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Aae oop xp_03
1.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Objectives In
this lesson, you will learn to: Define Abstraction Define Encapsulation State the relationship between abstraction and encapsulation Implement encapsulation in C++ using the private and public access specifiers Use static variables and functions Use friend functions and classes ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 1 of 21
2.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Abstraction
Denotes the essential characteristics of an object that distinguishes it from all other kinds of objects Provides defined conceptual boundaries relative to the perspective of the viewer ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 2 of 21
3.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Encapsulation
Is a process of hiding all the details of an object that do not contribute to its essential characteristics Prevents access to non-essential details Is also called information hiding or data hiding ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 3 of 21
4.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Relationship
Between Abstraction and Encapsulation Complement each other Encapsulation assists abstraction by providing a means of suppressing the non-essential details ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 4 of 21
5.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Implementing
Abstraction and Encapsulation using Access Specifiers Public access specifier Allows a class to expose its member variables and member functions to other functions and objects Example: #includeiostream class Car { public: char color[21]; }; ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 5 of 21
6.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Implementing
Abstraction and Encapsulation using Access Specifiers (Contd.) int main() { Car ford; /* The . operator is used to access member data and functions */ cin ford.color; /*Since the color variable is public, it can be accessed outside the class definition.*/ return 0; } ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 6 of 21
7.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Implementing
Abstraction and Encapsulation using Access Specifiers (Contd.) Private access specifier Allows a class to hide its member variables and member functions from other class objects and functions Offers data hiding by protecting data from external alteration ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 7 of 21
8.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Implementing
Abstraction and Encapsulation using Access Specifiers (Contd.) Protected access specifier Allows a class to hide its member variables and member functions from other class objects and functions just like private access specifier - is used while implementing inheritance ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 8 of 21
9.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Implementing
Abstraction and Encapsulation using Access Specifiers (Contd.) Visible to Visible to own objects of Access specifier class members same/other class public Yes Yes private Yes No protected Yes No ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 9 of 21
10.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Just
a Minute... You have defined a Customer class as part of developing the billing system software for Diaz Telecommunications Inc. The class, which you’ve defined, is as follows: class Customer { private: char mobileNo[11]; char name[25]; char dateOfBirth[11]; void print() { //code to print the customer details } ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 10 of 21
11.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Just
a Minute...(Contd.) public: char billingAddress[51]; char city[25]; char phoneNo[11]; float amountOutstanding; void get() { //code to accept the customer details } }; The Customer class definition shown above is incorrect. Identify the errors in the Customer class and write the correct definition for it. ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 11 of 21
12.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Static
Variables Retain their values even after the function to which they belong has been executed Example: class staticExample { int data; static int staticVar; // static //variable declared public: //Definition of member function }; ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 12 of 21
13.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Static
Functions Can only access static variables Are accessed using class names ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 13 of 21
14.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Problem
Statement 3.P.1 You have defined a Dealer class as part of developing the billing system software for Diaz Telecommunications Inc. The class, which you’ve defined, is as follows: class Dealer { private: char mobileNo[11]; char dealerName[25]; char dealerAddress[51]; char dealerCity[25]; char phoneNo[11]; ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 14 of 21
15.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Problem
Statement 3.P.1 (Contd.) public: static int CompanyID void showID() { coutThe dealer name isdealerName; coutThe company ID isCompanyID; } void get() { //code to accept the dealer details } ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 15 of 21
16.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Problem
Statement 3.P.1 (Contd.) void print() { //code to print the dealer details } }; int CompanyID=6519; The Dealer class definition shown above is incorrect. Identify the errors in the Dealer class and write a correct definition for it. ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 16 of 21
17.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Friend
Functions and Classes Friend functions Can be any non-member functions declared by a class May directly access the private member attributes and methods of the class objects Friend classes Can also be made a friend of another class ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 17 of 21
18.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Summary In
this lesson, you learned that: Abstraction denotes the essential characteristics of an object that distinguishes it from all other kinds of objects and thus provides crisply defined conceptual boundaries, relative to the perspective of the viewer Encapsulation is the process of hiding all of the details of an object that do not contribute to its essential characteristics An access specifier is used to determine whether any other class or function can access the member variables and functions of a particular class ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 18 of 21
19.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Summary
(Contd.) C++ supports three access specifiers: public private protected The public access specifier allows a class to subject its member variables and member functions to other functions and objects The private access specifier allows a class to hide its member variables and member functions from other class objects and functions ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 19 of 21
20.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Summary
(Contd.) The protected access specifier allows a class to hide its member variables and member functions from other class objects and functions just like private access specifier - is used while implementing inheritance The static variable retains its value even after the function to which it belongs has been executed Static functions can only access static variables; non- static variables cannot be accessed using static functions ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 20 of 21
21.
Encapsulation and Abstraction Summary
(Contd.) Any non-member function may be declared a friend by a class, in which case the function may directly access the private member attributes and methods of the class objects A class can also be made a friend of another class ©NIIT OOPS/Lesson 3/Slide 21 of 21