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PARTICIPATORY TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTEXT-507(1+1):Programme Planning in Extension,[object Object],COURSE INSTRUCTOR:,[object Object],Dr. O.P. Mishra,[object Object],Reader,[object Object],Deptt. of Ext. Edu. ,[object Object],Inst. of Agril. Sc. ,[object Object],B.H.U.,[object Object],PRESENTED BY:,[object Object],        Nirupam Biswas,[object Object],        M.Sc.(Ag.)-Final,[object Object],        ID No. – X-0748,[object Object]
Introduction,[object Object],Participatory Technology Development (PTD) is a creative process of joint experimentation and research by farmers and development agents in discovering ways of improving farmers' livelihoods.,[object Object], The growing number of documented examples in recent years reveal that PTD is now accepted as a research approach to agriculture and natural resource management (NRM).,[object Object], It has been recognized that research is effective in improving farmers' livelihoods if farmers play a vital role in the process.,[object Object]
Definition,[object Object],          PTD is an approach to learning and innovation that is used in internationaldevelopment as part of projects and programmes relating to sustainable agriculture.,[object Object],          The approach involves collaboration between researchers and farmers in the analysis of agricultural problems and testing of alternative farming practices.,[object Object]
Meaning,[object Object],         It is a practical process: farmers, as "insiders", bring their knowledge and practical abilities to test technologies, and interact with researchers and extension workers—the "outsiders". ,[object Object],        In this way, farmers and the outside facilitators are able to identify, develop, test and apply new technologies and practices.,[object Object]
Origin,[object Object],PTD was developed in the late 1980s but its origin can be found in a number of approaches, concepts and techniques that became popular in the 1970s & 1980s:,[object Object],1. Farming systems research and extension: introduced social-economic issues into organizations and also promoted the idea on ‘on-farm’ trails.,[object Object]
Origin contd…,[object Object],2. Appropriate technology: recognised the importance of matching the design of technology to the resources and culture of the user.,[object Object],3. Indigenous technical knowledge: recognised the importance of local expertise and traditional wisdom.,[object Object],4. Participatory rural appraisal: promoted the involvement of rural people in decision-making.,[object Object]
Procedure ,[object Object],The PTD approach has five basic phases: ,[object Object],building trust,,[object Object], identifying alternatives and setting priorities, ,[object Object],designing the experiment, ,[object Object],conducting the experiment, and ,[object Object],sharing the experience. ,[object Object]
1. Build trust ,[object Object],Develop and strengthen your relationship with the farmers, aiming to go beyond that of a professional with a client. Listen and try to understand the farmers' views, and try to help them become comfortable making suggestions and expressing their opinions. ,[object Object],Help the farmers identify the problems they want to solve. Consider the situation from the farmers' perspective. Look at issues in a holistic manner, taking various aspects into consideration. As far as possible, involve all of the members of the household: men, women, and children. ,[object Object]
2. Identify alternatives and set priorities ,[object Object],Identify indigenous knowledge and skills that may be relevant to the problems selected. ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Help the farmers identify several different ways they might solve the problems. Ideas for the alternatives may come from the farmers themselves, or from outsiders. Link these alternatives to the farmers' situation and experiences. ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Together with the farmers, examine the advantages and disadvantages of each of the alternatives. ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Assist the farmers to choose one or more of the alternatives for testing in the field. ,[object Object]
3. Design the experiment ,[object Object],Help the farmers decide how to test the alternatives they have chosen. The experiment should involve both farmers and outsiders. The experiment design should show the difference between the various alternatives, as well as with the current practice.,[object Object], ,[object Object],Help the farmers decide how to measure the results, so they can tell which alternative is best. Both farmers and outsiders should be involved in evaluating the results and assessing the impacts. ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Train farmers how to conduct the experiment and manage the research process. ,[object Object]
4. Conduct the experiment ,[object Object],Help the farmers do the experiment, following the agreed design. ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Measure and record the results of the various alternatives, as well as the current practice. ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Evaluate the results from the alternatives by comparing them with the current practice. ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Modify the alternatives as needed, and if needed, test them again in the next season,[object Object]
5. Share the experience ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Organize ways of sharing the experiences (technologies, successes, failures and constraints) of the experiment. These can include field visits, discussions, training sessions and study trips. Make it clear whose experiences are being shared. Put the farmers' experiences in the forefront. Let the individual farmer (or the group) say "I have done it. It is mine". Ensure that experiences and views on what contributed to success (or caused a failure) are shared. ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Recognize unique situations (such as land, climate, soils, socio-economic and political situations) which may exist, as these determine how a technology might be improved or modified.,[object Object]
WHY Is PTD Necessary?,[object Object],In recent years, there has been growing dissatisfaction with the poor rates of adoption of agricultural technologies in resource-poor farming systems. This poor adoption has resulted partly because when agricultural technologies are developed, there is little input from farmers. ,[object Object],Participatory technology development (PTD) offers a way forward, through active, decision-making involvement of farmers in every stage of technology development.,[object Object], ,[object Object]
The following is a list of important PTD methods ,[object Object],1. Exposure visits to innovative farmers, research stations and training centres. ,[object Object],2. Farmer-based experimentation, assisted by the facilitators to provide training on experiment design and analysis. ,[object Object],3. Demonstrationsin the community of specific technologies (these are best conducted by innovative farmers with support from researchers and extension workers). ,[object Object],4. The use of farmer-to-farmer extension through field days, seed fairs, and farming competitions organized by the farmers themselves.,[object Object]
PTD Activities,[object Object],Critical analysis of community managed changes in the agro-ecosystem.,[object Object],Identification & use of ITK.,[object Object],Reconstructions of successful local innovations.,[object Object],Self organization.,[object Object],Self implementation of systematic experiments.,[object Object]
Steps of PTD,[object Object],There are six major steps of PTD:,[object Object],Getting started,[object Object],Looking for things to try,[object Object],Designing experiments,[object Object],Trying things out,[object Object],Sharing the results,[object Object],Keeping up the process,[object Object]
1. Getting started	,[object Object],Building relationship for cooperation,[object Object],Preliminary situation analysis,[object Object],Awareness mobilization,[object Object]
2. Looking for things to try,[object Object],Identifying priorities,[object Object],Identifying best bet options from indigenous knowledge and scientific resources,[object Object],Screening options,[object Object]
3. Designing experiments,[object Object],Reviewing existing experimental practice,[object Object],Planning and designing experiments,[object Object],Designing, monitoring and evaluating protocols,[object Object]
4. Trying things out,[object Object],Implementing experiments,[object Object],Monitoring and evaluation,[object Object]
5. Sharing the results,[object Object],Communicating basic ideas, principles, results and the PTD process,[object Object],Training in skills, proven technologies,[object Object],Use of experimental methods and farmer to farmer extension,[object Object]
6. Keeping up the process,[object Object],Creating favourable conditions for continuing experimentation and agricultural development.,[object Object]
PTD cycle to process and capture the farmers’ innovative capacity, knowledge and practices ,[object Object]
PTD facilitators,[object Object],PTD facilitators are usually researchers, sometimes consisting of a team that includes both biological and social scientists.,[object Object], While PTD is closely linked to research, it often crosses the boundary into agricultural extension because it involves learning activities with farmers.,[object Object]
Advantages ,[object Object],PTD builds trust between farmers and outsiders. This helps to build the farmers' confidence, tapping their potential for innovation and initiative. ,[object Object],It strengthens the links between indigenous and scientific knowledge. ,[object Object],It builds human capacity for self-reliance. ,[object Object]
Disadvantages ,[object Object],The PTD approach takes a long time, and demands patience and humility on the part of the outsiders. ,[object Object]
Limitations,[object Object],It is a time consuming process.,[object Object],It requires capability and patience of the extension agents to make people participate.,[object Object],Programmes which are technically feasible, economically profitable, socially acceptable and environmentally safe & sustainable are likely to ensure people’s participation.,[object Object]
Challenges,[object Object],Development agents are restricted in encouraging farmers to try things on their own terms on a small scale.,[object Object],Substantial time is needed.,[object Object],Public funds for extension services to farmers and the number of development agents are both decreasing rapidly as privatization expands.,[object Object],Creativity is needed.,[object Object],e.g.- Good documentation.,[object Object]
Conclusion,[object Object],           This process of technology development is closely linked with social change and encourages local innovation, self confidence and self respect through self organized experiments.,[object Object],           This process also fosters a cultural awareness as planning and assessment obliges participants to take account of their own situation and the responsibilities and needs of others in the community.,[object Object]
THANK   YOU,[object Object]

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