This seminar on obesity was presented by Nida Sajjad from the University of Sargodha. Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that has adverse health effects. It is classified based on fat cells and distribution. The seminar covered causes of obesity like genetics, medications, lifestyle factors. Complications discussed included heart disease, diabetes, sleep apnea. Diagnosis involves calculating BMI and other tests. Treatment approaches included diet, exercise, medications, and bariatric surgery for severe obesity.

2. Seminar Topic
Obesity
Presented by
Nida Sajjad
University of Sargodha

3. What obesity is?
• Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that
has an adverse effect on health, leading to
reduced life expectancy and/or increased
health problems.
• A metabolic disorder that is primarily induced
and sustained by an over consumption or
underutilization of caloric substrate.

4. Obesity Classification
It is based on…
1.Fat cells
2.Distribution of fat
• Moderate obesity
– Associated with increase
in cell size
• Sever obesity
– Associated with increase
in no. of fat cells

5. Sex Based Difference In Body Fat
Distribution
• Android Obesity:
• Men tend to carry excess fat around their
abdomen
• Gynoid obesity:
• Women tend to accumulate excessive fat in
their hips and thighs.

6. Body Mass Index (kg/m2)
• BMI=weight in kg/height in metre*height in
metre
Body Mass Index (kg/m2)
Category
<18.5
Underweight
18.5-25
Healthy weight
25-30
Overweight
30-35
Grade 1 obese
35-40
Grade 2 obese
>40
Grade 3 obese

7. Symptoms
• Obesity is diagnosed when an individual's
body mass index (BMI) is 30 or higher.
• But BMI doesn't directly measure body fat
because muscular athletes, may have a BMI in
the obese category even though they don't
have excess body fat.
• If someone have weight related health
problems then that person is suffering from
obesity.

8. Obesity-A global epidemic
• WHO estimates
• Currently
– 1.5 billion adults are overweight
– 400 million obese
• By 2015
– 2.2 billion overweight
– 700 million obese

9. Causes And Contributing Factors
• Complex and multifactorial disease
• Inactivity (due to sedentry lifesyle)
• Unhealthy diet and eating habits (fast food,high
caloric beverages,diet low in fibres)
• Pregnancy
• Lack of sleep (harmonal changes increase
appetite)
• Certain medications ( antidepressants, antiseizure medications, diabetes
medications, antipsychotic medications, steroids )

10. • Genetic factor (Prader-Willi syndrome)
• Endocrine disorders (Hypothyroidism)
• Arthritis
•
•
•
•
Age
Sex
Environmental factors
Cessation of smoking

11. Endocrine Factor
• Leptin and obesity
• Released from fat tissues
• Interact with
– Hypothalamus
• Inhibits neuropeptide Y and Aguoti-related peptide
(AGRP) in CNS
• Decreases food intake
• Increases energy expenditure

12. How leptin causes obesity
• Primary decrease of leptin (low leptin)
• Leptin receptor resistance (high leptin)
• So increase neuropeptide Y and AGRP
increase in food intake and low energy
expenditure  sever obesity

13. Complications due to obesity
• Metabolic syndrome (High cholesterol &
triglycerides Type 2 diabetes High BP)
• Heart disease
• Cancer(fat cells secrete estrogen)
• Sleep apnea,serious sleep disorder in which
breathing repeatedly stops and starts(due fat
cells in neck region)
• Depression

14. • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (a condition
in which fat builds up in the liver and can
cause inflammation or scarring)
• Skin problems, such as poor wound healing

15. Tests and diagnosis
• Taking health history (weight history,weight
loss efforts)
• Other health problems related to obesity eg
diabetes.
• Calculating BMI.
• Measuring waist circumference.
• Blood tests.
• 1.cholesterol test 2.liver function tests

16. Obesity Treatment Pyramid
Surgery
Pharmacotherapy
Lifestyle Modification
Diet
Physical Activity

17. 1.Diet
• Reduce fatty diets
• Increase fiber diet
• Take calories according to requirements
(1000 to 1500 Kcal)
• Stop bing eating

18. 2.Exercise
• Take 30 min. daily for
physical activity

19. 3.Anti-obesity drugs
Drug name
Orlistat
Sibutramine
Brand name
Xenical
Reductil / trim fast
Primary indication
Obesity
Obesity
Long-term
Long-term
120 mg
5-15 mg
Use
Dosing
Side Effects
Insomnia
Oily spotting
Incontinence
Dry mouth
Increased BP

20. 4.Surgery(Bariatric Surgery)
 Weight loss surgery (WLS) is also known as
Bariatric Surgery. It comes from the
Greek work baros, which means
weight
 Only Recommended in Selected
Adult Patients
 BMI > 40 or with Co-morbid
Conditions

21. Conclusion