'El-.'l'llULfJ l11f'l11tJLLfl~L,,'1fl'lij'El

'II'El~tJl U L'El '11tl-ri1 Uvil ul1~LLriL~1"tJU~~W1EJLVltlvll1'J n

. ' to..... Id~ _ cr"'" ~I
L"'"l1U)"!'i'lU1EJfl'lVlULLVlVI(;UUfl~'Y'IUfi"ll1'JLvnuu' u'tIn.. " . . ..
",nm1vilu,LlXL~1'11'.m'i'lU'lULL~'l 'Y'I1n'll11U1tJ'I;r'il'l• to
"ll1EJ'I1ULEJfilvil-.'l 1 i'l'lJ'tI-.'lfjUl'i'lPln~U'lLLft~..f'l'll'il'l
'" ,.... I et~ _

L","tJU3--JftU, EJ"tJfJ'I'i'l~LL'JnU1Uf;lU 1~UUL"llUULTtlnnU
• to
~11:;UU "LLN'I'lULncu"f" (Corvee) ~'1lhLi]ulutl1::LVlPl
- . q - ft'r; C I I ' df .
1l;qL"llEJt'l3--JtJ"ll11nL1EJn'Jl Otrabotki VI HI Barshchina

1:;UULL1-.'l-:llWncu-nrl'rl'ULlfU~-.'l"ll'tIUfin~Y1V1M1U"::;

•
~~nL~EJ'IhJ1~ L'Y'In~Lilun11V1V1LLVluuruFlCU"ll'tl-:JW'Jn• I q .. q
L~'"l1U~flU'l EJYI'ilIMh "r~'i'l::;L1fll'tluij i"il~lvi1011tln• to •
f'lT'fl-3w'JnVlu LL'i'l::~mCUl "tl1~VllU" vi~u1m~'t'i,nu•
tl1~lUJ,1Uflft'tl-:l1lX~3--J LL'i'l~tlr::Vl1UfJln1flll~~ltJ1"
3) LVlf'lUflLL~:;rtlLLuuLL"'-,1 nl1t.J~(;J..
),J'..lMEJ1 uEJf'lfTn~UliiL VI f1ulill unl1n~n:rr~t'l'l
,runri1L~),J (fiil~f1V11t'l) ~-:l;fL~11::;1~nl-nLFllfl-,1rJ'El"vl. ..
rl'11,"!', 1IPlEJL'ilWl~Lf'l1'tl-,1ij'ilL~fln"llfJ-:l[J f1i'fnl'J,"Ul1t1
•·1" ....I ... J 1'" J 1"1nft VII ~nl1t.J'i'lj;Jur~rutn'lJULL~::: Vlt.J'i'l~ln"llU 011 "ll

LLN-,11U~Vlr)L ;J1"ihtJ'i'l1 n~-,1LUn11'Vil-:ll'..l ;1~~'li'ttui~~

1~n Lon)..!1 LL ~tl 'i'l1 EJl;q,JEJ ~-,1f'l~ 'VI1 t'l reru LU 'U ~'1 lilJJri 'f) U

~f'lfTn~ul ri'I.~LLWiVl'i'llEJ;U"ULUUtr"~EJlUn1rt.J~VI•
~l~ru'lJ'tI-,1Elf'l n11t.J~VI'lJ'il-,1Elf'l~n~U1Ll1lEJL'i1Wl~V11-,1.,. ..e::t. .odi..... ..... .c:II1 J'.c:II1 - .d 1n~n1r3--J"-,1nl'JUU1LL'i'l~3--Jt.J'i'l3--Jl n-nU'fln1:;'(;lU"'U-,1 u
J11unl1,rl1lnnr13--J3--JUMU1~nl-MJrJfJvilnl1,r[;Jl1n113--J• 'IJ
11tJJ1nt1frfl ih&'l"'.1-_

1
--'..L11.l,1U!'LllKtI't!>lI
c,~I1L~L~nlJ,nj:L.tl"C,L}tfiJf.,~'~~~11Lrr.I],J=LLU::~"
L,ltn~nl1~["'U~'1LLUnj:fbf.,!!I'L,ltI],~Uc,M.~I],rr.~llol~11~'
~'::lA(Uml!l1LLUn.n.::LI],11'!!ItI],M.nl!llA~'::lAnM.'L~
p~pr=r~~....
t'.~n.llnl1~["'U~,,~[tt1],:'"kllA'::L["~L~UL!!IL~n~I],:,'
.... ~1],1l.~ruyglA.l1gc,LGn.llnl1~[",u~"G~'["Uo1.::~I1Ln~11
nu.Ll!I'Uc,M.nL~"mUI],~lt'~~I!l~~fjI],G~lt'~~I!l~~ ....rI'lI:l'P'ai'IP~
~L~IJULLflc,~"n~~Grr.LLC,f.,n.::~'1LL"IA.~~11~'::~"
..
~ulf.,n.Jlot.tLuuLl!It-~"n.!1.u~'::~"fM.::WG'Lnc,LI1o
..

ULl!Iflt(Sl:>rlpoJdsn/dms)n;!mt,~~~~~~l;-l],mJ:L£'f1"
.....
I!l£,~rr.~LLM.f.,n.lloLLL!{o~Lnnrr.Ut,M.I],:'"~U::L~lloLL
... n1.I1LnL~'Q:'".l1f.,I!l~un[J'::~l!ILG~~I1Ln~l1nrr.L~'
UC,M.Q~'t,I1~'~I1~'L~~~f.,~nIl1l1Lt,~uLl!ILI1~Gr~}1~
... nnl-n~ul.!luc,M.~I],rt.1!lLrt.U~L~LLUn.n.::Lt'Qrt.1!1",Ltz,
-....... ..
11~'I!l1.~L[11],~"£,tz,'::Ltz,~~L[1G
...... L)tLLUnl.lALn.lAn.~~t~f1tt,~l1l!lll!lf.1!lrt.~1!luuU~nl1o
Lllo::Lf1::~"Lnt,Lllot,11~'I1Lr::'~"n~~Grr.G~L!-,ntHL~
LLUI!ll-II.U~~I],L~U["n~nlloLn~U.!fUt,M.I],!t~L.I1L~I!lM
.. "..no..
I1Ln~l1nIl.Ll!I'Ut,M.t'GII.I!lLII.U~L~LLUnn.m~l1n1.L~LLU
""lDr" ~&..•
~1],1l.::ru~u~Iult1.nI!lIA.Ll!I'Ut,M.::~,ml..n~l1nIl.Ll!I'Ut,M
-,"Df'........
t-I],rt.11~'f.,LLU11l41.!t'n~l!1;!m~nIJ'L~nIJ'~L[1GLL!-,L,lf
LLUQ:'"iU"1.I!lLnJl.L~n~nl1~f1'U~'1LLULC,~I1tz,GM
....
nLnt,LI1::I1::Lnll't,~"fltl-ntM~~Ln~u.!f~l],lI.l!I~~,f;l.L"'"
~ULl!I~~"nj!:~n'L!-'I],~~Ln~U.!fl!fB~Grt.n~nll'L~nlJ'
t-L[1GLL!-,L~LLU::~"L)tn!nil~fl'U~'1LLUn.n.::L
nLn~ttnu.Ll!I'Ut,M~I],I7.I!1LII.U~L~LLUn.n.::L.(§l
",,~
!JllUH"L"~.,1
f,
[t~~~f.,l!I~L1G["t,~11~1
ri~~~n1.fb~L~IA.Ln.IA.n.~~U1.~ll~~"~L~["LntM~I1~'
::l!I~"n~nlJ'L~nlJ1LL!-,LJtLLUn.n.::Lfb~L~nQ,n'y
::~'1tI.'y~GJl.nll'L~n~LLU£'G~I1Lt,~~Gn~1],~,::~"Jlo1.

G~k'.1tI.;!I],~"'.1~~~~~I1l-rr.l-Jtnl1~["'U~"LLU~11~1tI.Q'

~~L~~I],~::!!I~"~~~~~I1Lrr.L~~I1~["'U~'ULU!U"1.

nc,~nQ,~ulf.,n.I],~'["~f.~l1.n.I:~f1,uLunlJ'~~Lunll''!

·Lp.'L~nll'·l1v~nll'f1~t1I!1~~I!l£'~.I:~fl,,~n~~
Ll!I'Ut,M.::~,mLn~ttnir.L!!I,ut,MI1"I';L~tLU....GM,fb~Ltz,_. ~....F"
~£'tz,::Lf1I!1~~~~~LI1oI1LLg~LIA.LLU~G~I1Lt,~I1LI!l
u.'I],MnUI],M"1.I],M.'~I1M'1!l~~LLunn.'ULl1nt,tz,n~hn1. ....l.'lI:l'....F"fI=I''lI:l'I,;'Ir
_'ICI'_'ICI'
Lnt,Lllo~1],Jl.11.tLUUI!1k::~"I1.tLUtz,U~LIA.~IA.~~~LLU ..
~~~LLun'l..TUI1.tLn~l!I'(v.
nLnl!1u""whn1.I1LUI1~~tz,n'nrr.IA.Ln.r....~~l.r
....
1A.n.~I1~'~n~~~I],rt.n;!mc,~nL~~L"~f.I!1rr.~~l1l!ll

11C,~nL~L~~L"UGI],~nll'~n'yt,11~'::TUrr.n1.::~"111],1

I!1Lnn.~~~hnv~n~~M.!lA.n~IA.~I1LLul],lJ~nll'LLm;!t

t,L~ULnt,Lllo~Grr.::LUG,~~~n.n.::Lflt,~11l41nl],:"t,.!~

n1.I1LLUlJ~!1.::~"I1LLU~Ut'L~"::LnL~nL~::LflLLU~Gf&,

.." ~l1nll'~~Ln~U~~1111t,~f1~Wn.t,WI1LLUUlI1!1.LLUL~~
ULk'.t,11~'~l-[1I],~"LnL~~U:~~ULl1nt,~Lnt,l-lI.ut,Mnj!:
~W::Lfl~n~IA.'~::~"n~I1L~"fM"fb~l!I'lL.n~~ulflG
~G.t~,::~,ml],~I1'llo'~GLI!:l,~,f;l.l4::Ln.LLU'nl-tz,U~·L~GIA. ~1'.til.F'..'ICI'I--'"
'U~k'~LLU11~'L~Ul-.tl"t,L~~LJ:I],IA.Ukt~~~::.tf1u~l

• •
• •
• • •
.¥.,.., .1 ~.., ;.. J
"Il'ElVl'1Lli1 l~n~unf'l"'l'1m'l·I.mm.!"I~~'1Vl'U li1')tJlVl(?l'U
~l1'1~;j~l1~'1llrullfl'U n'1rntl3-J'ei'UVI~m~mhjUll.~..o 1I.1'.!"1 J ...... ::. .d
'U'1"!l'1,)'U'1 LU ~n'u luu~nVl 'Ullt'l~n'U'!fli1rli1 'Eln"!!'UVI'U'l~ ~ ; ~

.,j J~... .of I Y d_ d.!"l Y

l3-J'f)V1'U'€'l'U Nr'I' li1'Elm 1Jt1Vl,)3-JVl'U V1li1'Unl1mu'U'!f'El'll"1'1

•
"lI'El'l ~'U~U "!!'1,)'U'1l'Elnr::n~1t1~11'1~l iJ'U"ll1')'U1~3-J~~
'n1 tI ~')n"!!1')'U'1l"jhvi~~'El'lUr~~1Jn1JUClJVl1n'1niJ'U
.d -=:a. .., ..., ,
V1'1 ~li1 'El n l1J t1l'l'Un II~ ::l"l':l13-J'f) li1'f)t1'1 nUln llf'l'U.
l"ll'U..
l~t1')n1J~')m'nn ~')n~~1 ll'CI::~')nV11~ ~'1Ulfunlr
U~li1u~'EltllU.a:'UVlft'l 1 ld'EllU'U1 V1llriv1')rii'El~lr.J:n (1J
..., _ .. ,., I q
V1'U1 nu f'l')I3JV1n"lltl'1nll~~ nl H~3J'CI~~It1l"ll'Ulli1 u')n'U
1'Uvi~li1~')nifri~'1n'U ~::v~~'U~1'UU1'Uln l1ll'CI~v'UIl-ll1
. ""
3-J1ll~,)~V11:nri (;I'.V13Ji.'Ulii 'El~'El (?l~T.mrr3J lli1t1 n1r"JI1 tI
•
IIN~I'Ul,xllri~')n'U1t1V1'U'El 1n~IV1mr3J ,t'Uri~'El "!!1,)
'U1~~~3J'n~'CI1t1n'CI'1t1 ~111~1UlU'U"!!'U.f'Unn3J1=ii ~"JJ'El~
~~l"l3JV1'UUt13-J1u'.'Uv~(;1 ii~'El~w.l'U ln1r.ff'UVII tI~li1. , .
€ 'UlU'U~111ViCl'El tlVI~~ ll'n::lU'U'El')~1'Ull~~r~uur.J~In
V1'1~ ln~lnr"JI 'El~ If'lr~~ii''l Pin~'U1
If'l1~~n''l''ll'El~~'Ul1J1~w.l'UleJl'Ur~uuiln~ul
""
l'Uw9~'U 1u~r::uuiln~'U1'.'Utlf'l~~~l1U'Elli1 ll'CI~1u~. . . . . . .. .... .. 'I
1::uuPln~'U'11'Utlfli(;llltr~C1'f)t1V1~~ll'n::ll~')ri~'CI1t1v1,)
•
t.Jnlfl'U~3-J1U1'Uv1~li1 ,t'Ulu'Un{}V11~11,)~~U €'UVI~n
l~u~1,JU1"Jl'El~r::1J1J If'lr~~n'''lv1~~'Eluu'Uvf'U ~1'U"lI't1~
"" .. ""
n1r"JI li11li1 r::'VI~I~"ll 'U.a:'U 1,Jr)1"1::lU'Ur~uu'.li1~~i'U
"
---.~ ~ 'I ~ n Rfl oi'l
f"l. fln~::'V1·Nn11'Lij.~-3'11f) -3'1::uu;rn j;iU1
- .4 d q _ d _
'nn1:=tru::V11~n1rl3-J'El~. V1r'El'El n'U tlVI'U~'CInhN::'!l'El'l
n1rvi'El~r::VI'"h~"Il'U-i'U l~'fll.ijlti'El~V1tl.'UU"l4'Ul1.~'1
"
n1r'-l~(;Ill'CI::l~'Elr.ll'l~n'-l'ntl r::1tI"Il-Uv1lJl"l1 nU"Ir.lul1.~~
n1 rr.J~tJI"lJ 'El ~tlfl..rn~'U lij1?1~v'Ell.
tltffi'El.
.. ..
1) nlrv'fl~V11~"!l'U-n'Ur::V1~I~"ll'U-i'U..rn~'U'l(l~1..
'iJ'U3J'CI'UltJll'CI::l~Iv1~u) nU"llWf'U"llI,)'U1 (lvii, 1fln,
. "
"ll1,)'Ull'Elm::)
lli'El~~,)uU"Ir.ltIll,A~n1rr.J~j;]~II"lClJ1 fi'Elv1~u itlJl
lU'U~3JU"]"l.I'fl'l~lfilrru"llu1(mnu llviVllnlnnt'U~~fl3J
.fI'1 _J' ,''''_ I d 4
lu'Unn3J~V1fi'iJ'El~"ll'Un~3J'U'Eltl'Uli1n~3J,"'U'I llfl::"llUnfl3J
t!'El tI n'i'i3J-cr"tJl'Ell~mi1u1"1t'Un1 rfl r'ElUfl Hl'IYl~Ulr1u
lfl~'fl~ri'EltUnlmli1~1lli11l13JVll"!!'U~,)'U-lll~3Jln i'lfl3J
"lJ'El~Pin~'Ul~~ ll'lJ~"llU'El'El nlJ1lilu~'El~~')nl-nUl;iu'Jrlu
I I . v
i~fl3JViijnlr"JJli1rl1ii'U 1 uuriFi'El "llwF'U~"lJli1rVl (Ex... ....
plaiting Class) ll'CI::"Ilu.fu~!nlIl1rli1(Exploited Class) tiJ
i~ fl3J ~n ~'UlYlijv1~Ul U'UU "Ir.Itlll,A~ nl1r.J~Vlii1~ClJ
"ll 'U.a:U~"Jlli11li1~~1~llri ~v1n'El nn3J ~V1tlu vi~UCj'U3JVl.l.... ..
P11'n €'U1Ui'llri~')m~Iv1~'Ul1.~::l~I"JJ'U3J'CI'Ult1 ~'1lrtln. ..I : : . . . , d.c:rr. ~ _ Q, ::, "41::11 I
')1 "llU"ll'Ul"lIVll'l'UVl1'El"llU"ll'UPlnli1'U1 ~')'U"llU"llU".lC1 n
....
"JJli11li1~~1J1llri~m,Jijmr3J~V1tt'Uv1~'Ulf~3J'J'CI ~~l1t1n.. "

~1 "ll'U.a:'UVll~n~m V11'El"!!u.a:'U1~1 VlT'fl"ll'U.fU"llI,)'Ul

€U 1'J3Jl'Ell"llI,)UIl'El m::v1vil'Ul"Jl'El~ tJI'Ul'El~ltlU11U tl~n
tJ'El tJl1],1r)JI')tI

L'Yhif'llm~fU n11~m~n'tlu1:J.JLL~::iil'tl n1~1~d31LL VlU
(J"l1£Jii'''l
nJ LLU UVl1~n1 1tl n 1'l1'tl'l"il 'tl'l Mn t1u 1~'1LiJu1tl~ ~
~c:: ~ J .... 0
LLUU n11 n l"lHl'lVl L1:J.J ~'U"il'U~'J E.Jn1r nr::"'I1tJ 'tl1U19tl v .
( Decentralization) LL~::;J.J1~'1L'tl U ~'J Em1 r1')U il1'U19
(Centralization) LiJUv~V1.
~
'.3) n11(;]'tl~"lJ'tl'l'Dwi'WVl1~n~m- LL~:::'D1,)U1L'tlnr:::
_ .."" _ _ _ .ca q.d
~,)1:J.J"lJ~~tJ'IVI~n"il'tl'l~'1A:J.J~n~U1 n~'tlA'J1:J.J"il~
...... , . ~ _ CIt. ::. ~
LLI'Nr::VI'J1'1'DU'IlU~n~'W1LL~:::'IlU'DU'Il1')U1V1'1:J.J'J~ n1
1
~'El-K"lJ'tl>l'Iluiu.J>l~'tl'lLL~9::~'lL'El £J ~,)£1iU'D u:::"lJ'tl'lih U
..~n t1u1 LJ.hvit1w LLl11'Il1 ')'U1~'1:J.J,)~crtJi'1U ~'J1:J.J L~hl~..
1'tlU'tlU'NLL~U~1-X~nEJ'I'Wfl ~~:::l"l'J1:J.J~U1 U1:J.Jv"'I::~n
~'U'lflU~:J.Jtl1'U19V11'ln1rLij 'tl'l"lJ'tl'1'll'U'a:UL~1yjt1U ~~•_~ a ~ I 1.-' w ""*, I
VI:J.J1£1'1l'UYiU~1U"lI'tl'lmr~'tl~"lJ'tl,m'Jn'D1'Ju1nL~il'D'J'I
=D'ln Tr:J.J~VIit'Uv1t1'U € 'U dj'Uir9~£1 m 1 ~~~yj~1flClJflU
;J.J1 LlJUn11;J.J~VJ!"lI'tl'l'D1'J'U1 L'tl'l Ji''JU'"!I?lVl:J.J1 u-Fu~i.J,
;J1UL'll'Ud l"l'J1:J.J"'I1.:J~'tlVli1'1~.:Ji.Jr1nn11 n1T~'El~Vlr'tl~ ~ ..
tl!5WL~'tl'lf'iU~;J.J1:::UU~~V1~n~u1yj9:::iitJ~~mpn!
9::~'tl.:JLUUn11vi'El~"lJ'tl'l'!l1'JU1yjiim1~1?l~.:JLUU1:::L1juU~
LL~::;iiri1~.:JtJu1.~Pl1~L'Yhifu mr1fli.J,~:J.J1:::UU;lnt1u1
'll'tl.:J'Ilwi'Wn~1'1 re1uLilwm1"lb.:J:n'l'tl1U19V11~n11fl1
LL~:::m1-X~(Jmr:J.JVl11~vi1fl1EJ~1.:J1:::uuMn~w1 re1W
LUU1:::UU n11'11/;]1~Vl1~ LnMVl1~'I'tJU1'1LLY1~1'113J..
i.utlfl~n~h.J1 n1r(;]'El~"lJ'tl.:J'lluiu 'll1,)U1~::;tl nnn. .. ~
•.,_~ ~ tJI'i iJ n PI n mI
1 ~I .. .. -¥ •
'Elfl n:J.11 U4.LJ n11nU{} l-f1'El n1j~m:J'f)"1Ilm'Elm1'ilfl1"~
, ,., "1.1'lJil'lW'J n"ll1 TU1 n111?l 'El'n"ll El'll'2I1Vlfl'l 1:::~1JPlIJ1),j~ ~ ~ ~
~h.mL~Af'lLL~'Jf1f'lLfl1 t1'lYhEJLL~~~n!Jl-f~,1EJt1'Udju
.. .. ~ t1 "i'... - ""_CIt.
Ll"l1'El'1).J'Elrn~n tJ ~ n LEJ"!lU11ft'I"ll'U"llUL"1 VJ6I'W LLfl:::
J-Jy.h tJ LL~JPi'tlri1~-Jt111Utl11:J.J11 f.}'IC:h t1"llu-iU1~1vi~t.l
~jjn,)1~1?l cff'l'Elti1'lL1:ha::djtJulltJul'EltJ ~1Ll-f~'lJ'El-J
I "" ~ a .. •
n1nnEmW'Uf.}'1"llU"llU"ll1IJW1 m'U'il'lJ.J1"Y1 n'lnTYlVl1'1
LP'lnf~n"l 1:;lJU£'.J~VlL'Elnr:::t5''Wnn~~nj:;''Y1ULLtJnn'W...
'CltJLLunriurh.JAU~~LLt-i'l~::vi )'h1~"lJ1,)U1't3Jt)£JiU1i£J~ ~

.d _J:. ~..J" I q <t::;1I ""'=11_ .....

Wi:::9 "lVl'l1'J3-Jl:J't.I£J"ilUt) t11~:J.J1:::LU Elt1LL~::::J.J 'WiNYl1f)J,J

Ltvrtl'l'tJi' i'itlr:::mnlii'l ~nt11:;n1nrd'l tlf'llt1J1=ii1~
v1w')n"ll u-Fu~n~U1~t)3-J L:J.J1"ll1'J U1~1M.~ ~ttl13.itJ1"lil?l
:nu1JtlJIJ1~U 11~ii11?l;U'Cl ~LLri1,!'1I nn:J.JLl~:::Yl1V1).J~1i(;I
lIh1~"ll1'JU1 ~'JU3-J1 n vihiijn1 T~61l'f'lLU Ul'IUL~).J f.) E1
~ oQIo " " " " - . : I l l ".. ._ _., ..
LLrl') LnVlFlIJ1J.J'Vl flLL'Y1'Y1'tlVl 'D1i'l £1'1 flJ.J f.}'1 'tl L'Yl1 V1'1U'U 011

.. -¥ , "" ... 0'"' '11.11 1.1
anu'f)"UVl'f)~"IJ'El'l'll1'J'W1 "N1u'UL 1.1'1' n11'1i'l1"a~ ~ , ~
(Mob) t1U"IJ1VlYl~~i1Ll-fj£J,)LLl.iUYll'f):J.JLW~t1-JLU~::'lJ1Vl
- ::. '"" 0 - '" I.:;J
n1j~V1m'l LLa ::;LL3-Jn11U1'fl'UQnl?l'El'l "ll'lLLUU'f)U~n1Y'i
L"liuifriti'f)J.J9::tl1't1.1~m1VhtJLL m'Uvi~~

lVltJL"'l?lyjUm1~l?lvf'lLLa::;n11ti'1dL'fl'l )'h1~n11
.I '" ~ - ..:::II t 4':"1',J' B
L>J If) ~"lIf.}'1"ll1'J'U1),j~n'etru:; U:J.J'JJU'El nu1:;n1nrU'l 1.11.1
~If)~n9::L~wm:J.Jm1ti'1'U'El'l"lluiu~u 1uElFl~u 1 "l1'D-J
~n~'U1'21ru:::Yi"ll'W.ffunfl1'1 fl'llJJi1ul1u1 YI m 1"la1~a
=..... :;; ""~.c:a cJ _ ,,_
"IJIf) -J"ll1'J'U1 n;..j n"'l:::t;l n w'Jn"1lU"ll'UL91 'V11?l'U'Vl'llVlLL tJ'Inu
'Ei1'U1~n1r1.1nm'El..JL~3-J '1111tn-D1~dJi.J,t11::::1t1"J1u YlIJn
Ilil,Ulnrlf1n~Ul"~

•

6,!IlI,-------I.,•.•n-------------s------------------------
•
I

•
~{",.
1t;.,nJ!lll·~;":I"----------------------------------
W

--eI.Ltl~U~L,tt"tt!i]
n1.:::~"U.!L,!lu.u,n1.n1.~.!LJ-lJlUt..~t..L~Go£.V.l1g'LlJ
f1f1:::Ln~LA.Lb't-GoI1.rlLI.1.:::LUnI.1.I1Lt..~f1Lt-GoLn~~lA.n11' 'c.f='......P_~II=i'
t,~YW~n~~~mr.:'t-~tW~NHr.M.LV~~l.f1.I1Lt,~nLf1:::L
u~!,n~~~mr.:,,~.w~~VLun~lnwt-~IloIlo~rtLt..~~L'Lf1
t'.lH,t..f1t-~n~~L~Wt..M.nlULbU~n.!ftf'C~t-~.!f:::w" 4'~
....
nLll.~L~L~ULf1U~t-l1rr.nr.:'}£.W~t-I1Ilot-lJL~t-rL~nLll.
....
I.!!M.'L~UL~~yRttl1nl:}'t'~I1LnI.1.Wr.~V.'~WUUlJLn~U~
11l.ft-~n1.£.WItI1Lnl.1.wn~I.1.1Ul'iult":::~"£.W~(V
~1.t-Lfll1!!l"~I1Lt..~I1Lt'T1J~~f1~
ll.u,I.!!LA.':::Lf1t-I1~'t..ln1.L~Ut..M.ttl:}'~LLA.LJ1oUt,M.nl1t;S~'
ttl:}'t-~~l1nLfAn~n[':l,ml'1LGo~t'~1t'.4~H~1t..~"rm'U.lt-11
.r-iI.i!£lUt-l1llonl:}'Uwt-11~nlL~1.1.'~LU.t-I1Il.W11V.t'~n~~
:::LLM.'kJp't-tLn~U1'JI1l.f;~nW[jUUf1f'C1.~Lll.~}'t'L~
nu.Lll.:::Lf1t-L~I.1.:::UWtsnlJ'U~lI1Lt..~~Lll.I1J:'t-L~I.1.:::L
..... l.fLV~N:~'I1rl~'LA1U~~rtLt,~LW~tl.IJ'L~n2-no.nr.:'
.~
.r~hN:tt~,nlJ'N:~Lrf1n~l.1.,uli:::b!eIJ"W~LT1JLT~
o.LL:::LM...n1.rll1.ttnt,~~Lu.nu.I1~1.1.~IJnW~La.nu.L~U
rmWLA.1.t'LWWLu.no.WLu.l1o.mLnI.1.~nIJV.'LLU(r i"fI=iI'I~_II::"II="
•4
~._._---"
nLt-t-L1mLrr.~LUN:UUnl:}'LN:rlL~UI1~t..L~U
rtntfn1iJli1~-rCn~Mtcuntfu~L~t'~Ll-Inr.:'L-I1IJUW
•
:::~kJj)ut..M.Wb3~n1.t-~n~~HlJ~nllt..IJ!!1t'.p.'M.LVb3t;S
nt..~~lJIJ~'It.fn1.~k'nlA~t-I1t;Sm1.nr.p:::bLn~U~IJlfb3
n1.IJI110flw~f1ul'iIA~LIAn~LA.L'nwicLM.mt-LA.fUBW
I~"p"'"r-:;lot'
~u~t!U~w~l-"
~WUUut-lJ~t'~t'E}ItLLA.~"t-lb}nJ!:ny~LLA.n11~f1W~[lo

LLUt;S~~:::bLn~u.!'nlf~rlL~[lonlJwnw"b1.I1M.N:Lt,~

N:Llll~~nIIIt-GoIl.IJj:,nlJ~m1.~LLA.Q.~rlLkWV.1T1JLLLA.t-l.f

t'~~n~~L~mg.na.f1~Ln~u~I1~t'~nWLII"n~..nlJ'

bCP..-.-~~.".•._.'"",..,
rlRnl1LA.:::nL~n1.rlRnN:t-Q.ll.nL~nM.nrr.gLA.~L~rru~ ,f""'F';;-..::;T~1-
nl1t;SV.,~~rlLIl.Q.~bLlJ~.£'w~nQ.~II'M.Lv~t::t-EPRhl1.!f
n'yrlLrr.lJ~~t-~nr.:'..rlj:mQ.~H~LLA...nr,p"f1n~~LLA...
nl:}m~V.L~U~LIl.t..~rlLIl.~"nt'LIWLLA...11't;lp'L~1I1

~LLA.Ut..M.rmnW'UL!IonI:PI1~V.',,~IAf1f1:::L..~t-~t-E

Ln~U~N:~t-~n1.t..~"L~ng.n!Ionr.pn~nu.rulfL~:::~"

U~1Ut..M.PAUt..M.ULbUlJn~Q.N~t-J!~LLA.f1f1:::L(6

itt~no.UII"~f1"t-Q.Il.U~nr.pnlf:::LLM.'
4•
L.!In~fM.nLt-t..Lf1nLt-L"LA-t-Go~L~t..~n~nQmUUf1!
.'". t'Q.~:::bU~U~~t.~'1t'.ynLn!!l"L~LW:::L[1N:.l9m~'ULrl
)tl[1nQ,:::~nLt-t-~mLU~M.nQmLll.~~~nl:'t-Q1I1~
L~~"~LLA.t-L~unt::'L~uliltmLA.t-lJ~m1.fM.rlr;:mQ'
L~N:LnIl~rl~V.'UU:::~;lrl~'~LLA.nQ'fM.knQm~,~~
Dnr.:'t..J:lLltULrl.f[1fl.Q'~t-~nr.pfl.~t-I1~nll.t-L~II:::t.
..... nLt't-~'ULUUQ..!ru~nQ'f1rlwm~,~nQ't-Q..f;lfM.n~ _4
no.)tl[1nU'L~I1'i1lULrlnwlt'[1nQm]ot-Q.~t-~nu.44

t-L~II:::t.N:~LI't~LV.f1~t.LUwt.f11f1LWt.LA.':::~"L~mlJ'
...~
~:::LM.~"L~t~n~..nl:}'"I1UULt..'~1.f1.f..tLA.t-Q..tl..~~ II".~,
LThbt;..uvM.nl:!-'..n.LLfM...ut.M.nQ'N~.!'t,LrlIlWnl:!II'

Ul1:::b)tl~I..n~~I..l1~n~LIILI'tL,lAI1M.IJ(;tu~'t-n~,

.,. J 'I •., ...
u m..l"ll'il~(;u"llU ~VI~ L~
LLLJimh~'trn~ vhVi{}Ui.h:::'hh:::u'fl~"II'fl~'Yi'Jn
"llu-iun'Cl'l~ vi'l1.,x'Yi'JnL"lI'lt.l'fl~f1JL 'il'l"llutJi.h:::L'Yiru
~'lUV1i1~"II'fl~'Yi') np!n~'U'l1~ ti~~'Jn4jluium'n~Yi=fi 'fl
o t 4 " ' . : : : I t . '" "'" ~
lJl'lLLVlU~'Vn~ n'lrL~'f)~~'lt.I L~'U~W'l ~'JmL'Cl'JtI~~ tI'ltI'l~
fU'VI'fl ~'lJUtJU r:::L'YicU"lI'f)~~'Jn~n~U'lL ill1~L~~ f1nu
~'VIfl'Yi'Cl'lJ 'fl~"lIUUUr:::l'Yi cUP!n~U'l~~U~f1~'tlUvl'f)1u1.u'U
i~f')~V1UtitJ~ VI'l1~~C1JVI'ltI'tu1~tliuL:n~'t3J
6) ~'ClU:::LL'Cl:::'JnCUfl~ PI'Clu:::"II'f)~i~f1~p!n~U'l
~~~,)'Cli1~~~'ClU:::"lJ'tHi.h:::"ll'l"llULL'Cl:::PI'Cli.J:::1.un-n~hun
LL'Cl :::",h,rn~~ ft'ClU :::"lI'fl~ur:::4jl'l-nUCJ mVlU tlU J'ldju
"lI'fl~~'l ~'Clu:::1.un"ll~'l,rnYifu1. -n"lluiup!n~U'lL vhtfu
Yi1J1fum1'l1~ L~T~tIntitl~LUUI,LUU'ilUU ')rrCUfl~"lItl~
i~f1~p!n~U'lnL-rluL~tJ')nu mh')fi'flLuu')rrrufl~fu
1.-n"lluiup!n~u'l ~rU~'l~~PI'ClU:::LL'Cl:::')nrufl~flmJn• 'U 'U
"lI'l~1~tI"IIuiuP!~U'lLLvlihm~t1,)
PI'ClU:::LL'Cl:::')rrruf')~"lI'f)~i~f1~p!n~u'l1.U£;f1~U 1
LUU~'ClU:::LL'Cl:::')rrrufl~Yi!'i'lLuuhJ1.Ufl~ "~'Clu:::L~'fl
d.et. d .d a: #li.::::lt. ~ - <IC:Ilo ~ ~
.-n ')(;.. "ll~VI~ 1tIC1~ L'Yi'f)"ll')V1"11'fl~"llU -nUl'ln~u'lL'VI'lUu!
U1:::"ll1"llu13J~h~1In~1.umnJ~91~'Clu:::L~'f)fu1.-n;n~91
'lJ'f)~~')m"lJ'lL'fl~1~ nr'flU'lJ'fl~"lIUuur:::L'Yi cULL'Cl:::4i~ lJl
'VI1~LI'l1~~n~mn~'f)~ ~:::U1JPI'Cl1:luFJb...l,)'l~m..lLL ~'l
..~'ClU:::LYl'fl4i~lJl"lJ'fl~"lluiuPln~u'l~~iu ~f11YlL-rl'U1i'Vh
1.,x~'Cluuiu1. VI~"lJ'fl~-nuiun'Cl'l'l1. uu'Cl'ltltlfI PIn~u1r~n, , ' U
__-J.~ U fj FlO m-!(;l "i
~~'t1~ L'lJ'lri1~~LJi'fl""L~'tlr:::uULl'lnt'&in~LUiJLt1um.J'U ..
Pi~i.J:::U'Cl:::')nCUfl~'lJtN~')nL'lJ'l~:::Lij'ULfI~tl~iitlYin..ll-il
'Yi')nL"II11umrtJitl-KIflu-5'')r:::tI:::v,.d'l f1i.Uti'tlL'lJl1h:::~u'U 'U
itl"llU:::LL~,)~'Cll.l:::LL'Cl:::')ncufl~"II'tl~'Yi')n"ll'U~un~'l-3n~:::
L~~~L;hrnL~'lYl'lll.l~PI~ "~'CliJ:::L~'tl~'CliJ:::" flud1uuu')... • " ._'v 'f~" --,,
~~'VI1'lPl'ClU:::"JJm1:::U1JL~rUtl~Vi~'tl"n'lrfl,)1~flt1:::vn-3
f1,)1~L~'flc1u hjC.Jn~unu;n';)1P11~11.ui"f1~ 'fl,)~1U'U
"lJ'fl~f1~ ~~iJ:::L~'El4i,;)UI'lJ'El'l"llu-iuPln~'U'l1J1~nii'l L~tl
PI~~'ClU:::L~'El~'CliJ:::"JJ'tl'l"llu-iun~1~ii mhLU~~U~lTtfL'tl'l
7) n1rP1n~1 lUL~'tl'ti1U1~'VI1~LPlr1't~n~LLfl:::..'VI1'lmn~'fl~ Ul'Cl'ElUl~u'ti1u1~mHh",u~riJLL1JUU~-3'U
4i';)1P11u~1u~u 1 lJln'tlf.j1.ui1'fl'lJ'fl~"llu~UPln~u1L-rluif
r,;~hJi11Jru"'1~1mrP1 n1't1~:::l~Ul n'Eltl1uii'tl"JJ'tl~ifn~U1~ 'U
LL~:::j;hL'I1u1iJL~'flful-n-nuiup!n~u1
, . .,4 oCII1 4Q ..... . - : ; j I -
L'Yi'fl'VI~::: ~r~ ~n'lururu1u1nJ"JJ'fl'l"llU"llUVlU
, '" '"
~n~U1~::: r11 L'fl1~ Vlfitu n1rLLtJi~LL 'Cl:::n1r ~ f') ,)1~U r:::
~I'l'l~~flt)l uii'fl"lJ'tl~lJlU iJn"llqf"ll'fl'lYl')np!n~U1~:::
~-3lJlU~ULilu U~nL~-3iJr:::tWi1'l1tUlf Ci'tll11')UUPl'l'Clt-3~ .'- ...
,;)'I1~'titlUr:::tWi1'l1~Ulf'lJm"ll1 ~ U1:::tWi1'l1tVlf'lJ'fl'l"ll1~
r,;'l LLVlUYi~:::d:J UUr:::tWi I'l~t VI fLLl~~ n1nfl~'flul"''JnYJ
VlU1"lJ'fl'lUr:::-n1"llU V1r'l~1~n~ULuuiJr:::~mr~u
_ <ClrI..r I _<ClrI.~_<ClrI.~ 0
t'WlJlm'lPl"lJtl'ln~lJlrtILL'Cl:::n1rm:::Vl1Ul'1'l 1 "lI'f)~nbVlrtl
niuLU'WVI,r-3~'ElYi~rrruU1ti~1iryC1J1u1riiLL~:::vn:::LUl"ll .
~r~~ru'lJ'fl'ln';UlTtJYi~ l'l'ElVl,)t1r1~!Jf .jufiFi'flur:::tWi
11,:1-1 'Hu.,f1fl fi"., '1 ef---

-0'')hj-n'fl~T::1JU~n~Ul ..f.:ti.t.l~IULl"ITM'~n" n11Li4'El'l
.
""
U~::t)In.l'WnTHJ ~~dj ULViU'l U'Y1~ Ttl 'El th'll"lil,) 1~
~1~fuliL11 UY4t.l ~IUi.unIT ~mfli'lYl),J~n ~'...n-n't)'1
""
'1.'Y1ulu€t.lvl1J~'flltl
't),j'l nl'lY"::L;)'li."T::UU ~n~u1 U~::U'Y1Ul'Y1
-n't)'1T::1JU ~n~t.ll1UtlT::tWi ""1~{Flfl~U96JLL'~~ 1V'luijl~
l -iiii."'lCl'lrhLUV'l'll'El'l,ru€u~'El Lii'El'l6Jl"lm::uU'Y11~,x'U
L1Ju~~Y'bJ'tll"L{jt.lltll~ ru::,xU~~YLni"1')1Vi'ti"1')I6J
dhl"l'flth'li"1il,) 11u€'U~uv1'tlltldnfi'El nlL'UV'l'll'El'l
T::;uuFln~uI1V'luvt')ltl .
iJiIk:
--.~ 111 U fj frn ~I'1
rl'llii,~"'iJll~UUAfl~U11l?l ufi'11t.1
T::uu~n~'Wl (Feudal System) LtI'UT::UUtJ~{Fl-nf).:tft-3fUJ
Y1dlV'l;U~'ElLii'El'lWl"llm::UU'Y11~ (Slave System)
l'U~~UT::1JU'Y11~ Li1u~~UYb.Ju~Uvil3Jl-tlnu
~'1Un1TL~mft{Fl{ i'ilft{Fl1. vilnlm~mT3JU~::~Vlfl
n1T3J U"'l~U~I~flJl unl1tJ~{Fl"lltl~3J~M'U nAtlVllt
(Slave) LiI'U'tlu~U'vi",t'l LL~::~~uLiI'U£u~uvf~f)-3 ~
n-dl,)~IYll~Li:J'Wu,,~mLvi'lmTtJ~{Fl~~Ir1CYLi1u~u~u
v1",i!'1nLYin:: UIUVll~Li:Juni'i3J"ilu~hivhmTtJ~Vl
•
~')U(;1UL'fl~ Vll~LVh,xuv1Li:JUUtJ~(;1 ni'il')fi'flLiluuvil
~ ~
'11'U1JU~U~U LL~::~'1n~l,xuvn~u.:tLilu~3JU~'!If)'1
'Ult1Vll~1V'lU~6JUTnrUIUVll~Ci'ElmnJ~Vltlu~')Vl'~
L",i4 'ElU rlUv1Ci 't) ~TnJ~Vl tlU~~UU~::u,,~mLU'Inl1
f.J~IiJ~U 1 ~IU::-n'fl'lVll~L{jUL~i4'ElULI"I~'El'li4'fllumT
Vh6Jl",1nU't)th~-t,j'l n~l,)~'ElL1JULI"I~'El'l~'flviYiVll~..
jliJJml''1f1il6i"'1"1.--

• •
(Talking Tool) 'V1'l~m~i1:n:iV1{lf.l··h~3'l'U:::l.th.Jfl'U. ''''In
ij:n~V1(fHJ1.UfinU:::Lu'Uif'"i~mL~>1n'l1t-l~V11.",il'ilunulCl
.. .os
L~il'ilunUfln~~1'tl"'V1r)L~U~ n'l1Luu'V1'l~i11~Luu
t~Un'l1"ll'lU ~,)L~il 'tl'U'V1'l~~1JtlPln ~U'l "''lnLUU'V1'l~
l~um1fh~u~"lJ'il~~i1.. 'fi'lU'l'"i mh')fim~'il"ll'ltin~.wct~1-I..huLLci~:n>1t-l~l..l1:::1tt"ll,rnuif)n"ll'l~n~wct~LLIi:::1~•
-nu'lhu::: L"IlflU~>1~,)~~~u6.nlJn'"i:::Clnn~~~lUU'V1'l~
L'jju~~u'1i"ll'tl~~"IlU::: (~~dLL'V1Un'l1~1:::"''l1~Lfltlvh..
nU~'l1u~1Jul..l~'lUUfluvm'l~ ~~'fi.rdLUUftnMru:::, • • '
n'l,)~U'lmh~WU~"lJ'tl~1:::UU'V1'l~) ~,)nL"ll~UV1Clnn~..
~>1LU'U.'V1'l~LU'U.Lfl1'tl~il'tl1un'l1Vh~'l ~'lnU"lJ 'tl~ihu~
"llu:::L~~hd '"i:::16-li1t}uniuiiiud~JulVll~tim~u ~nLUl~..
~~~~~"ll'l uvhn ~1~6J nV1nLUU~~1I~"lJ'tl~U'lUVl'l~
L~il'tlu~nt}')~nfl,)'ltl~U'luVl'l~Limlt)'U:::,f U'lUu.. ..
Vl'l~i1~Vltvh:::vhf):::hnuvn~n1~~~iu 16-iti'l'"i:::"lJ'lU
~1'tl,.h m1LUUVl'l~~~LiJul~UVl'l~"llui'U.l~u~u~n~•
'"l:::Ll..l~uu"lluiu16-l1~
1Un'l1t-l~~ t-l~V1t-l~~~~~~~~')nVl'l~vhl~uu
nU~UV1nLUU"lJ'tl>1'U'lUVl'l~l~uiUI.:n~ U'lUVl'l~'"i:::~~lN
..r..: "IV ~ ~ J dO "I"
I.flU~mt)~>1~'l~~'V1'l~nULuUntl~m~~'tlU~~'tl'l~'lT
•
"'VIr) ~1'tl16J nLL'"in~'l,)l..l ~'l1,x~') n'V1'l~l~nuYi'tl u~:nYi
Lvh,fu ~Y1fiu'iln"n nnu1~ilLLT~LL~')~')nVl'l~l6Jil
'V1f~ u~w'huvT,)"lJ'tl~Vl'l ~ni116Jl~L~uLL~LLviu'tlU L-nU
L~u')nu
1U"'~f16-J~6TUVl'l~ ~UMU~~LLU~LiJU~'tl~"lluiu•
_ _-.~ UI ':i ~ fi fin m!
, ",'>,.,"<.
. - ; , . . , .......:." ,

nfh')fit) "IlU-DUU'lU'V1'l~(Slave Master) LLfl:::"IIU-Duvn~

(Slave) "'~fl~"lJt)~U'ltl'V1'l~LUU~'1f16-Jv1"'~"'1'l¥!JJI.Yh)tf
flniull..l~')un'l~'l1~nr LYin:::~')nii1.3JiJlt)~yj''il:::h
L'iilU'"ir~ 1 Yi')nu'lu'V1'l~i1L,)~'llL~~lf1fl~naau Cln
LCiu~ifry~'lVl'l~tJf"llClJ'l "1fl"1 mh'lL~~v1 f!,)'l~L'"lrClJ
'Vn~ifry'Y'l"lJ'tl~~~ MUvt~'tl ~u'U.n n3''lU"lJ'tl~fl,)'l~~ni
tl1 mL~:::vh~'lUL",il'tlUt}') f1':l'lU"lJ'tl'l~')nVll~ iitruLilu
~n;r'fl~ihv11:::UUVl'l~~r'l~f1,)'l~n'l,)~,r'l1~llfii~f1~
1JUMU"ll'l~
•
1ul..l1:::LVlPln1"ll ~6JUVl'tl~ (Golden Age) l..lT:::~'lru

600 Uri'tlUfl1~~PTnn"ll fi~L'U~uLL~'JL~1"11U~"ll'lulu
..
m~L'tlLfiU~f1U~,j~ 1 ilVl'l~vh~'lu1uu~rTu 18 flU•

hHil'tl~Flt)rufi (Corinth) Li1'il~L'tl~tn (Aegina) lLfl:::
, ,
L~ t)~n1"1l ilu 1 nil rc)V11'l L'U~U"lJ'tl>1'V1'l ~t.i'lUIIU~tJ 1
rlU
1
rJ1Lnl"hi!~ti'ln1nlunrumh,)6-Inud~Ju~n~Lilu.. .FlTtJUFlf')1~ni 1 ~n~",,j~ ~~~~ti'li1~"ll'lU 10 flU n- " ' " 'IJI "ll
dJu€u~'lil'V1'l~L'U~tILL~,) 180 flU ~~LLt.iU'tlU~nfl
•
n'1nv1i1'fl'lU1'"i1UVl'l~n'11Lil t)'1 ~f1~",d~ 1 t)'l'"i'"i:::il
'Vl1~vt~~u 1 f1unl~J 1unT~lTJJ~6JuritJuflri'lv1
PTnn"llniiVl'li'lmh~l"1u..t>1 'V1~~L"'fhddJu~vil'11u~ ~ ..
LLVlUU'l UVl'l~'0'~~~ ~,ru ~~ LL~~1 ululiu'l, >11U
,rr;1(ln1T~, ~'lu1u,j'lu ~'l"Uil'lmT.y;j'tlui'l, ~m:::t1
m:::utJ~, ~nur)')nT:::Vi~1,xt}':l"lJ~~1~V1:::inl,xu'lu~~ ...o:::J4CllI - J' d ClI I
"11'1"1 U'lU'V11~Vl~UTT~'l,""n~f1u~u~ 1 ~Vl'lMlUl~
urau 200 flU L,)fl'lll..ll~u~'ll~unLnru"Pi~'JnVll~
j1,unnt''l fIn6iu.'1'.f----

• •
• •
I .1... 1 . R 4 .!'1 '.4
m~1U[JlVlUl12-JLLVlLLVlULuU"11':lU L~flLuULFl5''iJ~'Cl':lVl
Liitl5'~t1fllfl1UIl1~nULL~:::nU2 W':ln"UU1~L':l~1~:::1tl
- -- ' "
lVlu2-J11Vlunih9'TvluTVl,2 F1UYl'tltJ~2-Jnul~FI':l1~•
dot '" '" ~ .1... ~
"':::VI':ln W':l nVJ.LVlFl':l12-J FI~.n U Utlfl3J VlVl')ltJLL~VI~'fll LUI~
~Y1mUnl5'L1JtI~Vi1tvn~~-UVl",)I~Y11~lhVlln'Cl'flnUtln
"
m~ ri~:::Ltll",)IUL~tI1J~m!f':llmfU1tl ~')t1LU ULFl1'fl~
•
LL~VI~'fl1qJ1~Y1tV1'"l:::tl5':::Vl15'1Yl5' 1 ri1Uf ~Vlvr':llt1dcttln
n..U~1 Fasces (€ULiJULYl1'fl~Vl3J1EJLL~:::Ufunn"'iJ~~1~1
Fascism "'tl~~~L'('~mUtlFI"'~Fln~L~nFlf~v1 2)
l1n~v1n~h'J~1d I<il:::Luu1~(:hm5'''VlrVllui~F1~
"
Y11'(' LU U n1nJ VIr VI"IlUVlv1 Lrtlnr)1 .." VIr Vll Vltliw:n~"" "
mh':li'i'Cl i~uT,)Y11,(, i~f.J~£;lf.J~v1Y11,(,'Yh1~ VlndJu
m5'2-J~Y1t"'Cl~Ult1Y11"'lVltliw:n~ UltJ'Y11'1.'lm~LVl~tl
'Cl:::h17Jl~Li:JU'1.'l~U~~ 'JU~':l"'fJ ~'Y11'" L~tJ LL~LLui~'J"lJ 'Cl~
Y11'1.'lL'iJ~
LL'..U'ClU F1rn~onVlLLlf~ (Contradiction) ci'1"lC]J"lJfJ~
_ Cioll::$ - " ' ,
'1.'l~ F1~Y11 ~ nfl'fJ fl~"lJVlLLEJ~5':::Vl'Jl~UltJY11'('n1JY11 '1.'l
LL~::: LLUU'flU...
r:::1JUPln ~Ulri1~r;fJ r1'1 LUVl;fu~1 n F1'Jl~iVlLLlf~
"'Cl'l ~'lFI ~'Y11 ",1UVI 'tlU tJ ~1EJ reiU LU U FI '.II ~onVI LL lf~.ff'U
..
LL(;]n~n (antagonism) 5':::Vl~I~UltJ'Vll",n1J'Vn'1.'l UL'tl~!
1U (;] 'flutl ~1tJ"tl~-K~Fll-lY11 '1.'l FI '.II ~-nVI LLli'~1J1Y11
;UCi~;;VI'1.'l~'Ml 'V'I'JnUlt1Y11'1.'l1~"lJVlrt1'Vl1'1.'lmh:JEh~1"
" . "0 ' " '"LLT~~IU 'Vll'1.'l"'l1 'W'JU~~J-J ld-JVll flll~ VI 'fl~n nr:::Vl3J lL~:::
"
U~~1J1,xvl1~IUL~tlfUL-nU1t1Y11'('91U'.lU1JJ~F1'U Utl n
--.~ (7l ~ {! fj FlO ~I
'nn~:::ful-D'u1tJ"il~U1ULfl'lLL~'l tT~~il~f1Jl-DU1tJY11'1.'l
1",ru~LU Uth:::dJ"lJ"fl~f~ Vlr~llrtJ",ii~~Li1UtlT:::1l1Uw~ " M ~
PI m:::mrdJ nl TVlLL~til'l'1.'lTTf.J~UT::LtJ"lIU'YI'fl~'I"/'JnUl tJ
"
'Vll'1.'lfin Uf')tJ lInijVllVlnh!'tl t1" 'fJ~~tju~€uLi]uVl~~w •
f'lYi"lJfl'lUltJY11'1.'l0VlrY (nMVl1U) n~. '1.'l,)U~fltJLLM~
~~ d
nNU11J L~U (The Hanging Garden of Babylon) "lI'l'rfT:::
•..... - ~ '" J' _

L'"l1LUlJ"ll VlLU'('"lllr (Nebuchadnezzar) '1.'lTl~'lJUU'UW~~F11

"lJ'Cl~'fl1F11T"'Ult1~~~1 Ly:j'fJ L'El1l~~LVl~ (Amytis) Lnfl

Tl'J 600 rJ ritlUI'l1",vfn1~n~, tln""'Vl~UUFlnVl reiu

Li1W.Hl~m~t1 (Funer~1 Temple) Vl1tl~~L'Vl,)'1.'lml.l~~

'V!~nJa~fll'V'/"'fJ~W5':::L~I'1.'lTtI')'j"j'~uv1 2 LLMlnJ-J'V'I"lI1 ~I

. " "
~~I~ujflTl'JPlr'1.'lvfi'lVl'JnMvi 12 n~ LL~:::~~tJiVltlfln
•
~1n3-Jlt1 'tJU'lXU Li1'fJI Lih1U~~3.nrflll<ilrnr"lJfJ'lL~n ~')'U
LL~,)LLviLtJu!Jij fJ"lJ'fJ 'l'V'l 'J nY11 '1.'lV1n..mr~ ~U LL ~::'Vh~1 'W
n1 t11Uld~t1'l 1"1111'I"I~tJ'J"lJ'fJ I"''JI tJ LL ~:::Lii 'tl nVl'u'l"lJ'fJ ~lJ~ ~. ~
PI;j.J~'l~U
•
"F1'J1d-J~~'1.'lVll'Wii~j;J"lJ'fllY11"'ni'i'flmTs:iii~Vl nN
hd-JJ~nt'lijl"Iiil::,h~u'U'fJn 1UI<ill nVltJVlL~ 'fJ t1 Vltll t1
~ " ... 1 " " J
L""~ fJ U~:::f'! 'Jl d-J'"'lUu'J t1T'J t15'1'J"lJ'fJ I 'V'I'J n V11'1.'l"
~'ln~IJu 1 'WVlilUtl~It1t1F1'Vll~ 'V'I'Jn'Wlt1'Vll ~1Ji'
vi1'1.'l~f'lnd-JU Ul:nlY11'1.'l~~n'W'L~:::nUfJ Ul~"lJU1 'WLvrq)
1,,~ ..." -l'
'V'/')nY11'1.'l Vl'YU F1'JI3-J LVI 'fJV1r'fJ'Wd-Jl n"iJUV1 n'lJ ru::: 'V'I'J n'W'fJ
LL3-JVl'fll'YtJu~I1.jj'tl 'Y::"Zl1fitl1VltJ"lJ'fJI"ll1 ~n~1Ji'L;/IL'"ld-J ~•
f~'Vll '1.'l"lJtll"ll U~'J ~, (Iberian) L'WF11 U '1.'ll-l Y1m1nLL~::~ .U'fJ~'iJl'U LoihL"'l:W ~f~"llU~'J~I"lJ'fJ,jLtJ'fJ{L;ntILL~:::~'WL~tJ.u
(f:~~ Ihunnt'l «fl6i't-1,1"1 .f-----

••
AO- 80 Ltl'tlfL:nU~ LLfl::;Lij'tlU'ltJ'VI'l~ii~'lun'1YhfllMn 'VI'l
....-..
,,::;~'tl~~'lfl~LLN-n')tJ~'lU~')tJ ~~;ifl,)'l~i,J~ufii. Un'l1
t.J~Vl~~Ltl~tJultl"'lm~lJ ,ruf)m~lJil~~1"11UYiy'h~'lU
~~1::;11')tJI11ULtN LLvi~~~htJLijw;hL-n'lYl~Ui.,~~'l"llU
~flU'ltJ~Lij'UL~'l"lltl~{f"~tJLL~~n'lHJ~111 (f)'tlYi~'U)1 ii... ...
til '€l1::;UU 1~iLLfl::;Lfln L~'€lvi~'Unfl'ltJLu'U1f"~tJLL~~m1
t.J~VlviL~'U;'U ~~1"11unuu1tJYl'l~i~~ufinul{1ltJilvi
~ULUU~'€lnfl'l~m"lii~~ufinuYl'l~~,)UflflflL"liuvidJu•
~'l fl,)1~i~~ufitum1t.J~I11LLUUPln~u'l~~1~L~~vrn~')
J'lu ...I"" ~'""llU ~u fl1tJ1::;UUYl1~ LLfl::;L~'€l'€l~1"1lU~{1lfl1'€lUfl1'€l~
..ell 4::Irio . . A. :::. .Q, ~
t.JU~U~'lU'lU "ut.JU~'UUU"ll'l {1l"1nn11~~Ylfi"ll'€l~
U1tJYl'l~ nfl'ltJLijUn11~~Ylt"ll'€l~:SM"llUL'€l~(l~m~111•
'l d "" .. "" J
~(1lL~lJ1~U~) 1::;UUt.Jfl(;lL'€ln1::;"lI'€l~"ll'l,)U1nLn~"IJU '€lU
•
Luun11n1')lu~1::;uut.J~(;IPln~u'lluvi~{1l... .v - I W
~'lL~Vl~ VlYl1 tI"ll'€l,.:m'l1~~'l tJ (;I') LL~,n::;UUYl1~ n
fl'fln11m1'lU"ll'€l~~')nLtJ'€l1~Unu~')n~LLnU~i.UL':'5tJU
•
flf~l~CiL~'fl1'l~P.l 000 viL1tJnnu~1m1t~1'lU"ll'€l~
~')n'i'lU11t1"11U m1m11U"IJ'€l~~')nm~~n~nun11LLcJ
•
'ti1U1""lI'€l~ffJ'VI'l~vf~~,)fllU tJ.huH LLfl::;vhtJvi~{1l.ri'1.~~
vi1fl1t1ffJYl'l~fl~l~tJLtri~"ll1Vl ~')nU1 tlYl1~Cl n"J.h (;11 tJ~ ...
,j1~ ~tl~1tJluth~ viffJYl'l~Yl~1t1'€'l~lVltJ~'lm"liudn~
L~1'l::;~')nu1 tlYl1~viLUWll u-iuu nfl1'€l~LL'€'l::;I.UU un
1U~,)L~11::;L1~~"lI'flUnu=D";jlJ1 'fJUYl~LYl'fl L~'€'l,)LL~'€'ln LL~::;. .
n1~11~ru"urh~~l
~
u m1j;]'fl~'€'lVlCl '€ltJ~~ L~1"1lUvir.il::;~
_ J,"'u.:'1 - .... '" 9
"U'fl1,)'D"llU(;l'€l~ nU'€l~1fJYl1~~r.il1U,)UU'fltl Yl1~~')n
. ... ~
--.iij;1~ Ui'lMflm[
~n'l.3Jtju31,,::tlni:ltl~f.,fJ"lI'€l-3U 1 tJYl'l~ L~n::n'ltln

iJ'tl~1t)n Lvhrlu-n,)tJfnM'l m 1"ll Vl1 Vl LL~:;LL'tln'flU~unt~

'"
uU1.h"lJ'€l~Vlul~,ruL'€l~ U1'ln{)m1ruL-nudrifl-3L~U1'€ltJ

L~tJ ')nun'l1vr'lYlfl1tJ"ll '€l ~'€l1 n.nrorn 1fi~ ~"Il1 LrJ'€l~. fII.
...
1695 (fl.fII.1352) lVltJm11"~~"lJ'€l~n'€l~vl~lYltJunu1:::
, ,
(f'.eIl - I MIlI..:!II _ .0::111 0 CIt.
')(;1 f111~ (;I1L"II 'fl nU')1 'VI L~ 'fl'lUfl1fi~ '€lUlJ mLL~'1f11~1~'1

Vl1::;~~1U~'€l~1'€lU~1U~::;A nl~L~1111 ilLd'€lvifl1tJlu

ri1LLVNLiJ'€l~(i~ 16 lJ111'l'lnlm~(;I1 ~'€l'lLL(;Inluflf'ltfu

nTh'1JrJ'€l n '€l~vl'WlYltJihm~ tI') vnmUUL~1'l::;!liJ'tl

~ ') nYl1~LL'fl ::;tl1:::"111"11 UL'lI~1viCl n n VI~lVlEJ"IIu-iuu n
...
fl1'€l ~~1UlJU 1 ULL~:;U1'l1ClU 1":;UflVl LL'fl n I11UL'€l'l~') tJ
LL~::;LLtlU'tlU n '€l'lvlV'4l Yl EJf1fl ~1.jf~'1 fln~~I11~YltJ'llV1 tJ

u1:;n1P~1 ""Ii1~L"IJ~1"111~1 Yltll~'1-n~uln~~u'€l'lrlU
H
vi;''€l "L~'llYltll,,~n~1L~1L"lJ~1" "'1'€l13Jri "1VltJ~'l,htJ
~U'fl~"II1'JL"lJ~1U~VlLL'€ln" '€l:::hvi1U'fl'lifL ~ij'€lunuvi
L11 LfltJl-nUflf'lPln~ulVl~u LL~::;L~rJ'€lunuvi~1Ju
LfltJl-a-L~'tlUntl1::;LYl fillYltJ til'€l1.jf~1 "n1uu"li')EJ1YltJU~Vl1 ., 1
... - 0~ cf",
LL'€lnLtl L"IItJ,,1 n '€l~nC]~" '€l:; ~1Yl1U'€l'lU(;l,)tJ
L~'tlf':JYl1~Vl'fl1 EJ~'1 LL~,) Yl1~nn~1 tJLthJ.L~l"11uvi4JI
o 1 dCtod ~ .Q,~

Yl1~1U'fl tJu Ut.JUVlU"II'I (;I n ~ 1 Lu Un11~~Ylfi"lJ'€l-3111U
~

. . . . cl'd~",
_0_
~')nL~1"IIUL"''fl1UL~'fl~{1ltl1fIItJ n'l~'1"lJ'€l'l'flU 11tJ"IIUYlfl1tJ
- ", Gl.ell' _.Q,.c:rr.
1':JYl1~LL'fl'J nflVltl1U"lJ"(;l'€lVlfi~ft"lJ'€l'l~')ntlU'l1tJ"llU
iudIiL'liUL~tJ'JrlUU1::;"ll1"11UL"lJ~1 L~'fl '€l1 PltJn '€l'lvlV'4
1'Vl mht1Vl 'fl1 tJffJYl111"ll 'fl~ LL~'J1i"'1Yl1'1"IJ~~:SYlfi'W'fl
-:. .~ '~.I - cf .. ~ '" '" ..
'lI'€l'l ~Yl t1Vl '€l ~u Yl~U"::;L",U ~(;l"1 nLlJ '€lfl1'l'J~lJLVI"~1::;
!liunnl',f(II ~"'"I.f----

• •
• •
1'1L~Pl,)1t1mi~hn,,~;)1~ijll~Ufl1m.llui;Ivu'l.1 936
~U'tl1.l1'1'll;g.:JL1IUfl nL~1LL~U~h.AL"I.Ilal~ / l1lUttlU':h
tl'1 ~'1""IJre3,:i L~'1t.l'1~L"IJ~1~vILfl tlVl'11 tU1.11:':-0'1-0U L"IJ~1.. .~Cl~U~.:J LLviV11.:JLVI tI ri tff.:J~1:.:tn1"lltI tU1.:Jfli'uLi1 u~({J
LLfl~fl1.l1:': LtI"llti 1.I1:':"ll'1"llUL"I.I~1~.:JPi''tl.:JLtI:at1IrlU~1!j;)
1 j;) fl u'l~~ LL~:':fl 'tl tI~1L'tl n'1i'l~~j;) LL'tl n'tlti Ul~'tlj;) L,)~'1..
~'tl'W')nC:!,)utI n n 'tl.:JVI'W~'11U 'W')n L"I.I~1ri~1rlu'en ~tI
fl 'J1~;rj;)LLtJ.:J1:':~~1.:J1 VIti nu,pu'l~L11u1.I1::1tI"ll ulU
n111.1 ~ j;)"'1 n n 11"1.1 j;)1j;)"1.1'tl.:JlVI EJ 1Ql tI~ull.1 i'l11.:J LLU'J..
1'J~nU'1J'Ju 'W1:':tI'11"llEJtUNffl"J~~rnum1tU1-lhJ'tl~
'luvii'l j;)ri1~flJf')1j.:J"1n'tltlfitl'1'l~vr.:JL~'tl.:JL"I.I~1 t1.:JLU
~~tllJi'tl~1 f'tl'lUf"lln-,~'W1::UnJ11"ll1v1 2 n~Vl1u
1VI EJ,,::tInn'tl.:JVI'W11.1uj;)L;j'tl.:Jufl1fi~1t)t~tin ('W.f'I.l 975)
LLvi'W1::.flUVI111"ll1L'tl1i'l"l.l 'fJ.:J'W1::U 1~1'1"ll1.yj 2 Yi'tl 'El n
11.11.1 n fl1'tl.:JLi1 'tl.:J L"I.I~1'lU ~nu::~Vi:a lJl LL~::::"I.I j;)1Vl fl u'lV1~a . . ..
riL~'fl rlU~'1 cm'W'J n L"I.I~1~'Elul.I~.:JL~tI'lU .yj~VI.. .'W'Jm~1"ll~.:Jtl111.1vi~j;)"::"I.I~j;)LL~::::U'tl.:JnU~Vlfi
•
'Wfl"l.l'tl.:J 'tl U11t1"1lUif ~l~i'J~rlU~j;) tff.:JLUUU1ULii 'tl.:J
Vl1'tlf:J'tl ti1.:Jih:: Li:itlU n 11U'tl~rlUVIU L'tl.:J~.:JhiijtI fl
_
a
d «4 _ '" d "'d<lll:ll 0 _
"ll::.:Jj;) Vl1.:J 'tl'fl n"l.l'tl.:J'W'JnLflT"llUn fl'tlVlUL"I.I1'W.:JeJVI~ n'1~.:J
..
LLfl::J.:JI"i'.:J ~iJ'tl~1.I11n'11 (Chateau fort) JUfl.:J vf.:Jif
LVi11::::'W'JnL"I.I'1 U.:J fl.:JU j;)Ju'lUn-,1Y1.:J'W1 vl'JUflflfl u.:Jii
•
1~Rj;)~.:Jrh~.:J"I.I'fJ.:JV1UL'tl.:Ji'J~rlUL,]un11~'1:n'W'lUti flVlU
iltl~!
L~'El'W'J n Lfl1"ll ULoih~1 Y1.:J'W'1'lUUCU"l.l 'El.:JL~1U1 tJ ~~• w ..
.' .~ 111 '1 U 1) f1f1 ~I
:b~~tJ1'1n11 f1'J'1~~~liufil~1JriLnUl:[U l!ufitl ',"'In
Li'l1"lluPi''fl~ri.:JtI~V1t1flLUUfhtl1~LLriL~1U1t1.~ll.:Jtl.an
LLN"lhtI L~'1U'1 tJi'l11.:JiJ'fl~U1'1 n'11 LL~::-rl'JEJ L~'1U'1Ul11
H'tClU'1 (JUR'tl1::UU-3'1ULn C1.A...J) vf~dLy;'ElL1IU~.:J
Ul'tlULLVI U'4'1J 'ltUviL~1U'1 tI"li'J tlvh1'n';fl 'J1~1.I~'ElVIntI
fl'J1~,,1.:JLL~'JL~1U'1t1riVl11Ql~VInMfl'J'1lJl.I flll Vlnu'l,x
LVltlUlNl~ l'W1'1::Li'1'fljj n111n1'1U'W'Jn L~1U1t1riLnC1.A";•
L~1"llULV1~'1Jt.ll!UL'fl.:Jll.1"li'J tlnuu niJ'fl.:J L"liU VI~U1U..0 " " ' , _ a ~ 0 _ t "
'fJ1LLVl.:Ji'lClnm11U L"'1U1t1nLnC1.A"Vln1fl.:J"I.I'tl.:JVllJU'1U.. . ..

'ti1 LLV1.:J~U 1 vi'fl ti[ntl'l~fl 'J1 ~~VImflJ'tl.:J Ulull.1'] 'J tI..
i:J'fl.:JnU~1LL"'.:J~ L~1U'1t1~L1I1.AL~1"IJ'fl.:Ji:J'fl~ LilulY;tI.:J~.. ..
U1 LvhJU .yjnLf'lM'fl~V1U'tltlri Ul1.:JviU'fl~"I.I'fJ.:JL~1t.l'1tI

Ju'l~t1ILUl c111.nj;)~n'lVlq! 'n'JnLi'l1'llUri'tl'W EJ~~fl1.A

L-n'111.1tnitlVl~uJitll~LvhJu tinfl'tlfi11lJ LUtlJ-ln'11

..... .4 oIII::iI..::lI _ ~
'tl'WtI'WFlUL"I.I'1 L~ 'fJ.:J L'Jfl'1~ Pln"l.l'tl.:J tI F1l"1n j;)U1
lQltl~m~ttU::::if 'W,)nLi'l1"i1U~vi1.:J1uuut.ju~U1V1t1
1'tlU11'tl ~1.111 n 11rin ~1t1LUU flU'lu~.:JnUl"ll 'El.:J L~1"ll 'El.:J

,., d . Id ~"iJ ..... • Id

u'tl~ LJ-l'fl Lu~tlUUl'JL"'1"11'tl.:J 'tlJ-l ~'JnL~1"i1UnLlJ~tlU
U1t1'l~1J ijVlU'1Y1ri.:Jri'JtI'l,xL~1U1t1'lUU'tlJ-l L-rluL~~vi'tl
~_I . J ' . . ! ' I . . . .
LlJ ~f11 'W"II'fl.:J'n'J nun Lfl tlnfl1 tI LuU flUVl1.:J1 UU UtiU
~UttlU'tl~·i'lu'ti'1U1""II'El.:JL~1U'1t1 l!urifl'tljji'l111'W LUU
....... " . , f " , ! ' 1 'l
V11fl n~ n1 V11'tl Lfl n (Serf) Ul'tl.:J"I.IUVI::::LU tl1.ALuUflU U
i.:JrlVl tJ'1t1i.:Jnj;)l~l~ tJ1t1Y1vhn'Uli1~1~ n11"1.1V11V19.:J
..
n~1mijun11"1.1V11V11::W)'1.:JL~1U'1tJ fI'tlL~1"lJU~flU1t1.. . ..
-- ~.eIl "'.oClII I
nUVl1~nfl n'rVl1'tl Lfl n 'W'J nLfl nLL~"::::Cln"llV11V1'tl tI'1.:J
.. ..
[liuaur, f1n~",.1 ef---

•

iZ;,>
;m-,.....----~~----------Uh.'".......~,

•

• •
• •
"';'f)?
n11~LRn::fi~,"unJ'U'etu1~tJ'vi$j1~ri~n'flu"l~u•
LLvi~ n11tJ~ttlVl1'f) Ll"i~'f)~!i 'f)1.'Un'11Vh3-J"l".1n'ULiJ'U".~n
LL~::ijHml?lVic;).l'U1 n11"ll'fl~n'11tJ~ttl d:J'ULL'U,)V11-3LL~,)
eJ~vl1~ri fo) 'fln 111eJ~tJ~,)::~'U3-J1"ll'fl~1::UUi~l"l3-J"h~ 1
L-ri'UYh.h1"1lnJ'lJ'fl~~n~'U11~n1::vhil'flth~1~~'f)~'Miu
Lvhvlmh,)3-J1dd:l'ULV;U-3n11"lfl~L'~'U~'1 1::uu~n
~'U1 ~'1Li1'U ~'fl.:l Ln l?l~'Ull?l U~1 'UVi(ij.J 'U'1 n'11'lJ 'fl~i~ l"l3-J
~1~l?l13-JnD~1~n')~iu'lJ'f)~n'11eJ~ttl ~nU1::~~1~ttlf
n~3-J~n~'U1'fl1"l"l::~~iu ~1 ni'f)~1'ElU'fl::11u1~1 V13-JvI
•
LLM1~~'11'VIml"l Un1::U1J~1~ LL~::n'fl::11,~h~vldj'U1'fl~
1'f)U'El'UU'U.~'U1~"l1~~~~'11. 'UUl"l~1"ll~tJlf'Un'VI'1~
l"l,)'13-J~~itlif'f)1"l'lJ~~1.~"'1uhJ1~l?lu1~u1n ".~n
~n'UvI"l::LL~l?l~~11.'Uu l'l~1"ll~m11nn'VI'1~ rifi'flPJm"l11n
~ q ~
"ll'fl~-W'fl"ll'U113-Jri1u".~~'UL'fl~
• .ct ... ..at-4CIo l
~~1"l1m"ll'fl~~'fl"lJtin3-Jl"l'1LL"'~ ttl'fl'U"''U~U11U1 U
n~in~ru::n11~uW'~n~1 "1Y'11{;hww11.~ jnL91jn
"ll'Uin~" Lnl?l~3-JVl1UmU"l1n~~~3-JU~"ll'fl~-w'flhH1"l::. ..
LtJ'UL".ihl1'fl'Un~ -n1~ri~ "ll'fliU~')-n1~ri~ ~nLijuri~..
'U1~ell1')ri~ "1Y'l1vh;h1'VI U1".3-J'1n ih'V'l~" ri~ti'fl3-Jttln..
~'fl~hlLtJ'U~3-JU~"ll'fl.:l~n~-.1i'U..

"ll'fl1.,xi-.1Ln(;1..h~1 "1~1{;11.jh1'VI" 1.'Uvlifiw.n~:O~
"1'V'l1vh" 1.'U.vI;iij1~LLu~~1 "U1::"Il'1"1l'U" 'flti1~vlLn
L;;1l"l1.'Un1~if~"lu'ULIfiI11"lJ1l?l ~"1nL~1'fl,)I11H~1 -W'fl
•
3J'Uttl1Wil.,xun "1Y'l1vh" "lJ'fl~-W'fl~'U1.,x~mJ'UfU3-J1I11n..
--.~ VI"f ~ ri fln ~I
11J -W'fl~u~::n "th::"II1"11'U" LtJti~3-Jum.~'flth~'t, 1wi
-~ 1. d .J'.."" ." l' ..... ~
Tn 'UVI'Uni''fl~')m~1~~. lU".fl')-.1 ".1'fl ~")mfln~n .
~3-Jn1i~1.'Ui~riV111'fl~-W'fl Lsim-i'flVl1U "Lfln" ri~'fl~l'fl'U
hlLell1i~ril?l"ll'fl-.1flng] 'fl1tlV1'13-Jfii1~ LtlU3-J 'lJ'f)1.~i-.1LnUi..
~,)U~'1PJ~1"l"1nm-n1'l1~1 "1~1yh" 1.'Ul"l,)13-J"'~1t1vl~
I _ _ 4 G4 .J.. I "
n~1,) ~t11'U'fln'fl'U"''U-.1nl"l'fl Vl'fl'UVI"l11m~1(Hn111U
I "" 4 _ I -.oCIlla.
1::"',)1~"ll'U~13-J "il'UL"l1 L3-J 'fl-.1'U'fl ~ nu ~ 'fl"ll 'U ~1'fl 'U'VIn
... If" J t '1"'" ...... <QI .all
'VI (;1 U ttl 'flU'Un ~ 1 ') L,),)1"lJ'U~ 13-J"il'U L"l'1 L3-J 'fl~'U 'fl1113-J1 ttl
•
Lij 'fl-.1ttl1n "-w'fln1u1u"lJ'U~13-J"II'U~')-n1U (fi'fll.auLell1OJ •
'VI1-.1U n-n'1u) "lJ'U~13-J"II'UiTUJ.J1~,)"ll,)1"lJ'U~'13-J"il'ULn~'a'U
Lell1 (fi 'fln1::~1u ri1i-.1~'fI3-J L-ii13-J1) -w 'fllJ".tlcy::qj1 u
1~1~1m.r11.~-W'1U"l::LL~ (fi'fl"'Un1::~£'ln1::~1U)" 1.'Uvi
if 1~1~1mr11.~ rifo)'a 1'V'l1",~').:1 "."1'fl'VI".11 1.U1::::UU
~n~'U1,i'UL'El~! "'11~LLtl~~1 U1::"II1"ll'U 'ath'l1.'Un1lY1
1'VIuif"l,u'UhJ 1.'Un!lVl3-J1tJin~ru::~n'V'l1~3Jun~-.1~1
'flUfim (~.~.1899)iiL1un~')nif~1"1'V'l1~1-n1V1~,)~"
.., •
"" 1 1..':1 "" "" 24 - . d
U1~""'a " YI1l"l'1"ll1l"l'UV1fl,)~" U1-.1 'fl'U V13-J1 un'l~')n
1'V'l1 ~')m~n vtin-ii'fl!i'fl~~i~rivlLtJ'Ul"l'U"ll'fl~V1~,,)-.1 ~~
Um ~ n'Elu1'Ui',)'13-JU~ RU'lJ'fl~'V'l')n L91"lJ'U3-J~'U1 UOJ • OJ
n11~l'l,)13-Jri1~1 "1~1~1" 1.'Uvlifdj'Uell'flV4~~U• ......_~, __ • 'U
'VI1~1l1M1vh::LL~£'l-.1Ci~1::::utJ;rn~'U1"lJ'a'l~1"lJ~tJ ~-.1hj- - _ . . 'II
L~U'J riU1'a~1'fl U"lJ'fl-.1'V1'1~ vi~')n ~nu11"1lrJ'VI1 ~U1::rm
~1~ttlf"ll'f)~1:::;uu~n~'U1un1(l'U.1 1'f)'!..t'tltJ"lJ'f)~n11n
'VIl~'f)tivl.-il~1 "elll1~"-~--'-'
-W'f)"lJ'U.113-JFi'lLLV1~ L~l 'fl,)l?lH~l -w 'f)~'U.[;l1U n~'f)'l
•
!hunnl'l flfl ~ht1'1 er---

• • •
26
.tJn "lVii~,-ih1Vl"ltX~mr'U1tJ-ih1Vl ifPl'fl'fl~h? "lVii.. .
.":1 ..... 1'·":1 . "1 ..... "r;')" nlil'fl .. ytr'll'fl-:Jl"i'" LL~::;UUU'flU "'Ill Vl" nPl'fl " "I!1-.
'Il'fl-:J1Vl" tiurifi'fl ~.Vl3~~JU{~r"-ih1Vl" rifi'fl "'Vll~
"lI'fl'lL~1"llu" .
mrYi~"'l,r~1 -ihrif1'fl Vll~Lv1tJl-nL'VlvH.J~L~tJ-:JL'Yhd.. .'lJl-:JVi"'l~lf-.7hl"'ll"'lyt(m,rnY1-:JPll':lcn1r~n~Ul ~-:J'Il'flL~U'fl
. . ,..... _ .<C:IIl _ d - ad Q, ..ct
WI':l tJ'Vl~ n ~IU 'fl n'fl'U'VlU-:J UUnfl'fll"~I"'llmn{)'Vl3.Jl tl
~n~ru~L"'lr~,rm~1'1ll1tJ~'lL-ii11."'l~11~"'l11mNlutlyt.l".
•
1916 lun{)'Vl3.JltJ,fu il(;1'flU'Vl-ct-.7~I~ht.JnlrUmJ'fln
" d .~ '1'l:."1'" .,. ~~J
""Il'1" "Il-.7"'l~"lI'flPlVl)J'1~'Vl ~Vl'fl'1'ULL~::;yt"'l11ru'1 nU(;1-.7U
"PlfUT~'1 -ii'1 'Yhu11J~(;1U1u,fU"'l':lU~'1 LL~::;Ul1U.. ..
~-.7flU -ii'1 'Vhu...tld-:JL'fl'111JL':lU (=flU) LLrir.h-ii'11ui-.7•
,fUr.h-iil~1111J~'Yhu'Vl'1n1 ("'l'l~(;1m~) ltl'Vl'1 (-ii'1) l1X
. ..
uri L~I.jh ',nnfl::;L~(;1LLfl~H-iiI 'YhU.,;'U~'1)J1U ... 'Yh'W
~n1,x1J1'lJ'l'Vl)J1'Wfl::;'Vliiu~U...,,25
V1'1)J~tJl1n{)l'Wn{)'Vl)J'1tJif "-ii'1" nfl'fl "'Vl'1~"
'flEl'1-:JhJ~'fl-:J~iitJ roi'1-ii'1 rif1'fl~ih.nJ'1~L~U':lLLrin'1r
, '" '" G.4 '"
Pl':l1JPl)JVlLLflVl'1~ LLfl::; "L"'l'1"l1'1" nPl'fl "L"'l'1Vl'1~" nn• .. dJ
JG.et I '" ooQ _ ......:a.
'Vl)J'1tJ (;1'flUunlil 'fl n{)'Vl)J'1tJ ':l'1Vl':l tJnlrfl:; L)J WI'Vlr'WtJ~'W
Jurifi'flUntl'flnVl'1~1",mLYl
(;11)JPl':l'1~~VlL"'lUL'Yh~1~c.h'W~n yt'e)tJn'Vl~n:nu.
~ d
'tJuu yt':ln,rn'W-.7f1l'1':lIn'1r"ll'fl-:J~n~Ulm~n~1.ml~'1n{)
'Vl3.J'1tJdLi~J'Wnn'Vl).lltl'll'fl-.7m-:J~L"IlYltJiu'Vl~-.7 Vll~~ildJ • •
mh':ln-.7J'W 'fl'1"'l"'l::;Lij'Wn'1rilVl'1~~fUL'fl'1LLlJU'flEl'1-.7
~'W11Jr.nnVll-.7'flt.!fitJ'1ri1.~L"lI'1L~L-rl'Wd"'lT-.71
._--.1ii(;l"i ~ il ~ I mI
.. I,J" G Q, 4'4 ,t A.· cI
LlJ'flL"lIUU n"lJ'fl 'W~"'l'U'fl n Pl'N'VlU~ L'flnftl1V1"'l::;

~~"'l,rrifi'fl.. iii~I"'l11nPlf~flL"lIl1tlviL'~~TnJl'Vl),j 'tlULUU
...ct doJ'.d . .af ell ~al
"lITn'VlVl'1"l1UL3-.I'fl n.fIl.1935 (;1'flU'VlU~ltA"'lITnu'Wwn
e:::t. "'..,.1..... ......... ~

"~(=LL3-.I(n) ~l'I1 VI "lI'1~ 3-1'1 "lJ,•.•("'l'1m~1J .••)"
lJr::;LtJ PldLL3!"'l::;13-4"'llJ LL~3JU rilJ'flnLnrhlUftL"Il
•
~uil~-:J'lyti~..:I'h ft'fl..:l'fltJl..:1 LLfl::;'flEll..:1vifl'13.Jfl'fl 1Vl

(Lfl1'llu) 1'WiJ'W~'fl-:JLU'WPl'Wfl::;'flEll-:Jn1J-iil Li1'fl1'Wiri

~'fl Lfln (;)-.71~~fl"'l,r).l1LL~':l ;r'13Juri~'fl-:JLiJ'W'Vllft"::;LUU

~'W11J13-41~ "~..:I'flElL'flnfll1;fuULUUL'fl nftl1uliltlfll tl
.. .fl~U~L"lJYItJfl-:J~·J1 ri"T-:J LVltJ (;)':l"ll'fl..:l3JUL'fl..:lLL~':l l'I':ln
•
~n ~Ulri LL tf-.71~"'1).l Lfl tJfh 1::;UU-ii'1'Vl1'flVllftlU viii'
~L'lIntJflJ;1u1t1"'l'1n'fltJfim U~~..:I~Ll1~'fl-:Jm1~ft"'lu1,x. . ..
yt')n,rnyt..:lfl'':l''''11Mn~U'1Li1uU1::;in,;nR'fl ltAl11~
fl~m~L"lIYltl,f'U 1ytinu-ii'1 LLUfltj(;H1UI.L11u'flU viPifll
"'l11n~'fl-.7~'fl"lJ'W113-.1 fOi'1LL'Vl-:J fluvh;1uVl'fl 'W~UEJf'l~1"lI11U
mh':ln-.71yt1~':lU -ihJhtJ,fu,rU~'fl-:J'Vl).l1Un..:lLflnLLfl::;
'Vll ~ m 3-.1 R'1 UU fl~3Jmfutl Ell-.7hJil-ii'fl Lrim Lil 'fl-:J
~L"IlnEJfl,rtJ~'fl'lJU 1')).l fOi'1 LL 'Vl-:JriU1')n!J~'1jjVll~'fl El'1..:1
"" '1 ,J
LClm ~).l"lJ'W
L~'fl-.7flL"lJ'VlEJ'YiU1'1"l1illc:Jl tl pn~Ul'fl':lVlfll~11ilLL~. ..
1'Vllf'W ilVl'1~'flEl..~':lU'fl El'1-:J1),j ~'fl-:Jfl..:l"'U -ii'1nR'flVll ~
LLfl::;'Vll~nfi'fl.;r'1 -iiI LiI'W111~ 1'VlU Vll~LUUI1'11fi1Jl~
&:1' J a _ _ , '"
..
.Q,
LInU':lUL1'1nU-.7ytlf1nU':l1 ""lJ'1Vl'1~1J1ytl1"
/ fl11yt 'W'1),J"lJ'fl'l1Vlm1')iiI"ill"inU'fl El~'fl-.7l'ilfi'fl -iiI.. ..
(n) LL~::;L'~'1 (ii..:l) ~'WInL1unvl':lL'fl-.7~I.;r'1 nLytn::LU'W
'" ....
11iu.Jliu'l~flmU'l" . -

โฉมหน้าศักดินาไทย

โฉมหน้าศักดินาไทย

Recomendados

Recomendados

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

La actualidad más candente (20)

Destacado

Destacado (17)

Similar a โฉมหน้าศักดินาไทย

Similar a โฉมหน้าศักดินาไทย (20)

Más de New Nan

Más de New Nan (20)

โฉมหน้าศักดินาไทย